Books of the Bible: Difference between revisions
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The disputed books are often called the [[Biblical apocrypha|Biblical ''apocrypha'']], a term that is sometimes used specifically (and possibly pejoratively in English) to describe the books in the Catholic and Orthodox canons that are absent from the Jewish [[Masoretic Text]] (also called the [[Tanakh]] or ''Miqra'') and most modern [[Protestant]] Bibles. Catholic Christians, following the [[Canon of Trent]], describe these books as ''[[deuterocanonical books|deuterocanonical]]'', meaning of "the second canon," while Greek Orthodox Christians, following the [[Synod of Jerusalem (1672)]], use the traditional name of ''[[Biblical apocrypha#Anagignoskomena|anagignoskomena]]'', meaning "that which is to be read." They are present in a few historic Protestant versions: the German [[Luther Bible]] included such books, as did the English 1611 [[King James Version]].<ref name="39articles">The foundational [[Thirty-Nine Articles]] of [[Anglicanism]], in [[:s:Thirty-Nine_Articles|Article VI]], asserts that these disputed books are not (to be) used "to establish any doctrine," but "read for example of life." Though the "Biblical apocrypha" are still used in [[Anglican Liturgy]], <small>("Two of the hymns used in the American Prayer Book office of Morning Prayer, the Benedictus es and [[Benedicite]], are taken from the Apocrypha. One of the offertory sentences in Holy Communion comes from an apocryphal book (Tob. 4: 8-9). Lessons from the Apocrypha are regularly appointed to be read in the daily, Sunday, and special services of Morning and Evening Prayer. There are altogether 111 such lessons in the latest revised American Prayer Book Lectionary [The books used are: II Esdras, Tobit, Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus, Baruch, Three Holy Children, and I Maccabees.]" —[http://orthodoxanglican.net/downloads/apocrypha.pdf The Apocrypha, Bridge of the Testaments])</small>, the modern trend has been to not even print the Old Testament apocrypha in editions of Anglican-used Bibles, the last English translation for the Biblical Apocrypha being the [[Revised Standard Version]] of 1957.</ref> |
The disputed books are often called the [[Biblical apocrypha|Biblical ''apocrypha'']], a term that is sometimes used specifically (and possibly pejoratively in English) to describe the books in the Catholic and Orthodox canons that are absent from the Jewish [[Masoretic Text]][[spongebob]] (also called the [[Tanakh]] or ''Miqra'') and most modern [[Protestant]] Bibles. Catholic Christians, following the [[Canon of Trent]], describe these books as ''[[deuterocanonical books|deuterocanonical]]'', meaning of "the second canon," while Greek Orthodox Christians, following the [[Synod of Jerusalem (1672)]], use the traditional name of ''[[Biblical apocrypha#Anagignoskomena|anagignoskomena]]'', meaning "that which is to be read." They are present in a few historic Protestant versions: the German [[Luther Bible]] included such books, as did the English 1611 [[King James Version]].<ref name="39articles">The foundational [[Thirty-Nine Articles]] of [[Anglicanism]], in [[:s:Thirty-Nine_Articles|Article VI]], asserts that these disputed books are not (to be) used "to establish any doctrine," but "read for example of life." Though the "Biblical apocrypha" are still used in [[Anglican Liturgy]], <small>("Two of the hymns used in the American Prayer Book office of Morning Prayer, the Benedictus es and [[Benedicite]], are taken from the Apocrypha. One of the offertory sentences in Holy Communion comes from an apocryphal book (Tob. 4: 8-9). Lessons from the Apocrypha are regularly appointed to be read in the daily, Sunday, and special services of Morning and Evening Prayer. There are altogether 111 such lessons in the latest revised American Prayer Book Lectionary [The books used are: II Esdras, Tobit, Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus, Baruch, Three Holy Children, and I Maccabees.]" —[http://orthodoxanglican.net/downloads/apocrypha.pdf The Apocrypha, Bridge of the Testaments])</small>, the modern trend has been to not even print the Old Testament apocrypha in editions of Anglican-used Bibles, the last English translation for the Biblical Apocrypha being the [[Revised Standard Version]] of 1957.</ref> |
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Note that this table uses current spellings of the [[New American Bible|NAB]]. Spellings of the 1609-1610 [[Douay-Rheims Bible]] describing the Catholic biblical canon were traslated different but the same books. In the spirit of ecumenism more recent Catholic translations, such as the 1970 are similar or identical spellings (e.g. 1 Chronicles) as Protestant Bibles in those books which are jointly considered canonical, i.e. the [[Protocanonical books|protocanonicals]]. |
Note that this table uses current spellings of the [[New American Bible|NAB]]. Spellings of the 1609-1610 [[Douay-Rheims Bible]] describing the Catholic biblical canon were traslated different but the same books. In the spirit of ecumenism more recent Catholic translations, such as the 1970 are similar or identical spellings (e.g. 1 Chronicles) as Protestant Bibles in those books which are jointly considered canonical, i.e. the [[Protocanonical books|protocanonicals]]. |
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Revision as of 14:15, 12 January 2010
The Books of the Bible are listed differently in the canons of Judaism and the Catholic, Protestant, Greek Orthodox, Slavonic Orthodox, Georgian, Armenian Apostolic, Syriac and Ethiopian churches, although there is substantial overlap. A table comparing the canons of some of these traditions appears below, comparing the Jewish Bible with the Christian Old Testament and New Testament. For a detailed discussion of the differences, see "Biblical canon".
The Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox and Eastern Catholic churches may have minor differences in their lists of accepted books. The list given here for these churches is the most inclusive: if at least one Eastern church accepts the book it is included here.
Tanakh, Old Testament, or Hebrew Bible
A table cell with an asterisk (*) indicates that a book is present but in a different order. Empty cells indicate that a book is absent from that canon.
Template:Books of the Old Testament The disputed books are often called the Biblical apocrypha, a term that is sometimes used specifically (and possibly pejoratively in English) to describe the books in the Catholic and Orthodox canons that are absent from the Jewish Masoretic Textspongebob (also called the Tanakh or Miqra) and most modern Protestant Bibles. Catholic Christians, following the Canon of Trent, describe these books as deuterocanonical, meaning of "the second canon," while Greek Orthodox Christians, following the Synod of Jerusalem (1672), use the traditional name of anagignoskomena, meaning "that which is to be read." They are present in a few historic Protestant versions: the German Luther Bible included such books, as did the English 1611 King James Version.[1]
Note that this table uses current spellings of the NAB. Spellings of the 1609-1610 Douay-Rheims Bible describing the Catholic biblical canon were traslated different but the same books. In the spirit of ecumenism more recent Catholic translations, such as the 1970 are similar or identical spellings (e.g. 1 Chronicles) as Protestant Bibles in those books which are jointly considered canonical, i.e. the protocanonicals.
New Testament
In general, among Christian denominations, the New Testament Canon is an agreed-upon list of 27 books, although book order can vary.
The Ethiopian Orthodox Church has a few additional books in its canon: Jubilees, Book of Enoch, 4 Baruch along with three books of Meqabyan that are unique to their canon.
The Peshitta excludes 2-3 John, 2 Peter, Jude, and Revelation, but Bibles of the modern Syriac Orthodox Church include later translations of those books along with the Letter of Baruch (sometimes included as part of 2 Baruch). Still today the official lectionary followed by the Syrian Orthodox Church (with headquarters at Kottayam (Kerala), and the Chaldean Syriac Church, also known as the Church of the East (Nestorian), with headquarters at Trichur (Kerala)) presents lessons from only the twenty-two books of Peshitta, the version to which appeal is made for the settlement of doctrinal questions.
The Third Epistle to the Corinthians and the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs were once considered part of the Armenian Orthodox Bible, but are no longer printed with modern editions.
Chart Notes
- ^ a b c d These four works were questioned or "spoken against" by Martin Luther, and he changed the order of his New Testament to reflect this, but he did not leave them out, nor has any Lutheran body since. Traditional German Luther Bibles are still printed with the New Testament in this changed "Lutheran" order.
Protestant Canon
Old Testament
As defined by the Westminster Confession of Faith.
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New Testament
As defined by the Westminster Confession of Faith.
Anglican Apocrypha
These are the Apocrypha as defined by the Thirty-nine Articles of Anglicanism to be "read for example of life" but not used "to establish any doctrine".[1] Luther made a parallel statement in calling them: "not considered equal to the Holy Scriptures, but are useful and good to read."[16] These books are listed in the order of the 1611 KJV, which closely follows the order of the Vulgate.
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See also
- Bible
- Table of books of Judeo-Christian Scripture (consensus to merge here, but action still needed)
- Apocrypha
- Deuterocanonical books
- Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible
- Bible citation
- Biblical canon
- Judaism
- Christianity
- Major prophets
- Minor prophets
- Authors of the Bible
- Antilegomena
Notes
- ^ a b The foundational Thirty-Nine Articles of Anglicanism, in Article VI, asserts that these disputed books are not (to be) used "to establish any doctrine," but "read for example of life." Though the "Biblical apocrypha" are still used in Anglican Liturgy, ("Two of the hymns used in the American Prayer Book office of Morning Prayer, the Benedictus es and Benedicite, are taken from the Apocrypha. One of the offertory sentences in Holy Communion comes from an apocryphal book (Tob. 4: 8-9). Lessons from the Apocrypha are regularly appointed to be read in the daily, Sunday, and special services of Morning and Evening Prayer. There are altogether 111 such lessons in the latest revised American Prayer Book Lectionary [The books used are: II Esdras, Tobit, Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus, Baruch, Three Holy Children, and I Maccabees.]" —The Apocrypha, Bridge of the Testaments), the modern trend has been to not even print the Old Testament apocrypha in editions of Anglican-used Bibles, the last English translation for the Biblical Apocrypha being the Revised Standard Version of 1957.
- ^ a b c d e f Names in brackets are the Septuagint names and are often used by the Orthodox Christians.
- ^ a b Some Eastern Orthodox churches follow the Septuagint and the Hebrew bibles by considering the books of Ezra and Nehemiah as one book.
- ^ a b The Catholic and Orthodox Book of Esther includes 103 verses not in the Protestant Book of Esther.
- ^ a b c d The Latin Vulgate, Douay-Rheims, and Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition place First and Second Maccabees after Malachi; other Catholic translations place them after Esther.
- ^ Eastern Orthodox churches include Psalm 151, not present in all canons.
- ^ The Book of Odes includes the Prayer of Manasseh. This book is not present in the Catholic or Protestant Old Testaments.
- ^ a b In Catholic Bibles, Baruch includes a sixth chapter called the Letter of Jeremiah. Baruch is not in the Protestant Bible or the Tanakh.
- ^ Britannica 1911
- ^ Eastern Orthodox Bibles have the books of Baruch and the Letter of Jeremiah separate.
- ^ New English Translation of the Septuagint
- ^ a b In Catholic and Orthodox Bibles, Daniel includes three sections not included in Protestant Bibles. The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children are included between Daniel 3:23-24. Susanna is included as Daniel 13. Bel and the Dragon is included as Daniel 14. These are not in the Protestant Old Testament.
- ^ These books are found among the historical and wisdom books of the Christian canons.
- ^ Most scholars consider the Gospel of Matthew to have been written in Koine Greek, though some experts maintain the view that it was originally composed in Aramaic or Hebrew. See Wikipedia's Gospel of Matthew and New Testament articles.
- ^ Contemporary scholars believe the Hebrews to have been written in Greek, though a minority believe it was originally written in Hebrew, then translated into Greek by Luke. See Wikipedia's New Testament article.
- ^ The Popular and Critical Bible Encyclopædia and Scriptural Dictionary, Fully Defining and Explaining All Religious Terms, Including Biographical, Geographical, Historical, Archæological and Doctrinal Themes, p.521, edited by Samuel Fallows et al, The Howard-Severance company, 1901,1910. - Google Books
External links
- Old Testament Reading Room & New Testament Reading Room: Extensive online resources for biblical studies (Tyndale Seminary)
- The Canon of Scripture – a Catholic perspective
- Table of Tanakh Books - includes Latin, English, Hebrew and abbreviated names (from Tel Aviv University).
- Judaica Press Translation - Online Jewish translation of the books of the Bible. The Tanakh and Rashi's entire commentary.
- Template:Langicon Slavonic Bible
- Books of the Apocrypha (from the UMC)
- Western Armenian Bible (an essay, with full official canon at the end)
- Study of the Old Testament, Study of the New Testament and Study of the Apocrypha
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