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Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg

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Charlotte
Grand Duchess of Luxembourg, Duchess of Nassau
The Grand Duchess in 1942
Grand Duchess of Luxembourg
Reign14 January 1919 – 12 November 1964
PredecessorMarie-Adélaïde
SuccessorJean
Born(1896-01-23)23 January 1896
Berg Castle, Luxembourg
Died9 July 1985(1985-07-09) (aged 89)
Fischbach Castle, Fischbach, Luxembourg
Burial
Notre-Dame Cathedral
SpousePrince Felix of Bourbon-Parma
IssueJean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg
Princess Elisabeth, Duchess von Hohenberg
Marie Adelaide, Countess Henckel von Donnesmarck
Princess Marie Gabrielle, Dowager Countess af Holstein-Ledredborg
Prince Charles
Alix, Dowager Princess de Ligne
Names
Charlotte Adelgonde Elisabeth Marie Wilhelmine
HouseNassau-Weilburg
FatherWilliam IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg
MotherInfanta Marie Anne of Portugal
ReligionCatholicism

Charlotte (Charlotte Adelgonde Élise/Elisabeth Marie Wilhelmine; 23 January 1896 – 9 July 1985) reigned as Grand Duchess of Luxembourg from 1919 to 1964.

Early life and tenure as Grand Duchess

A private portrait in 1921

Born in Berg Castle, Charlotte of Nassau-Weilburg, Princess of Luxembourg, was the second daughter of Grand Duke William IV and his wife, Marie Anne of Portugal.

When her older sister, Marie-Adélaide, who had succeeded their father, was forced to abdicate on 14 January 1919, Charlotte became the one who had to deal with the revolutionary tendencies in the country. Unlike her sister, she chose not to interfere in its politics.

In a referendum about the new constitution on 28 September 1919, 77.8% of the Luxembourgish people voted for the continuation of a Grand Ducal monarchy with Charlotte as head of state. In this constitution, the power of the monarch was severely restricted.

During the German occupation of Luxembourg in World War II, Charlotte, exiled in London, became an important symbol of national unity.

Marriage and children

On 6 November 1919 in Luxembourg, she married Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma, a first cousin on her mother's side. (Both Charlotte and Felix were grandchildren of King Miguel of Portugal through his daughters Maria Anna and Maria Antonia, respectively). With the marriage, their lineal descent was raised in style from Grand Ducal Highness to Royal Highness. The union produced six children, twenty-seven grandchildren, seventy-eight great-grandchildren and twenty-seven great-great-grandchildren:

Name Date of birth Date of death Spouses
Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (1921-01-05) 5 January 1921 (age 103) Princess Joséphine-Charlotte of Belgium (1927–2005). They have five children, twenty-two grandchildren and eight great-grandchildren
Princess Elisabeth, Duchess von Hohenberg 22 December 1922 22 November 2011(2011-11-22) (aged 88) Franz, Duke von Hohenberg (1927–1977), and had issue.
Princess Marie Adelaide, Countess Henckel von Donnersmarck 21 May 1924 28 February 2007(2007-02-28) (aged 82) Count Karl Josef Henckel von Donnersmarck (1928–2008), and had issue.
Princess Marie Gabriele, Dowager Countess af Holstein-Ledreborg (1925-08-02) 2 August 1925 (age 99) Knud Johan, Count af Holstein-Ledreborg (1919–2001), and had issue.
Prince Charles of Luxembourg 7 August 1927 26 July 1977(1977-07-26) (aged 49) Joan Douglas Dillon (b. 1935), with issue..
Alix, Dowager Princess de Ligne (1929-08-24) 24 August 1929 (age 95) Antoine, 13th Prince de Ligne (1925–2005), and had issue.

Reign

By 1935, Charlotte had sold her German properties, the former residential palaces of the Dukes of Nassau, Biebrich Palace and Weilburg Castle, to the State of Prussia. During the Second World War the grand ducal family left Luxembourg shortly before the arrival of Nazi troops. Luxembourg's neutrality was violated on 9 May 1940, while the Grand Duchess and her family were in residence at Colmar-Berg. That day she called an extraordinary meeting of her leading ministers, and they all decided to place themselves under the protection of France, described by the Grand Duchess as a difficult but necessary decision. Initially the family took up residence at the Château de Montastruc in south-western France, but the rapid advance of the German forces into France followed by French capitulation the next month caused the French government to refuse any guarantee of security to the exiled Luxembourg government. Permission was received to cross Spain provided they did not stop en route, and the Grand Duchess with her ministers moved on to Portugal.

The Germans proposed to restore the Grand Duchess to her functions, but Charlotte refused, mindful of her sister's experiences of remaining in Luxembourg under German occupation during the First World War. By 29 August 1940 Grand Duchess Charlotte was in London where she began to make supportive broadcasts to her homeland using the BBC. Later she travelled to the United States and to Canada. Her children continued their schooling in Montreal while she had several meetings with President Roosevelt who encouraged her itinerant campaigning across the country in support of his own opposition to isolationism which was a powerful political current until the Pearl Harbor attacks. In the meantime Luxembourg, along with the adjacent French Moselle department, found itself integrated into an expanded Germany under the name Heim ins Reich, which left Luxembourgers required to speak German and liable for conscription into the German army.

In 1943 Grand Duchess Charlotte and the Luxembourg government established themselves in London: her broadcasts became a more regular feature of the BBC schedules, establishing her as a focus for the resistance movements in Luxembourg. The Grand Ducal family went to North America in exile, settling in Montreal. The Grand Duchess visited Washington DC and made a good will tour of the US to keep the profile of Luxembourg high in the eyes of the Allies.[1]

Charlotte's younger sister Antonia and brother-in-law Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria, were exiled from Germany in 1939. In 1944, living now in Hungary, Crown Princess Antonia was captured when the Germans invaded Hungary and found herself deported to the concentration camp at Dachau, being later transferred to Flossenbürg where she survived torture but only with her health badly impaired. Meanwhile, from 1942 Grand Duchess Charlotte's eldest son, Jean, served as a volunteer in the Irish Guards.

In the years after the war, Charlotte showed a lot of public activity which contributed to raising Luxembourg's profile on the international stage, by hosting visits from foreign heads of state and other dignitaries, such as Eleanor Roosevelt (1950), Queen Juliana of the Netherlands (1951), René Coty (1957), King Baudouin of Belgium (1959), King Bhumibol of Thailand (1961), and King Olav V of Norway (1964). Likewise, she visited Pius XII (1950), Charles de Gaulle (1961), and John F. Kennedy (1963).[2]

In 1951 Charlotte by decree admitted into the nobility of Luxembourg three Swedish relatives who were not allowed to use their birth titles in Sweden. She then named them as Sigvard Prince Bernadotte, Carl Johan Prince Bernadotte and Lennart Prince Bernadotte and also gave them and their legitimate descendants the hereditary titles of Counts and Countesses of Wisborg there.[3]

Abdication and later life

Charlotte of Luxembourg and Prince Felix after her abdication, November 11, 1964

On 12 November 1964, she abdicated in favour of her son Jean, who then reigned until his abdication in 2000.

Charlotte died at Schloss Fischbach on 9 July 1985, from cancer. She was interred in the Ducal Crypt of the Notre-Dame Cathedral in the city of Luxembourg.

A statue of the Grand Duchess is in Place Clarefontaine in the city of Luxembourg.[4]

Titles, styles, and honours

Styles of
Grand Duchess Charlotte of Luxembourg
Reference styleHer Royal Highness
Spoken styleYour Royal Highness

Titles

  • 23 January 1896 – 25 February 1912: Her Grand Ducal Highness Princess Charlotte of Luxembourg
  • 25 February 1912 – 14 January 1919: Her Royal Highness The Hereditary Grand Duchess of Luxembourg[5]
  • 14 January 1919 – 12 November 1964: Her Royal Highness The Grand Duchess of Luxembourg
  • 12 November 1964 – 9 July 1985: Her Royal Highness Grand Duchess Charlotte of Luxembourg

Honours

National honours
Foreign honours
Click on image to enlarge
  • The old Berg Castle (demolished 1906), Mersch, central Luxembourg, ducal residence where Charlotte was born
    The old Berg Castle (demolished 1906), Mersch, central Luxembourg, ducal residence where Charlotte was born
  • Fischbach Castle, Mersch, Charlotte's residence, and where she died
    Fischbach Castle, Mersch, Charlotte's residence, and where she died
  • Statue of Grand-Duchess Charlotte in Clairefontaine square, side view
    Statue of Grand-Duchess Charlotte in Clairefontaine square, side view

Ancestry

Family of Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg
16. Frederick William, Prince of Nassau-Weilburg
8. William, Duke of Nassau
17. Burgravine Louise Isabelle of Kirchberg
4. Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg
18. Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg
9. Princess Louise of Saxe-Hildburghausen
19. Duchess Charlotte Georgine of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
2. William IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg
20. Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Anhalt-Dessau
10. Prince Frederick Augustus of Anhalt-Dessau
21. Landgravine Amalie of Hesse-Homburg
5. Princess Adelheid-Marie of Anhalt-Dessau
22. Prince William of Hesse-Kassel
11. Princess Marie Luise Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel
23. Princess Louise Charlotte of Denmark
1. Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg
24. Peter III, King of Portugal
12. John VI, King of Portugal
25. Maria I, Queen of Portugal
6. Miguel I, King of Portugal
26. Charles IV, King of Spain
13. Infanta Carlota Joaquina of Spain
27. Princess Maria Luisa of Parma
3. Infanta Marie Anne of Portugal
28. Charles Thomas, Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg
14. Constantine, Hereditary Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg
29. Countess Sophie of Windisch-Grätz
7. Princess Adelaide of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg
30. Charles Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
15. Princess Agnes of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
31. Countess Amalie Henriette of Solms-Baruth

Notes and references

  1. ^ "Grand Duchess Charlotte's US Good-Will-Tours". Luxemburger Wort. 14 April 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
  2. ^ Kreins, Jean-Marie. Histoire du Luxembourg. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2010. 5th edition. p. 105
  3. ^ Mémorial du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg No 48, Government of Luxembourg, 13 August 1951, p. 1135
  4. ^ "Commemoration to mark return of Luxembourg monarch". Luxemburger Wort. 11 April 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
  5. ^ It was customary for a reigning Grand Duke, his heir apparent, and their spouses to use the style of Royal Highness
  6. ^ http://www.luxcentral.com/art/rulers/Charlotte.gif
  7. ^ http://www.gogmsite.net/the-belle-epoque-1890-1914/subalbum-maria-adelheid-of-/1919-charlotte-standing.htmlhttp:/[permanent dead link‍]/orderofsplendor.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/wedding-wednesday-november-brides.html
  8. ^ a b c d "Grand Duchess Charlotte of Luxemburg". alexanderpalace.org.
  9. ^ "The Royal Order of Sartorial Splendor: Wedding Wednesday: November Brides". orderofsplendor.blogspot.co.uk.
  10. ^ http://www.geheugenvannederland.nl/?/zoom/index/&language=nl&i=http%3A%2F%2Fresolver.kb.nl%2Fresolve%3Furn%3Durn%3Agvn%3AKONB05%3A53A27-09-P003-2%26count%3D2%26details
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg.
Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg
Cadet branch of the House of Nassau
Born: 23 January 1896 Died: 6 July 1985
Regnal titles
Preceded by Grand Duchess of Luxembourg
1919–1964 		Succeeded by
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