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Bury St Edmunds

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Bury St Edmunds
The Guildhall
Population69,690 [1]
OS grid referenceTL855645
District
Shire county
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townBURY ST EDMUNDS
Postcode districtIP28–IP33
Dialling code01284
PoliceSuffolk
FireSuffolk
AmbulanceEast of England
UK Parliament
List of places
UK
England
Suffolk

Bury St Edmunds is a market town in Suffolk, England.[2] Bury St Edmunds Abbey is near the town centre. Bury is the seat of the Diocese of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich, with the episcopal see at St Edmundsbury Cathedral.

The town, originally called Beodericsworth,[3] was built on a grid pattern by Abbot Baldwin around 1080.[4] It is known for brewing and malting (Greene King brewery)[5] and for a British Sugar processing factory, where Silver Spoon sugar is produced. The town is the cultural and retail centre for West Suffolk and tourism is a major part of the economy.

Origin of the name

The name Bury is etymologically connected with borough,[6] which has cognates in other Germanic languages such as the German "burg" meaning "fortress, castle"; Old Norse "borg" meaning "wall, castle"; and Gothic "baurgs" meaning "city".[7] They all derive from Proto-Germanic *burgs meaning "fortress". This in turn derives from the Proto-Indo-European root *bhrgh meaning "fortified elevation", with cognates including Welsh bera ("stack") and Sanskrit bhrant- ("high, elevated building"). There is thus no justification for the folk etymology stating that the Cathedral Town was so called because St Edmund was buried there.

The second section of the name refers to Edmund King of the East Angles, who was killed by the Vikings in the year 869. He became venerated as a saint and a martyr, and his shrine made Bury St Edmunds an important place of pilgrimage.

The formal name of both the borough and the diocese is "St Edmundsbury". Local residents often refer to Bury St Edmunds simply as "Bury".

History

Bury St Edmunds (Beodericsworth, Bedrichesworth, St Edmund's Bury), supposed by some to have been the Villa Faustina of the Romans, was one of the royal towns of the Saxons.[citation needed] Sigebert, king of the East Angles, founded a monastery here about 633, which in 903 became the burial place of King Edmund, who was slain by the Danes in 869, and owed most of its early celebrity to the reputed miracles performed at the shrine of the martyr king. The town grew around Bury St Edmunds Abbey, a site of pilgrimage. By 925 the fame of St Edmund had spread far and wide, and the name of the town was changed to St Edmund's Bury.

In 942 or 945 King Edmund had granted to the abbot and convent jurisdiction over the whole town, free from all secular services, and Canute in 1020 freed it from episcopal control. Edward the Confessor made the abbot lord of the franchise. Sweyn, in 1020, having destroyed the older monastery and ejected the secular priests, built a Benedictine abbey on St Edmund's Bury.[8][volume & issue needed] Count Alan Rufus is said to have been interred at Bury St Edmunds Abbey in 1093. In the 12th and 13th centuries the head of the de Hastings family, who held the Lordship of the Manor of Ashill in Norfolk, was hereditary Steward of this abbey.[9]

On 18 March 1190, two days after the more well-known massacre of Jews at Clifford Tower in York, the people of Bury St Edmunds massacred 57 Jews.[10][11] Later that year, Abbot Samson successfully petitioned King Richard I for permission to evict the town's remaining Jewish inhabitants "on the grounds that everything in the town... belonged by right to St Edmund: therefore, either the Jews should be St Edmund’s men or they should be banished from the town."[12] This expulsion predates the Edict of Expulsion by 100 years. In 1198, a fire burned the shrine of St Edmund, leading to the inspection of his corpse by Abbot Samson and the translation of St Edmund's body to a new location in the abbey.[12]

The town is associated with Magna Carta. In 1214 the barons of England are believed to have met in the Abbey Church and sworn to force King John to accept the Charter of Liberties, the document which influenced the creation of the Magna Carta,[8] a copy of which was displayed in the town's cathedral during the 2014 celebrations. By various grants from the abbots, the town gradually attained the rank of a borough.

Henry III in 1235 granted to the abbot two annual fairs, one in December (which still survives) and the other the great St Matthew's fair, which was abolished by the Fairs Act of 1871.[8] In 1327, the Great Riot occurred, in which the local populace led an armed revolt against the Abbey.[13] The burghers were angry at the overwhelming power, wealth and corruption of the monastery, which ran almost every aspect of local life with a view to enriching itself.[citation needed] The riot destroyed the main gate and a new, fortified gate was built in its stead.[13] However, in 1381 during the Great Uprising, the Abbey was sacked and looted again.[citation needed] This time, the Prior was executed; his severed head was placed on a pike in the Great Market.[citation needed] On 11 April 1608 a great fire broke out in Eastgate Street, which resulted in 160 dwellings and 400 outhouses being destroyed.[13]

Thomas Warren's map of Bury St Edmunds, 1776

The town developed into a flourishing cloth-making town, with a large woollen trade, by the 14th century.[13] In 1405 Henry IV granted another fair.[8]

Elizabeth I in 1562 confirmed the charters which former kings had granted to the abbots. The reversion of the fairs and two markets on Wednesday and Saturday were granted by James I in fee farm to the corporation. James I in 1606 granted a charter of incorporation with an annual fair in Easter week and a market. James granted further charters in 1608 and 1614, as did Charles II in 1668 and 1684.[8]

Parliaments were held in the borough in 1272, 1296 and 1446, but the borough was not represented until 1608, when James I conferred on it the privilege of sending two members.[8] The Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 reduced the representation to one.[8]

The borough of Bury St Edmunds and the surrounding area, like much of East Anglia, being part of the Eastern Association, supported Puritan sentiment during the first half of the 17th century. By 1640, several families had departed for the Massachusetts Bay Colony as part of the wave of emigration that occurred during the Great Migration.[14] Bury's ancient grammar school also educated notable puritan theologians such as Richard Sibbes, the master of St Catherine's Hall in Cambridge and noteworthy future colonists such as Simonds D'Ewes and John Winthrop, Jr.[15]

The town was the setting for witch trials between 1599 and 1694.[16]

View of gate, Bury St Edmunds Abbey, c. 1920

Modern history

A permanent military presence was established in the town with the completion of Gibraltar Barracks in 1878.[17]

During the Second World War, the USAAF used RAF Station Rougham airfield outside the town.[18]

On 3 March 1974 a Turkish Airlines DC10 jet Flight 981 crashed near Paris killing all 346 people on board. Among the victims were 17 members of Bury St Edmunds Rugby Football Club, returning from France.[19]

The town council was formed in 2003.[20] The election on 3 May 2007 was won by the "Abolish Bury Town Council" party.[21] The party lost its majority following a by-election in June 2007 and, to date, the Town Council is still in existence.[22] In March 2008 a further by-election put Conservatives in control but in the council election of May 2011 the lack of Conservative and other parties' candidates let in a Labour majority before the election was even held.[23] By 2013 a number of by-elections put Conservatives in control again[24] but in the 2015 election Conservatives won 14 of the 17 vacancies[25]

Notable features

Barwell's Butcher Shop, Bury St Edmunds, c. 1900

Near the Abbey Gardens stands Britain's first internally illuminated street sign, the Pillar of Salt which was built in 1935. The sign is at the terminus of the A1101, Great Britain's lowest road.

There is a network of tunnels which are evidence of chalk-workings,[26] though there is no evidence of extensive tunnels under the town centre. Some buildings have inter-communicating cellars. Due to their unsafe nature the chalk-workings are not open to the public, although viewing has been granted to individuals. Some have caused subsidence within living memory, for instance at Jacqueline Close.[27]

Among noteworthy buildings is St Mary's Church, where Mary Tudor, Queen of France and sister of Tudor king Henry VIII, was re-buried, six years after her death, having been moved from the Abbey after her brother's Dissolution of the Monasteries. Queen Victoria had a stained glass window fitted into the church to commemorate Mary's interment.[28] Moreton Hall, a Grade II* listed building by Robert Adam, now houses the Moreton Hall Preparatory School.[29]

Bury St Edmunds has one of the wholetime fire stations run by Suffolk Fire and Rescue Service. Originally located in the Traverse (now the Halifax bank),[30] it moved to Fornham Road in 1953. The Fornham Road site (now Mermaid Close) closed in 1987 and the fire station moved to its current location on Parkway North.[31]

Geography

Bury is located in the middle of an undulating area of East Anglia known as the East Anglian Heights, with land to the East and West of the town rising to above 100 metres (328 feet), though parts of the town itself are as low as 30 metres (98 feet) above sea level where the Rivers Lark and Linnet pass through it.

Climate

There are two Met office reporting stations in the vicinity of Bury St Edmunds, Brooms Barn (elevation 76m), 6.5 miles to the west of the town centre, and Honington (elevation 51m), about 6.5 miles to the north. According to Usman Majeed, head of Honington, it ceased weather observations in 2003, though Brooms Barn remains operational. Brooms Barn's record maximum temperature stands at 36.7C (98.1F), recorded in August 2003.[32] The lowest recent temperature was -10.0C (14.0f)[33] during December 2010.

Rainfall is generally low, at under 600mm, and spread fairly evenly throughout the year.

Climate data for Honington, elevation 51m, 1971-2000. Rainfall data 1981-1990
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 6.6
(43.9) 		7.0
(44.6) 		9.8
(49.6) 		12.2
(54.0) 		16.2
(61.2) 		19.1
(66.4) 		21.8
(71.2) 		21.9
(71.4) 		18.6
(65.5) 		14.3
(57.7) 		9.7
(49.5) 		7.4
(45.3) 		13.3
(55.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1.0
(33.8) 		0.9
(33.6) 		2.5
(36.5) 		3.8
(38.8) 		6.8
(44.2) 		9.7
(49.5) 		11.9
(53.4) 		11.9
(53.4) 		10.0
(50.0) 		7.0
(44.6) 		3.5
(38.3) 		2.1
(35.8) 		5.6
(42.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 53.7
(2.11) 		30.1
(1.19) 		49.9
(1.96) 		47.6
(1.87) 		46.2
(1.82) 		54.7
(2.15) 		43.4
(1.71) 		49.1
(1.93) 		41.2
(1.62) 		65.6
(2.58) 		47.2
(1.86) 		49.6
(1.95) 		578.3
(22.77)
Source 1: YR.NO[34]
Source 2: WorldClimate[35]

Religion

St Edmundsbury Cathedral from the east

Bury St Edmunds has a Gothic Revival cathedral and a large parish church, and used to have an abbey. Its Unitarian meeting house has existed since the early 18th century as a non-conformist chapel.[36]

Abbey

Main article: Bury St Edmunds Abbey

In the centre of Bury St Edmunds lie the remains of an abbey, surrounded by the Abbey Gardens. The abbey is a shrine to Saint Edmund, the Saxon King of the East Angles. The abbey was sacked by the townspeople in the 14th century and then largely destroyed during the 16th century with the Dissolution of the Monasteries, but the town remained prosperous throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, only falling into relative decline with the Industrial Revolution.

Cathedral

Main article: Bury St Edmunds Cathedral

Bury St Edmunds Cathedral was created when the Diocese of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich was formed in 1914. The cathedral was extended with an eastern end in the 1960s, commemorated by Benjamin Britten's Fanfare for St Edmundsbury. A new Gothic revival cathedral tower was built as part of a Millennium project running from 2000 to 2005. The opening for the tower took place in July 2005, and included a brass band concert and fireworks. Parts of the cathedral remain uncompleted, including the cloisters and some areas remain inaccessible to the public due to building work. The tower makes St Edmundsbury the only recently completed Anglican cathedral in the UK and was constructed using original fabrication techniques by six masons who placed the machine pre-cut stone individually as they arrived.

St Mary's Church

Main article: St. Mary's Church, Bury St. Edmunds

St Mary's Church is the civic church of Bury St Edmunds and the third largest parish church in England. It was part of the abbey complex and originally was one of three large churches in the town (the others being St James, now St Edmundsbury Cathedral, and St Margaret's, now gone). It is renowned for its magnificent hammer-beam "angel" roof, and is the final resting place of Mary Tudor, Queen of France, Duchess of Suffolk and favourite sister of Henry VIII. St Mary's is also home to the Chapel of the Suffolk and Royal Anglian Regiments.

St Edmund's Catholic Church

Main article: St Edmund's Catholic Church, Bury St Edmunds

St Edmund's Catholic Church, located in Westgate Street, is the parish church of Bury St Edmunds. Founded by the Jesuits in 1763, the present church building is grade II listed. It was built in 1837. It is administered by the Diocese of East Anglia in its Bury St Edmunds deanery.

Culture

British Sugar is visible at the backdrop from the platform of Bury Saint Edmunds railway station.
Theatre Royal, Bury St Edmunds exterior.

The Theatre Royal, Bury St Edmunds was built by National Gallery architect William Wilkins in 1819. It is the sole surviving Regency Theatre in the country. The theatre, owned by the Greene King brewery, is leased to the National Trust for a nominal charge, and underwent restoration between 2005 and 2007. It presents a full programme of performances and is also open for public tours.

Moyse's Hall Museum is one of the oldest (c. 1180) domestic buildings in East Anglia open to the public. It has collections of fine art, for example Mary Beale, costume, e.g. Charles Frederick Worth, horology, local and social history, including Witchcraft.[37] It holds an original death mask of William Corder who was hanged for the infamous 1827 Red Barn Murder.

Smiths Row, a contemporary art gallery, is located in The Market Cross, restored by Robert Adam in the late 1700s. The Gallery was established in 1972 and today hosts a programme of changing contemporary art and craft exhibitions and events by British and international artists. Artists featured in the Gallery have included Cornelia Parker, David Batchelor, Anri Sala and Mark Fairnington.

The town holds a festival in May. This including concerts, plays, dance, and lecturers culminating in fireworks. Bury St Edmunds is home to England's oldest Scout group, 1st Bury St Edmunds (Mayors Own).

Sport

The town's main football club, Bury Town, is the fourth oldest non-league team in England.[38] They are members of the Isthmian League Premier Division. Team Bury, associated with the football academy at West Suffolk College play in Division One of the Eastern Counties League. Suffolk County Cricket Club play occasional games at the Victory Ground which is also the home ground of Bury St Edmunds Cricket Club. Bury St Edmunds Rugby Football Club, has extensive history,[39] including the devastating plane crash that killed several members who had attended the 1974 Five Nations Championship match. Eastgate Amateur Boxing club was established in 1981. The club has been headquartered at various locations in and around the town, but are now training in an old WW1 gym in Rougham. West Suffolk Swimming Club formed in 1998 from the merger of two local swimming clubs and operates from pools in Bury St Edmunds, Haverhill and Culford. West Suffolk Athletics Club are based at the West Suffolk College sports ground.[40]

Local economy

Early view of Moyses Hall, today Moyses Hall Museum

Brewing

The Nutshell pub

The nation's largest British-owned brewery, Greene King, is situated in Bury, as is the smaller Old Cannon Brewery. Just outside the town, on the site of RAF Bury St Edmunds, is Bartrums Brewery, originally based in Thurston.

Another beer-related landmark is Britain's smallest public house, The Nutshell, which is on The Traverse, just off the marketplace. It is allegedly the smallest pub in Britain and also believed to be haunted.

Sugar beet

Bury's largest landmark is the British Sugar factory near the A14, which processes sugar beet into refined crystal sugar. It was built in 1925 when the town's MP, Walter Guinness, was Minister of Agriculture, and for many of its early years was managed by Martin Neumann, former manager of a sugar beet refinery in Šurany, then part of Czechoslovakia. Neumann was invited by the British government to oversee the refinement of sugar in Bury St Edmunds and, with his family, emigrated to the United Kingdom.

Dickens plaque at The Angel Hotel.

The refinery processes beet from 1,300 growers. 660 lorry-loads of beet can be accepted each day when beet is being harvested. Not all the beet can be crystallised immediately, and some is kept in solution in holding tanks until late spring and early summer, when the plant has spare crystallising capacity. The sugar is sold under the Silver Spoon name (the other major British brand, Tate & Lyle, is made from imported sugar cane). By-products include molassed sugar beet feed for cattle and LimeX70, a soil improver. The factory has its own power station,[41] which powers around 110,000 homes. A smell of burnt starch from the plant is noticeable on some days.[42]

Tourism

The Angel Hotel, a Georgian building on Angel Hill, was used by Charles Dickens while giving readings in the nearby Athenaeum and mentioned in The Pickwick Papers. Angelina Jolie also used the hotel as a base during the filming of Tomb Raider. A coaching inn has stood on this spot since the 15th century.[43]

Governance

Bury St Edmunds is the main town of the non-metropolitan district St Edmundsbury. The council's main offices are located in the West Suffolk House, located in the town. Bury is also the main town of the Westminster parliamentary constituency also named Bury St Edmunds. Since becoming a single-seat constituency in 1885 it has always returned Conservative MPs. The current representative, Jo Churchill, was first elected in the 2015 General Election.[44]

Notable people

The Abbeygate, a local symbol of the town

Notable people from Bury St Edmunds include author Norah Lofts, who though actually born in Shipdham, Norfolk, bases many of her stories in Baildon, the fictionalised Bury St Edmunds, artist Rose Mead, artist and printer Sybil Andrews, actors Bob Hoskins[45] and Michael Maloney[46] theatre director Sir Peter Hall, author Maria Lousie de la Ramé (also known as Ouida), digital writer and artist Chris Joseph, Canadian journalist and author Richard Gwyn, cyclist James Moore, World War II Canadian general Guy Simonds, footballer Andy Marshall, Henry Dalton the micrographer and micromosaic artist, using not glass or ceramics but butterfly scales and Diatoms, was born in the town in 1829.[47] and the 18th-century landscape architect Humphry Repton,[48] Bishop of Winchester and Lord High Chancellor Stephen Gardiner.[49]

Thomas Clarkson fact-finder behind the abolition of the slave trade lived in the town for parts of his life. Though born in Bedford, actor John Le Mesurier grew up in the town.[50] Sir James Reynolds, junior, Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer, lived in the town for much of his life and was buried in the Cathedral in 1739. Messenger Monsey, later physician to the Royal Hospital Chelsea and a man notorious in London society for his ill-manners, practised in Bury in the 1720s.[51]

Although not from Bury St Edmunds, BBC Radio 1 DJ John Peel lived nearby in Great Finborough and, on 12 November 2004, his funeral took place at the cathedral.[52] It was attended by approximately a thousand people including many artists he had championed. During a peak of local musical activity in Bury St Edmunds in 2002, he referred (tongue-in-cheek) to the town as 'The New Seattle'.[53] Notable bands from Bury St Edmunds include Jacob's Mouse, Miss Black America, The Dawn Parade and Kate Jackson of The Long Blondes.

Among notable people who have chosen to retire to or have second homes in Bury St Edmunds are former members of parliament and government ministers Lord Tebbit,[54] Sir John Wheeler,[55] Sir Eldon Griffiths,[56][57] and former senior Royal Air Force commander, the late Air Marshal Sir Reginald Harland.[58]

Education

Presently, Suffolk County Council operates a two tier school system. However, state education in Bury St Edmunds and its catchment area is a three-tier system.

Upper schools include County Upper School, King Edward VI, and St Benedict's. Middle schools include Hardwick; Howard Middle; St James; St Louis; Westley Middle and Horringer Court Middle School, a training school.[59] The public school Culford School is located just north of the town in the village of Culford. Primary Schools that serve the town are Howard Community Primary School, Westgate, Hardwick, Sebert Wood, Abbots Green, Sextons Manor, Guildhall Feoffment, St Edmunds, St Edmundsbury and Tollgate.

On 17 February 2014, Suffolk County Council announced that its cabinet would be advised to recommend moving 20 schools in the town from three-tier to a two-tier system - including the closure of four middle schools.[60] Under the recommendations, Hardwick, Howard, St James and St Louis middle schools will all close under the changes, which will have been fully implemented by September 2016.[60]

West Suffolk College and County Upper School are the town's providers of further and higher education.

Transport

Bury St Edmunds railway station serves the town, operated by Abellio Greater Anglia, on the Ipswich to Ely Line. Trains run seven days a week, every two hours to Peterborough and hourly to Ipswich and Cambridge. Trains from Peterborough continue to Ipswich after Bury St Edmunds. Onward train connections from Cambridge link with London King's Cross, London Liverpool Street, Stansted Airport, and Ipswich which provides connections to London Liverpool Street via Colchester for example.

The main interchange for bus and coach services for Bury St Edmunds is the bus and coach station, located on St Andrews Street North in the town centre. Bus services link the town centre with the main residential housing areas of the town. From November 2012 Sunday bus services were introduced over some of these routes. There are regular bus services to the neighbouring towns of Brandon, Cambridge, Diss, Haverhill, Ipswich, Mildenhall, Newmarket, Stowmarket, Sudbury and Thetford and many of the villages in between. The daily National Express coach services between Victoria Coach Station in London and Great Yarmouth and Lowestoft stop at the town's bus and coach station, as does the cross country service between Clacton-on-Sea and Liverpool which travels via Cambridge, Peterborough, Leicester, Nottingham, Sheffield and Manchester.

Twin towns

Affiliations

  • Modern statue of St Edmund, Risbygate roundabout, 2011.
    Modern statue of St Edmund, Risbygate roundabout, 2011.
  • Pipes and Drums of Bury St Edmunds, Glenmoriston Pipe Band
    Pipes and Drums of Bury St Edmunds, Glenmoriston Pipe Band
  • Abbey Gardens with Cathedral in background
    Abbey Gardens with Cathedral in background
  • The Abbey ruins
    The Abbey ruins
  • British Sugar factory with the railway station at backdrop
    British Sugar factory with the railway station at backdrop
  • Post office
    Post office
  • Cemetery
    Cemetery
  • Ruins of St Saviour's Hospital
    Ruins of St Saviour's Hospital
  • The Norman Tower
    The Norman Tower
  • St John's Street
    St John's Street
  • View of Browning's blacksmith shop, Southgate Street, c. 1900
    View of Browning's blacksmith shop, Southgate Street, c. 1900
  • View of the workhouse, c. 1870
    View of the workhouse, c. 1870
  • Old Gaol, front on Southgate Street, c. 1870
    Old Gaol, front on Southgate Street, c. 1870
  • Guildhall with figures, c. 1870
    Guildhall with figures, c. 1870
  • Westgate House, Westgate Street, c. 1880
    Westgate House, Westgate Street, c. 1880
  • Reading the charter, Angel Hotel, Charter Day, c. 1910
    Reading the charter, Angel Hotel, Charter Day, c. 1910
  • Participant in costume, 1907 Bury Pageant
    Participant in costume, 1907 Bury Pageant
  • Abbots Bridge across the Lark River, c. 1890
    Abbots Bridge across the Lark River, c. 1890
  • Room at Masonic Hall Bury St Edmunds, (Photograph courtesy of the Bury St Edmunds Past and Present Society, Spanton Jarman Collection), c. 1900
    Room at Masonic Hall Bury St Edmunds, (Photograph courtesy of the Bury St Edmunds Past and Present Society, Spanton Jarman Collection), c. 1900
  • Volunteer cyclist group, c. 1900-1910
    Volunteer cyclist group, c. 1900-1910
  • Eastgate Street t-joint to Hollow Road and Barton Road, Bury St Edmunds.
    Eastgate Street t-joint to Hollow Road and Barton Road, Bury St Edmunds.
  • Ortwell Road toward Mount Road
    Ortwell Road toward Mount Road
  • Ortwell Road from Barton Road
    Ortwell Road from Barton Road
  • Empty bus station at St Andrews Street.
    Empty bus station at St Andrews Street.

Literature

Bury St Edmunds is a location mentioned several times in the short ghost story The Ash Tree by M.R. James published in Ghost Stories of an Antiquary in 1904

See also

References

  1. ^ United Kingdom Census 2010
  2. ^ OS Explorer map 211: Bury St.Edmunds and Stowmarket Scale: 1:25 000. Publisher:Ordnance Survey – Southampton A2 edition. Publishing Date:2008. ISBN 978 0319240519
  3. ^ "Magna Carta 800 - Bury St Edmunds". magnacarta800.org.uk. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  4. ^ "Home - Our Bury St. Edmunds". www.ourburystedmunds.com. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  5. ^ "Greene King - Beers & breweries - Our breweries - Greene King Brewery". www.greeneking.co.uk. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  6. ^ Dictionary, reference. "Borough". Retrieved 15 September 2010.
  7. ^ dorothea, david. "Gothic Lessons: An Introduction". Retrieved 15 September 2010.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition.
  9. ^ Richardson, Douglas, Magna Carta Ancestry, Baltimore, Md., 2005, p.297.
  10. ^ Hillaby, Joe. "Jewish Colonisation in the Twelfth Century," in The Jews in Medieval Britain: Historical, Literary, and Archaeological Perspectives, ed. Patricia Skinner (Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press, 2003), p. 31.
  11. ^ Roth, Cecil. A History of the Jews in England (Oxford: Clarendon, 1978).
  12. ^ a b Jocelin of Brakelond, Chronicle of the Abbey of Bury St Edmunds, trans. Diana Greenway and Jane Sayers (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1989)
  13. ^ a b c d Statham, Margaret (1988). The Book of Bury St Edmunds. Buckingham, England: Barracuda Books. pp. 12–13. ISBN 0-86023-405-3.
  14. ^ Thompson, Roger, Mobility & Migration, East Anglian Founders of New England, 1629-1640, Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1994.
  15. ^ Thompson, Roger, Mobility & Migration, East Anglian Founders of New England, 1629-1640, Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1994, 18.
  16. ^ Notestein, Wallace A History of Witchcraft in England from 1558 to 1718, American Historical Association 1911 (reissued 1965) New York Russell & Russell,OCLC 223043
  17. ^ "History of the Suffolk Regiment". Retrieved 18 April 2014.
  18. ^ "America in Suffolk". St Edmundsbury Borough Council. Retrieved 30 December 2007.
  19. ^ "On This Day, 3 March — 1974: Turkish jet crashes killing 345". BBC News Online. 3 March 1974. Retrieved 24 July 2008.
  20. ^ "Welcome to One Suffolk". GB: Onesuffolk.co.uk. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  21. ^ Thewlis, Jo. "Uproar at town council meeting". Bury Free Press. Retrieved 14 January 2008.
  22. ^ Marais, Kirsty. "Plug pulled on displays". Bury Free Press. Retrieved 14 January 2008.
  23. ^ "Local election results 2011". Bury Free Press. 9 May 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  24. ^ Beaumont, Mark (15 March 2013). "Conservatives regain control of Bury St Edmunds Town Council". Bury Free Press. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  25. ^ "St Edmundsbury Borough parish and town elections". Retrieved 7 December 2015.
  26. ^ "The Glen Chalk Caves, Bury St Edmunds" (PDF). English Nature. Retrieved 22 January 2008.
  27. ^ "HOUSING SUBSIDENCE (Hansard, 29 November 1978)". Hansard.millbanksystems.com. 29 November 1978. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  28. ^ Knott, Simon. "Suffolk Churches". Archived from the original on 3 December 2007. Retrieved 30 December 2007.
  29. ^ British Listed Buildings. Moreton Hall School, Bury St Edmund's (English Heritage Building ID: 466967)
  30. ^ "Old Fire Station Bury St Edmunds Suffolk | Flickr - Photo Sharing!". Flickr. 16 March 2007. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
  31. ^ "Suffolk F&RS - Bury St Edmunds Fire Station | Flickr - Photo Sharing!". Flickr. 20 August 2009. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
  32. ^ ">2003 Heatwave". doi:10.1256/wea.10.04A. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  33. ^ Rogers, Simon (21 December 2010). ">December 2010". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
  34. ^ "Honington 1971–2000". YR.NO. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
  35. ^ "1981-90 Rainfall". WorldClimate. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
  36. ^ 300 Years for Great Asset to the Town Bury Free Press
  37. ^ "Moyse's Hall Museum". St Edmundsbury Borough Council. Retrieved 30 December 2007.
  38. ^ "History of Bury Town Football Club". Bury Town F.C. Retrieved 17 March 2008.
  39. ^ "History - Bury St Edmunds RUFC". Pitchero.com. 29 April 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  40. ^ http://www.westsuffolkac.com/index.html
  41. ^ Industrial-scale evaporators Chemical Engineering Department, University of Cambridge
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