Astrodome

Coordinates: 29°41′6″N 95°24′28″W / 29.68500°N 95.40778°W / 29.68500; -95.40778
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This article is about the stadium in Houston, Texas. For aeronautical use, see Astrodome (aeronautics).

Astrodome
Eighth Wonder of the World
View of the Astrodome in Houston from a parking lot near NRG Arena
Map
Former namesHarris County Domed Stadium (1965)
Houston Astrodome (1965–2000)
Reliant Astrodome (2000–2014)
Location8400 Kirby Drive
Houston, Texas 77054
Coordinates29°41′6″N 95°24′28″W / 29.68500°N 95.40778°W / 29.68500; -95.40778
Public transit Reliant Park
OwnerHarris County
OperatorAstrodome USA
Field sizeOriginal
Left field – 340 feet (104 m)
Left Center Field – 375 feet (114 m)
Center field – 406 feet (124 m)
Right Center Field – 375 feet (114 m)
Right field – 340 feet (104 m)
Backstop – 60.5 feet (18 m)

Final
Left field – 325 feet (99 m)
Left Center Field – 375 feet (114 m)
Center field – 400 feet (122 m)
Right Center Field – 375 feet (114 m)
Right field – 325 feet (99 m)
Backstop – 52 feet (16 m)
The Astrodome
NRHP reference No.13001099[3]
Added to NRHPJanuary 15, 2014
SurfaceGrass (1965)
Painted Dirt (1965)
AstroTurf (1966–present)
Construction
Broke groundJanuary 3, 1962
OpenedApril 9, 1965
ClosedDecember 21, 1996 (NFL)
October 9, 1999 (MLB)
2002 (rodeo)
2006 (official)
Construction cost$35 million
($338 million in 2024 dollars[1])
ArchitectHermon Lloyd & W. B. Morgan
Wilson, Morris, Crain & Anderson
Praeger-Kavanagh-Waterbury
Structural engineerWalter P Moore
Services engineerI.A. Naman Associates, Inc.
John G. Turney & Associates
General contractorH. A. Lott, Inc.[2]
Tenants
Houston Astros (MLB) (1965–99)
Houston Oilers (AFL/NFL) (1968–96)
Houston Stars (USA, NASL) (1967–68)
Houston Cougars (NCAA) (1965–97)
Houston Gamblers (USFL) (1984–85)
Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo (1966–2002)
WrestleMania X-Seven (WWF) (2001)
Houston Energy (WPFL) (2002–06)
Houston Texans (WFL) (1974)
Houston Hurricane (NASL) (1978–80)
Bluebonnet Bowl (NCAA) (1968–84, 1987)
Houston Bowl (NCAA) (2000–01)

The Astrodome, also known as the Houston Astrodome, and officially named the NRG Astrodome, is the world's first multi-purpose, domed sports stadium, located in Houston, Texas, USA. It served as the second home to the Houston Astros of Major League Baseball (MLB) from its opening until 1999, and also to the Houston Oilers of the National Football League (NFL) from 1968 until 1997. Additionally, the Astrodome was the primary venue of the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo from 1966 until 2002. It opened in 1965 as Harris County Domed Stadium and was nicknamed the "Eighth Wonder of the World".[4]

The stadium is part of the NRG Park complex that was originally known as the "Astrodomain" located in Houston's Texas Medical Center business district, and was constructed from 1962 until 1964 after being funded for $35 million by Harris County taxpayers. It received considerable renovations in 1988 that significantly expanded seating, and altered many original features. The venue regularly hosted events until it was declared non-compliant with fire code by the Houston Fire Department in 2008. Parts of it were demolished in 2013, after several years of disuse.

While originally utilizing a natural grass playing surface, the Astrodome became the first major sports venue to feature artificial turf, which became known as AstroTurf. In another technological first, the Astrodome featured the "Astrolite", which was the first animated scoreboard. In 2001, it hosted WWE (then known as WWF) WrestleMania X-Seven, which set an all-time record attendance for the Astrodome of 67,925. In 2014 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[3]

History

Conception

Major League Baseball expanded to Houston in 1960 when the National League agreed to add two teams. The Colt .45s (renamed the Houston Astros in 1965) were to begin play in 1962, along with their expansion brethren New York Mets. Roy Hofheinz, a former mayor of Houston, and his group were granted the franchise after they promised to build a covered stadium. It was thought a covered stadium was a must for a major league team to be viable in Houston due to the area's subtropical climate and hot summers. Game-time temperatures are usually above 97 °F (36 °C) in July and August, with high humidity and a likelihood of rain. Hofheinz claimed inspiration for what became the Astrodome when he was on a tour of Rome, where he learned that the builders of the ancient Colosseum installed giant velaria to shield spectators from the Roman sun.

The Astrodome was conceived by Hofheinz as early as 1952, when he and his daughter Dene were rained out once too often at Buffalo Stadium, home of Houston's minor league baseball team, the Houston Buffs. Hofheinz abandoned his interest in the world's first air-conditioned shopping mall, The Galleria, and set his sights on bringing major league baseball to Houston.[5]

Design and construction

The Astrodome was designed by architects Hermon Lloyd & W. B. Morgan, and Wilson, Morris, Crain and Anderson. Structural engineering and structural design was performed by Walter P Moore Engineers and Consultants of Houston. It was constructed by H. A. Lott, Inc. for Harris County, Texas. It stands 18 stories tall, covering 9.5 acres (3.8 ha). The dome is 710 feet (220 m) in diameter and the ceiling is 208 feet (63 m) above the playing surface, which itself sits 25 feet (7.6 m) below street level.[6]

Astrodome Skylights

The Dome was completed in November 1964, six months ahead of schedule.[7] Many engineering changes were required during construction, including the modest flattening of the supposed "hemispherical roof" to cope with environmentally-induced structural deformation and the use of a new paving process called "lime stabilization" to cope with changes in the chemistry of the soil. The air conditioning system was designed by Houston mechanical engineers Israel A. Naman and Jack Boyd Buckley of I. A. Naman + Associates.

The multi-purpose stadium, designed to facilitate both football and baseball, is nearly circular and uses movable lower seating areas. It also ushered in the era of other fully domed stadiums, such as the Pontiac Silverdome near Detroit and the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans, as well as the now-demolished Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis, Kingdome in Seattle, and RCA Dome in Indianapolis.

To test what effect the enclosed air-conditioned environment might have on the delivery of breaking balls, Satchel Paige, in full Astros uniform, threw the first pitches at the Astrodome on February 7, 1965.[8][9] He later concluded that it was a "pitcher's paradise," as the lack of wind allowed for sensitive pitches to maneuver more easily.

Hofheinz had an opulent apartment in the Dome, which was removed when the facility was remodeled in 1988.[10]

On March 19, 2014, the name change to NRG Astrodome was announced.[11]

Opening and reception

On Opening Day, April 9, 1965, a sold-out crowd of 47,879 watched an exhibition game between the Houston Astros and the New York Yankees. President Lyndon B. Johnson and his wife Lady Bird were in attendance, as well as Texas Governor John Connally and Houston Mayor Louie Welch. Governor Connally tossed out the first ball for the first game ever played indoors. Dick "Turk" Farrell of the Astros threw the first pitch. Mickey Mantle had both the first hit (a single) and the first home run in the Astrodome. The Astros beat the Yankees that night, 2-1.

The Astrodome in 1965

President Johnson arrived to pay his respects to baseball and Astros President Roy Hofheinz, a campaign manager for Johnson in the 1940s, just as the second inning got underway; the President stopping at the Astrodome that evening en route to his home in Johnson City. He and Lady Bird watched the opening night game from behind the glass in Judge Hofheinz' private box high in right field just to the right of the giant scoreboard. LBJ ate hors d'ouerves and chicken and ice cream while watching the game. "Roy, I want to congratulate you; it shows so much imagination," he was heard to say. Later, he called the stadium "massive" and "beautiful." Although the President's visit overshadowed all others, dignitaries swarmed through the "Eighth Wonder of the World" during the three days of the exhibition series and for opening night against the Phillies.[12][13]

The first artist to play the Astrodome was Judy Garland on December 17, 1965, where she was paid $43,000 for the one show. The Supremes were her opening act and tickets were priced $1.00 to $7.50. The dome seated 48,000, with another 12,000 seats added for this show. Garland appeared on stage at 10 p.m. and sang for 40 minutes, with her set of songs including: "He's Got The Whole World In His Hands"; "Just In Time"; "My Kind Of Town, Houston Is"/"Houston"; "As Long As He Needs Me"; "Joey, Joey, Joey"; "Do It Again"; "What Now My Love?"; "By Myself"; "Rock-A-Bye Your Baby"; "San Francisco"; "Chicago"; and "Over The Rainbow." Mort Lindsey conducted.[14]

June 15, 1976 "The Rainout"

Ironically, the Astrodome suffered a rainout on June 15, 1976. The Astros' scheduled game against the Pittsburgh Pirates was called when massive flooding in the Houston area prevented all but a few fans from reaching the stadium. Both teams had arrived early for practice, but the umpires were several hours late. At 5pm that day, with only a handful of fans on-hand and already several hours behind, the umpires and teams agreed to call the game off. Tables were brought onto the field and the teams ate dinner together.[15] Although the Astros still had a home series with Pittsburgh in August, this game was made up in Pittsburgh in July.

Recent history

Astrodome interior in 2004

In 1989, four cylindrical pedestrian ramp columns were constructed outside the Dome for accessibility. This enabled the Astrodome to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.

The 1992 Republican National Convention was held at the Astrodome in August of that year. The Astros accommodated the convention by taking a month-long road trip.

On August 19, 1995, a scheduled preseason game between the Oilers and the San Diego Chargers had to be canceled due to the dilapidated condition of the playing field. Oilers owner Bud Adams demanded a new stadium, but the city of Houston refused to fund it. After years of threats, Adams moved the team to Tennessee after the 1996 season.[16] Around that time the Astros also threatened to leave the city unless a new ballpark was built.[16] The retractable-roofed Enron Field (now known as Minute Maid Park) opened for the 2000 season in downtown Houston.

One of the largest crowds in the Astrodome's history, more than 66,746 fans, came on Sunday, February 26, 1995, to see Tejano superstar Selena and her band Los Dinos perform for a sell-out crowd during the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo.[17] Selena y Los Dinos performed two consecutive times before at the Astrodome, breaking previous attendance records each time. This was Selena's last televised concert before she was fatally shot in March 1995.

Reliant Park area, Houston, Texas. Astrodome, with Reliant Stadium at center of this 2010 astronaut photo

The Astrodome was joined by a new neighbor in 2002, the retractable-roofed NRG Stadium, which was built to house Houston's new NFL franchise, the Houston Texans. The Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo moved to the new venue in 2003, leaving the Astrodome without any major tenants. The last concert performed at the Astrodome was George Strait & the Ace in the Hole Band.[18] The facility was cited for numerous code violations in 2008. Since then, only maintenance workers and security guards have been allowed to enter the stadium while it is brought up to code.[19] The city council has rejected demolition plans on environmental grounds, over concerns that demolition of the Dome might damage the dense development that today closely surrounds it.[20]

Houston's plan to host the 2012 Summer Olympics included renovating the Astrodome for use as a main stadium.[21] Houston became one of the USOC's bid finalists, but the organization chose New York City as its candidate city and the Games were ultimately awarded to London by the IOC.

An aerial view of the Astrodome

The Astrodome was ranked 134th in the "America's Favorite Architecture" poll commissioned by the American Institute of Architects, that ranked the top 150 favorite architectural projects in America as of 2007.[22]

Plans to convert the Astrodome into a luxury hotel have also been rejected.[23] A new proposal to convert the Astrodome into a movie production studio was also considered.[24] All renovation plans must deal with the problem of occupancy code violations that have basically shuttered the facility for the near future.[25] In 2013, the National Trust for Historic Preservation included the Astrodome on their annual list of 11 most endangered historic places.[26] The following year, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[3]

In June 2013, a comprehensive plan was unveiled that would have seen the aging structure undergo an almost $200 million renovation into a multi-purpose event/convention facility. The measure would have to have been approved first through a bond election in Harris County for the publicly funded project to go forward or else, officials warned, the iconic structure would be demolished.[27] Voters ended up rejecting the measure on November 5, 2013.[28]

Referendum

While state-of-the-art for its day, the Astrodome lacked many amenities seen in the stadiums of the present day. On November 5, 2013, voters in Houston turned down a $213 million referendum to renovate and convert the Astrodome into a state-of-the-art convention center and exhibition space known as "New Dome Experience".[29] Until a final disposition is made, Harris County commissioners will not approve demolition of the stadium. "The building's still there. There's no formal plan or authorization to demolish the building, and until somebody brings such a plan to fruition, there's a chance," according to Willie Loston, executive director of the Harris County Sports and Convention Corporation. "The proposal was rejected by the voters. We're back to where we were. Square one," according to Steve Radack, Harris County commissioner.[30] Three exterior pedestrian ramp towers were demolished on December 8, 2013. The demolition was planned prior to the referendum.[31][32]

Astrodome Indoor City Park

After the failed bond election of 2013, the county went back to the drawing board and in August 2014 the County Commissioners Court announced a new plan to save and rejuvenate the Astrodome. The new concept centers around leaving the Dome's roof intact and converting the Astrodome's vast central space into a covered semi-climate controlled city park that could have flexible uses for both public recreation and gatherings such as festivals and concerts. The remainder of the complex would be redeveloped over time using a combination of public and private funds and include elements such as an educational exploration area to encourage students to learn about the sciences and engineering and possibly meeting, exhibition, and restaurant areas that would not only serve the general public, but could also add value to the Houston Texans' Game Day Experiences and be used by the Rodeo. A key element of this proposal centers around the ability for the County to proceed with the initial phases of the project using existing funds without having to seek voter approval for an expensive bond referendum.

Teams and notable events

Game of the Century
Houston and UCLA play against each other in the 1968 Game of the Century at the Astrodome.
The aftermath of Houston's 71–69 victory over UCLA
WrestleMania X-Seven
The stage at WrestleMania X-Seven, which took place at the Astrodome on April 1, 2001
A view of the ring inside the Astrodome at WrestleMania X-Seven
  • The first home run in the Astrodome was hit by Mickey Mantle off of pitcher Turk Farrell on April 9, 1965 in an exhibition game between the Astros and Yankees.[33] The first official home run was hit by Dick Allen of the Philadelphia Phillies in a game on April 12 of that year – a 2–0 Astros loss.[34]
  • Lindsey Nelson, an announcer for the visiting New York Mets, broadcast a game on April 28, 1965 while perched in a gondola suspended from the roof above second base.[35]
  • The Game of the Century between the University of Houston Cougars and the UCLA Bruins took place at the Astrodome in 1968 before a crowd of 52,963 — the record for the largest attendance ever at a basketball game until 2003. The first National Collegiate Athletic Association regular season game broadcast nationwide in prime time, the Game of the Century established college basketball as a sports commodity on television, and paved the way for the modern "March Madness" television coverage. The Cougars, coached by Guy V. Lewis, defeated coach John Wooden's Bruins, led by Lew Alcindor, 71-69 behind a 39 point scoring effort from Elvin Hayes.
  • Robert Altman's 1970 comedy Brewster McCloud was set at the Astrodome: the eponymous hero is an eccentric young man who lives at the stadium.
  • Evel Knievel jumped 13 cars two nights in a row, drawing over 100,000 spectators to the Astrodome in January 1971, and though there was talk of him making an actual jump over the stadium itself sometime in the future, it never happened.
  • Three-time World Heavyweight Boxing Champion Muhammad Ali fought Cleveland Williams in the Astrodome in November 1966.
  • The Astro Spiral car jump was performed January 12, 1972.[by whom?] This stunt was later performed in the James Bond film The Man With The Golden Gun.
  • Elvis Presley gave six performances there between February and March 1970, setting an attendance record with 200,000 over the six shows. He performed there again on March 3, 1974, setting a single day attendance record.
  • The Battle of the Sexes tennis match occurred on September 20, 1973, with Billie Jean King defeating Bobby Riggs in three straight sets. While more of a publicity stunt than a serious match, it made national headlines and stands as a milestone in the progress of women's sports.
  • KTRK-TV Channel 13 Eyewitness News anchorman Dave Ward was injured during a motocross exhibition race (which also included Channel 13 sports anchor Bob Allen, as well as other local media figures) in the Astrodome in the early 1970s.
  • The Astrodome hosted The Rolling Thunder Revue Tour, headed by Bob Dylan, on January 25, 1976.
  • The Astrodome was the setting for the filming of an exhibition game with the fictional Houston Toros in the 1977 movie The Bad News Bears in Breaking Training.
  • The Rolling Stones performed, on two consecutive nights, at the Astrodome during their 1981 North American Tour on October 28–29, 1981, during their Steel Wheels Tour on November 8, 1989, during their Voodoo Lounge Tour on November 13, 1994.
  • The Jacksons performed, on two consecutive nights, at the Astrodome during their Victory Tour on November 9–10, 1984.
  • The 1986 National League Championship Series ended with what at the time was the longest post-season game in history. The Astros lost a 16-inning Game 6 to the eventual World Series champion New York Mets, 7-6. (The record was surpassed at the new Minute Maid Park during the 2005 National League Division Series when the Astros won an 18-inning game against the Atlanta Braves. The contest featured Roger Clemens in relief for only the second time in his career.)
  • Pink Floyd performed at the Astrodome during their A Momentary Lapse of Reason Tour on November 18, 1987.
  • The Astrodome hosted the 1989 NBA All-Star Game. Attendance was 44,735 and Karl Malone won MVP honors.
  • Metallica and Guns N' Roses performed at the dome during their co-headlining Guns N' Roses/Metallica Stadium Tour on September 4, 1992, with Faith No More as their opening act.
  • Tejano superstar Selena breaks attendance record at the Astrodome by drawing a crowd of exactly 57,894 fans. 1993.
  • Tejano superstar Selena sets another attendance record at the Astrodome by drawing another crowd of 60,081 fans, breaking her previous record. 1994.
  • Tejano superstar Selena holds famed last Astrodome concert with over 69,000 fans, again on February 26, 1995, breaking her previous records.
  • On October 3, 1999, the Astros played their final regular season game at the Astrodome, clinching the Central Division title with a 9–4 win over the Dodgers. The final Astros game in the stadium occurred 6 days later when the Braves eliminated the Astros in Game 4 of the Division Series.
  • In 2001, U2 filmed the music video for "Stuck in a Moment You Can't Get Out Of" inside the Astrodome.
  • On April 1, 2001, the WWE (then known as the WWF) hosted WrestleMania X-Seven, with an attendance of 67,925.
  • At the beginning of the 1980 play off series between the Astros and the Phillies, KILT AM radio announced that the Astros number one fan "Astroman" would live on top of the Domed stadium and would not come down until the Astros won the World Series. Over the next 10 days Astroman, played by KILT salesman Denver Griffith lived on top of the Astrodome in a six man tent. On top of the Astrodome was also a telephone hot line back to KILT radio where Griffith as Astroman would give interviews throughout the day. Astroman was completely cut off and could only get food and drink by lowering a rope with a basket the 18 stories from the top of the Astrodome to the center of the playing field. At one point Griffith got so desperate for food and drink that his mother had to intervene and interrupt an Oilers practice so that the needed supplies could be delivered. Every night a local TV station would sign off with a shot of Astroman on top of the Astrodome waving to a circling news chopper.
  • The Astrodome was added to the National Register of Historic Places in January 2014.[36]

Motorsports

  • The Houston Astrodome was the opening event for the AMA Grand National Championship for 18 years, beginning in 1968.
  • The events held were Short Track and TT
  • The Astrodome also hosted an AMA Supercross event from 1974 to 2002. The first Astrodome Supercross winner was Jim Pomeroy.
  • The Houston Supercross event has been moved to NRG Stadium.

Hurricane Katrina

Survivors of Katrina in the Astrodome

On August 31, 2005, in the wake of Hurricane Katrina, the Harris County Department of Homeland Security and Emergency Management and the State of Louisiana came to an agreement to allow at least 25,000 evacuees from New Orleans, especially those that were sheltered in the Louisiana Superdome, to move to the Astrodome until they could return home. The evacuation began on September 1, 2005. All scheduled events for the final four months of 2005 at the Astrodome were cancelled.[37] Overflow refugees were held in the surrounding Reliant Park complex. There was a full field hospital inside the Reliant Arena, which cared for the entire Katrina evacuee community.

The entire Reliant Park complex was scheduled to be emptied of hurricane evacuees by September 17, 2005. Originally, the Astrodome was planned to be used to house evacuees until December. However, the surrounding parking lots were needed for the first Houston Texans home game. Arrangements were made to help Katrina evacuees find apartments both in Houston and elsewhere in the United States. By September 16, 2005, the last of the hurricane evacuees living in the Astrodome had been moved out either to the neighboring Reliant Arena or to permanent housing north of Houston.[38] As of September 20, 2005, the remaining Katrina evacuees were relocated to Arkansas due to Hurricane Rita.[39]

Features

Scoreboard

Astrolite, the Astrodome's scoreboard, during a 1969 Astros game. It was the world's first animated scoreboard.

The Astrodome was well-renowned for a four-story scoreboard called the "Astrolite", composed of thousands of light bulbs that featured numerous animations. After every Astros home run, the scoreboard featured a minute-long animated celebration of pistols, bulls, and fireworks. The scoreboard remained intact until 1988 when Houston Oilers (now Tennessee Titans) owner Bud Adams suggested the removal of the scoreboard to accommodate increased capacity demands for football, baseball and the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo. Harris County spent $67 million of public funds on renovations.[40] Approximately 15,000 new seats resembling the 1970s rainbow uniform pattern were installed to bring seating capacity to almost 60,000 for football. On September 5, 1988, a final celebration commemorating the scoreboard occurred prior to expansion renovations.

Fielding surface

Originally, the stadium's surface was a Tifway 419 Bermuda grass playing surface specifically bred for indoor use. The dome's ceiling contained numerous semitransparent panes made of Lucite. Players quickly complained that glare coming off of the panes made it hard for them to track fly balls. To solve the problem, two sections of panes were painted white. However, within a few months, the grass died from lack of sunlight.[41] For most of the 1965 season, the Astros played on green-painted dirt and dead grass. The clear panels also added a problem when combined with the natural grass. The grass tended to hold, then release moisture, often resulting in rain within the structure, causing games to be delayed while the grounds crews cleaned up the playing surface.

The playing surface as it appeared during the 1999 MLB season.

The solution was to install a new type of artificial grass on the field, ChemGrass, which became known as AstroTurf. Because the supply of AstroTurf was still low, only a limited amount was available at the start of the season. There was not enough for the entire outfield, so the first phase covered only the traditional grass portion of the infield and foul territory,[42] at a cost of $2 per square foot. It was installed in time to test out during exhibition games against the Dodgers in March.[43][44][45] The outfield remained painted dirt until after the 1966 All-Star Game. The team was sent on an extended road trip before the break, and on July 19, 1966, the installation of the outfield portion of AstroTurf was completed for a game with the Phillies.[46] Groundskeepers dressed as astronauts kept the turf clean with vacuum cleaners between innings. The infield dirt remained in the traditional design, with a large dirt arc, similar to natural grass fields.

In 1971, the Astros installed an all-AstroTurf infield, except for dirt cutouts around the bases. This "sliding pit" configuration was first introduced by Cincinnati with the opening of Riverfront Stadium on June 30, 1970. It was then installed in the new stadiums in Philadelphia in 1971, and Kansas City in 1973. The artificial turf fields of Pittsburgh and St. Louis were traditionally configured like the Astrodome, and also changed to sliding pits in the 1970s. Rogers Centre in Toronto is the only park in the majors that still has the sliding pits.

Throughout its history, the Astrodome was known as a pitcher's park. The power alleys were never shorter than 370 feet (113 m) from the plate; on at least two occasions they were as far as 390 feet (119 m). Over time, it gave up fewer home runs than any other park in the National League.[5] The Astrodome's reputation as a pitcher's park continued even in the mid-1980s, when the fences were moved in closer than the Metrodome, which was long reckoned as a hitter's park.

Seating capacity

The seating capacity for baseball has been as follows:

  • 42,217 (1965)
  • 46,000 (1966–1967)
  • 44,500 (1968–1974)
  • 45,101 (1975–1981)
  • 47,690 (1982–1989)
  • 54,816 (1990–present)

The seating capacity for football has been as follows:

  • 50,000 (1965–1983)
  • 50,495 (1984–1986)[47]
  • 50,594 (1987–1989)[48]
  • 62,439 (1990–1991)
  • 62,021 (1992–1994)[49]
  • 59,969 (1995–present)[50]

See also

References

  1. ^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.
  2. ^ "Ballparks by Munsey and Suppes". Ballparks.com. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
  3. ^ a b c "National Register of Historic Places listings for January 31, 2014". U.S. National Park Service. January 31, 2014. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
  4. ^ Barks, Joseph V. "Powering the (new and improved) 'Eighth Wonder of the World' ", Electrical Apparatus, November 2001. Retrieved January 16, 2007.
  5. ^ a b Smith, Curt (2001). Storied Stadiums. New York City: Carroll & Graf. ISBN 0-7867-1187-6.
  6. ^ "Houston Astros - Stadium". Baseball-statistics.com. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
  7. ^ "Prominent Houstonians' ideas on what to do with Dome - Houston Chronicle". Chron.com. April 4, 2011. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
  8. ^ "Dome is Hurlers' Heaven". The San Bernardino Sun. April 11, 1965. p. 69. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  9. ^ Tagliabue, Emil (February 11, 1965). "No Real Difference: Baseball Won't Change Indoors". Corpus Christi Caller-Times. p. 24. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  10. ^ Conniff, Richard Farewell To An Odd Dome Home Judge Hofheinz's private Astrodome quarters will soon be just a gaudy memory. Sports Illustrated March 14, 1988, Retrieved November 11, 2009.
  11. ^ "Reliant Park will now be NRG – Houston Chronicle". Chron.com. March 19, 2014. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
  12. ^ "Bob Hulsey (April 9, 1965). "First Game In The Astrodome: The Indoor Era Begins".AstrosDaily.
  13. ^ John Wilson (April 24, 1965). "Everyone in Orbit Over Astrodome - LBJ, Plus 188,762 Attend Liftoff of 'Eighth Wonder'".The Sporting News.
  14. ^ Scott Schechter (August 25, 2006). Judy Garland: The Day-by-Day Chronicle of a Legend. Taylor Trade Publishing. p. 310. ISBN 978-1-4616-3555-0. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
  15. ^ "Hoffman: Astros made history with a rainout - Houston Chronicle". Chron.com. June 17, 2009. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
  16. ^ a b Holeywell, Ryan (November 30, 2011). "When Teams Leave, What Do You Do With the Stadium?". Governing.com. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
  17. ^ "Mazz - Cuando Tu Te Vayas.wmv". Tejanomusicvideos.com. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
  18. ^ Thomas, Stephen (February 11, 2003). "For the Last Time: Live from the Astrodome - George Strait : Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards". AllMusic. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
  19. ^ "Astrodome Hit With Code Violations". click2houston.com. Retrieved July 18, 2008.
  20. ^ "Harris County officials consider the future of the Astrodome | khou.com Houston". Khou.com. April 2, 2012. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
  21. ^ http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1683&dat=20020626&id=170aAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lz8EAAAAIBAJ&pg=4576,4598265
  22. ^ America's Favorite Architecture. Retrieved May 3, 2007.
  23. ^ "Financial crunch may stall effort on Astrodome hotel - Houston Chronicle". Chron.com. December 8, 2008. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
  24. ^ Could Dome become Movie Studio? Retrieved May 1, 2008.
  25. ^ Far below code dome costs ,00,000 per year to maintain. Retrieved April 6, 2009.
  26. ^ "11 Most Endangered Historic Places - Astrodome". Preservationnation.org. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
  27. ^ Fans React to ,4 Million Astrodome Renovation Plan Retrieved November 5, 2013.
  28. ^ Voters strike down proposal to save Astrodome Retrieved November 5, 2013.
  29. ^ Hernandez, Pat (August 13, 2013). "Astrodome Referendum Will Be On The November Ballot". App1.kuhf.org. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
  30. ^ "Astrodome may see 1 last inning after 'no' vote". CSN Houston. November 10, 2013. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
  31. ^ 3 pedestrian towers razed at Houston Astrodome. Houston Chronicle, December 9, 2013. Retrieved December 15, 2013.
  32. ^ Russell, Rucks (December 9, 2013). "Astrodome ramps demolished as clock ticks on its future". KHOU-TV, Inc. Retrieved December 11, 2013.
  33. ^ "Mickey Mantle's NYC". Archived from the original on June 2, 2008. Retrieved May 18, 2008.
  34. ^ Houston Astros history – 1965 season.
  35. ^ Strubel, John (December 10, 2013). "Life Under the Big Top". metsmerizedonline.com. Retrieved June 25, 2014.
  36. ^ "Astrodome lands on National Register of Historic Places | astros.com: News". Mlb.mlb.com. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
  37. ^ ESPN – Superdome evacuation disrupted after shots fired – ESPN.
  38. ^ Frank, Thomas (September 1, 2005). "Astrodome to take refugees". USA Today.
  39. ^ Dahlburg, John-Thor; Gold, Scott; La Ganga, Maria L. (September 21, 2005). "Hurricane Rita Rattles Coast". Los Angeles Times.
  40. ^ Fowler, Ed (1997). Loser Takes All – Bud Adams, Bad Football, & Big Business. Longview Press. p. 8. ISBN 1-56352-432-5.
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  43. ^ "Astroturf looks great, but..." Eugene Register-Guard. Associated Press. March 20, 1966. p. 2b.
  44. ^ "What's new? Astroturf". Toledo Blade. Associated Press. March 21, 1966. p. 23.
  45. ^ "Zippered 'grass' big hit in Astrodome". Daytona Beach Sunday News-Journal. Associated Press. March 20, 1966. p. 1B.
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  50. ^ Al Carter (September 18, 1995). "Revamped Oilers Fall to Browns 14-7". The Dallas Morning News.

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Astrodome.
Events and tenants
Preceded by Home of the
Houston Oilers
1968–1996 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Home of the
Houston Astros
1965–1999 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Home of the
Bluebonnet Bowl
1968–1984
1987 		Succeeded by
Preceded by NCAA
Men's Division I
Basketball Tournament
Finals Venue
1971 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Host of the
MLB All-Star Game
1968
1986 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Host of the
NBA All-Star Game
1989 		Succeeded by

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