Duke Ellington discography
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This is the discography of Duke Ellington. Most of these recordings are listed by the year they were recorded rather than year released. Reissues are listed for most of the recordings released before the 1950s, as the original 78s are rare. The US chart listing information should be considered tentative because sources like the Joel Whitburn's Pop Memories does not take the cheaper dime-store records into account. During this period, records sold by song title, not by artist, although there are exceptions.
Hit records
Year | Single | Chart positions | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
US | US R&B |
UK | ||
1927 | "East St. Louis Toodle-Oo" | 10 | ||
1928 | "Black and Tan Fantasy" | 15 | ||
"Creole Love Call" | 19 | |||
"Doin' the New Low Down" | 20 | |||
"Diga Diga Doo" | 17 | |||
"The Mooche" | 16 | |||
1930 | "Three Little Words" | 1 | ||
"Ring Dem Bells" | 17 | |||
1931 | "Blue Again" | 12 | ||
"Mood Indigo" | 3 | |||
"Rockin' In Rhythm" | 19 | |||
"Creole Rhapsody Parts 1 & 2" | 18 | |||
"Limehouse Blues" | 13 | |||
1932 | "It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)" | 6 | ||
"Creole Rhapsody"(new version) | 19 | |||
"Rose Room (In Sunny Roseland)" | 15 | |||
"Moon Over Dixie" | 14 | |||
"Blue Ramble" | 16 | |||
1933 | "Drop Me Off At Harlem" | 17 | ||
"Sophisticated Lady" | 3 | |||
"Stormy Weather" | 4 | |||
"I'm Satisfied" | 11 | |||
"In the Shade of the Old Apple Tree" | 13 | |||
1934 | "Daybreak Express" | 20 | ||
"Cocktails For Two" | 1 | |||
"Moon Glow" | 2 | |||
"Solitude" | 2 | |||
"Saddest Tale" | 9 | |||
1935 | "Merry Go Round" | 6 | ||
"In a Sentimental Mood" | 14 | |||
"Accent On Youth" | 6 | |||
"Cotton" | 4 | |||
1936 | "Isn't Love the Strangest Thing?" | 12 | ||
"Love Is Like a Cigarette" | 8 | |||
"Clarinet Lament" | 12 | |||
"Echoes of Harlem" | 19 | |||
"Oh Babe! Maybe Someday" | 8 | |||
"Jazz Lips" | 20 | |||
"Yearning For Love" | 16 | |||
1937 | "The New East St. Louis Toodle-Oo" | 16 | ||
"There's a Lull In My Life" | 12 | |||
"Scattin' At the Kit Kat" | 9 | |||
"Caravan" | 4 | |||
"Azure" | 13 | |||
"All God's Chillun Got Rhythm" | 14 | |||
1938 | "Harmony In Harlem" | 15 | ||
"If You Were In My Place (What Would You Do?)" | 10 | |||
"I Let a Song Go Out of My Heart" | 1 | |||
"The Gal From Joe's" | 20 | |||
"Lambeth Walk" | 7 | |||
"Prelude To a Kiss" | 18 | |||
1940 | "You, You, Darlin'" | 28 | ||
"Ko Ko" | 25 | |||
"At a Dixie Roadside Diner" | 27 | |||
"Sepia Panorama" | 24 | |||
1941 | "Flamingo" | 11 | ||
"Take the A Train" | 11 | |||
"I Got It Bad and That Ain't Good" | 13 | |||
1942 | "Hayfoot, Strawfoot" | 10 | ||
1943 | "Don't Get Around Much Anymore" | 8 | 1 | |
"Perdido" | 21 | |||
"Take the A Train"(re-entry) | 19 | |||
"Bojangles" | 19 | |||
"A Slip of the Lip" | 19 | 1 | ||
"Sentimental Lady" | 19 | 1 | ||
1944 | "Do Nothin' Till You Hear From Me" | 10 | 1 | |
"Main Stem" | 23 | 1 | ||
"My Little Brown Book" | 4 | |||
"Someone" | 7 | |||
"I Don't Mind" | 9 | |||
1945 | "I'm Beginning To See the Light" | 6 | 4 | |
"Don't You Know I Care" | 10 | |||
"I Ain't Got Nothin' But the Blues" | 4 | |||
1946 | "Come To Baby, Do" | 13 | ||
1948 | "Don't Be So Mean To Baby" | 15 | ||
1953 | "Satin Doll" | |||
"Boo Dah" | 30 | |||
1954 | "Skin Deep" | 7 |
1920s
During the late 1920s and early 1930s, Ellington and his band recorded for almost every label (BluDisc, Pathé, Perfect, Victor, Brunswick, Columbia Records, Okeh, Vocalion, Cameo, Romeo, Lincoln, Banner, Domino, Jewel, and Hit of the Week). Some labels, such as RCA Victor, Okeh and Brunswick, have collected Ellington's early recordings into box sets, while material from other labels is scattered. The most comprehensive source for Ellington's early work are the Classics releases, although that series omits alternate takes, which may be found in other collections.
1926
- 1924–1926: The Birth of A Band Vol. 1 (EPM Musique, released 1988)
- The Birth of Big Band Jazz (Riverside EP, released 1956)
- Complete Edition (Masters of Jazz/Media 7, volume 1, 1924–1926)
- Early Ellington: The Complete Brunswick Recordings (3 CD set, Decca/GRP 1926–1931, released 1994)
1927
- The Chronological Duke Ellington & His Orchestra 1924–1927 (Classics)
- Complete Edition (Masters of Jazz/Media 7, volume 2, 1926–1927)
1928
- Duke Ellington and His Orchestra: 1927–1928 (Classics, released 1996)
- Duke Ellington and His Orchestra: 1928 (Classics)
- Complete Vol. 1: 1925–1928 (Columbia – France, released 1973)
- Duke Ellington: The Beginning 1926–1928 (Decca Jazz Heritage Series)
- The Chronological Duke Ellington & His Orchestra 1927–1928 (Classics)
- The Chronological Duke Ellington & His Orchestra 1928 (Classics)
- Complete Edition (Masters of Jaz/Media 7, volume 3, 1927–1928)
- Complete Edition (Masters of Jazz/Media 7, volumes 4 & 5, 1928)
1929
- Flaming Youth (RCA Victor, 1927–1929, released 1965)
- The Chronological Duke Ellington & His Orchestra 1928–1929 (Classics)
- The Chronological Duke Ellington & His Orchestra 1929 (Classics)
- Complete Edition (Masters of Jazz, volumes 6 & 7, 1929)
1930s
1930
- The OKeh Ellington (Columbia, 1927–1930, released 1991)
- The Works of Duke: Vol. 1 – Vol. 5 (RCA, 1927–1930)
- The Chronological Duke Ellington & His Orchestra 1929–1930 (Classics)
- The Chronological Duke Ellington & His Orchestra 1930 (Classics, 2 volumes)
- Complete Edition (December 1929–March 1930; Masters of Jazz/Media 7, volume 9)
- Complete Edition (April–June 1930; Masters of Jazz/Media 7, volume 10)
- Complete Edition (August–October 1930; Masters of Jazz/Media 7, volume 11)
1931
- Jazz Heritage Brunswick/Vocalion Rarities (MCA 1926–1931, released 1983)
- Mood Indigo (Columbia 1927–1931, released 1992)
- The Chronological Duke Ellington & His Orchestra 1930–31 (Classics)
- Complete Edition (Masters of Jazz/Media 7, volume 12, 1930–1931)
1932
- Jungle Nights in Harlem (Bluebird 1927–1932, released 1991)
- Jazz Cocktail (AVS/Living Era 1928–1932)
- The Chronological Duke Ellington & His Orchestra 1931–32 (Classics)
1933
- The Chronological Duke Ellington & His Orchestra 1932–33 (Classics)
- The Chronological Duke Ellington & His Orchestra 1933 (Classics)
1934
- Early Ellington: 1927–1934 (Bluebird, released 1954, CD release 1990 on RCA)
- Duke Ellington 1927–1934 (Nimbus, 1991)
- Great Original Performances 1927–1934 (Mobile Fidelity, released 1989)
- Jubilee Stomp (Bluebird, 1928–1934)
1935
- The Chronological Duke Ellington & His Orchestra 1933–35 (Classics)
1936
- Rockin' in Rhythm (Jazz Hour 1927–1936, released 1996)
- The Chronological Duke Ellington & His Orchestra 1935–36 (Classics)
1937
- The Chronological Duke Ellington & His Orchestra 1936–37 (Classics)
- The Chronological Duke Ellington & His Orchestra 1937 (2 volumes) (Classics)
1938
- Braggin' in Brass: The Immortal 1938 Year (Portrait)
- The Chronological Duke Ellington & His Orchestra 1938 (Classics, 3 volumes)
- Blue Light 1938 (Columbia)
1939
- Duke Ellington Playing the Blues (Black and Blue, 1927–1939, released 2002)
- The Duke's Men: Small Groups vol. 2, 1938–1939 (Columbia)
- The Chronological Duke Ellington & His Orchestra 1938–39 (Classics)
- The Chronological Duke Ellington & His Orchestra 1939 (Classics, 2 volumes)
1940s
The decade began with Ellington's recordings featuring Jimmy Blanton and Ben Webster, "the best Ellington " according to critic Bob Blumenthal.[1] Activity in the recording industry was limited during the 1942–1944 musicians' strike which including a recording ban, but Ellington did make annual visits to Carnegie Hall, listed below. In the January 1943 concert, Ellington introduced his first extended suite, "Black, Brown and Beige."
1940
- On the Air
- Harlem Air Shaft (Victor)
- Duke Ellington at Fargo, 1940 Live (Storyville)
- The Duke in (Jazz Unlimited)
- The British Connection: 1933–1940 (Jazz Unlimited)
- The Chronological Duke Ellington & His Orchestra 1939–40 (Classics)
- The Chronological Duke Ellington & His Orchestra 1940 (Classics, 2 volumes)
- The Blanton–Webster Band (1940–1942 [1986],[2] RCA/Bluebird)
- The Great Ellington Units (RCA/Bluebird, 1940–1941 [1988])[3]
- Never No Lament: The Blanton-Webster Band (Bluebird, 1940–1942 [2003])
1941
- Take the 'A' Train (Vintage Jazz Classics)
- The Great Ellington Units (Bluebird)
- "1941 Classics – Live in " (Alamac)
- The Chronological Duke Ellington & His Orchestra 1940–41 (Classics)
- The Chronological Duke Ellington & His Orchestra 1941 (Classics)
1942
- Swing & Jazz (Rhino, 1937–1942)
1943
- Black, Brown, and Beige (Victor, 1946)
- The Carnegie Hall Concerts: January 1943 (Prestige – released 1977)
- Black, Brown & Beige: The 1944-1946 Recordings (Bluebird, 1944-46 [1988])
- The Carnegie Hall Concerts: December 1943 (Storyville)
- Live at the Hurricane (Storyville)
1944
- The Carnegie Hall Concerts: December 1944 (Prestige – released 1977)
- The Chronological Duke Ellington & His Orchestra 1942–44 (Classics)
1945
- The Chronological Duke Ellington & His Orchestra 1944–45 (Classics)
- The Chronological Duke Ellington & His Orchestra 1945 (2 volumes) (Classics)
- The Treasury Shows 1943–1945 (D.E.T.S., 13 double LPs)
- Duke's Joint (Buddha, 1943–1945)
- The Duke Ellington World Broadcasting Series (Circle)
1946
- The Carnegie Hall Concerts: January 1946 (Prestige – released 1977)
- The Chronological Duke Ellington & His Orchestra 1945–46 (Classics)
- The Chronological Duke Ellington & His Orchestra 1946 (2 volumes) (Classics)
- The Great Concerts (MusicMasters)
- Happy Go Lucky Local (Musicraft)
1947
- The Carnegie Hall Concerts: December 1947 (Prestige – released 1977)
- Daybreak Express
- Live at the Bowl
- Duke Ellington Vol. 4: April 30, 1947
- The Chronological Duke Ellington & His Orchestra 1946–47 (Classics)
- The Chronological Duke Ellington & His Orchestra 1947 (Classics, 2 volumes)
- Duke Ellington at Ciro's (Dems)
- Liberian Suite ()
1948
- Live at Click Vol. 1
- Live at Click Vol. 2
- Carnegie Hall 30 November 1948
- The Chronological Duke Ellington & His Orchestra 1947–48 (Classics)
- Cornell (MusicMasters)
1949
- The Chronological Duke Ellington & His Orchestra 1948–49 (Classics)
- Duke Ellington at the Empire (Storyville)
1950s
Ellington began the 1950s with his career seemingly in decline with several musicians leaving, Lawrence Brown, Sonny Greer, and Johnny Hodges, although Brown and Hodges later rejoined. After the orchestra's appearance at the 1956 Newport Jazz Festival, with Paul Gonsalves running through 27 choruses of "Diminuendo and Crescendo in Blue", Ellington's profile revived.
1950
- The Chronological Duke Ellington & His Orchestra 1949–50 (Classics)
- The Chronological Duke Ellington & His Orchestra 1950 (Classics)
- Live In Zurich, Switzerland 2.5.1950 (TCB)
- Great Times! (Riverside) – with Billy Strayhorn
1951
- Johnny Hodges, Duke Ellington, and Billy Strayhorn All Stars (Prestige)
- The Chronological Duke Ellington & His Orchestra 1950–51 (Classics)
- The Chronological Duke Ellington & His Orchestra 1951 (Classics)
- Masterpieces by Ellington (Columbia)
1952
- Ellington Uptown (Columbia)
- Duke on the Air
- The Seattle Concert (RCA Victor)
- Live at the Blue Note (Bandstand)
- Duke Ellington at Birdland (Jazz Unlimited)
- The Chronological Duke Ellington & His Orchestra 1952 (Classics)
- Live At The Crystal Gardens
1953
- The Pasadena Concert (GNP)
- Duke Ellington Plays the Blues
- The Chronological Duke Ellington & His Orchestra 1952–53 (Classics)
- The Chronological Duke Ellington & His Orchestra 1953 (Classics, 2 volumes)
- Premiered by Ellington (Capitol)
- The Duke Plays Ellington (Capitol) released on CD as Piano Reflections
1954
- Ellington '55 (Capitol)
- Dance to the Duke! (Capitol)
- Duke Ellington Plays
- Happy Birthday Duke! April 29 Birthday Sessions (Laserlight)
- 1954 Los Angeles Concert (GNP)
1955
- Ellington Showcase (Capitol)
- Duke's Mixture (Columbia)
- Here's the Duke (Columbia)
- The Duke and His Men
- Jazz Masters: 1953–1955 (EMI)
- The Washington, D.C. Armory Concert (Jazz Guild)
- The Complete Capitol Recordings of Duke Ellington (Mosaic)
- The Carnegie Hall Concerts: March 1955
1956
- Blue Rose (Columbia) – with Rosemary Clooney)
- Historically Speaking (Bethlehem)
- Duke Ellington Presents... (Bethlehem)
- Ellington at Newport (Columbia) – rereleased with reconfiguation of the complete 1956 Newport Jazz Festival performance in 1999 as Ellington at Newport Complete
- Duke Ellington and the Buck Clayton All Stars at Newport
- Al Hibbler Sings with the Duke (Columbia)
- The Complete Porgy and Bess
- Ellington '56 (Charly)
- Live From The 1956 Stratford Festival (Music and Arts)
- A Drum Is a Woman (Columbia)
1957
- Studio Sessions, Chicago 1956 (LMR) – released as The Private Sessions Volume One in 1987
- Such Sweet Thunder (Columbia)
- All Star Road Band (Doctor Jazz) – released 1983
- Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Duke Ellington Songbook (Verve – with Ella Fitzgerald)
- Live at the 1957 Stratford Music Festival (Music & Arts)
- In a Mellotone (RCA Victor)
1958
- Black, Brown and Beige (Columbia) – with Mahalia Jackson
- Dance Concerts, California 1958 (LMR) – released as The Private Sessions Volume Two in 1987
- Dance Dates, California 1958 (LMR) – released as The Private Sessions Volume Six in 1987
- Duke Ellington at the Bal Masque (Columbia)
- The Cosmic Scene (Columbia)
- Happy Reunion (Sony)
- Ellington Indigos (Columbia)
- Newport 1958 (Columbia) – Later re–released on an extended double CD as Live at Newport 1958.
- Jazz at the Plaza Vol. II (Columbia)
- Duke Ellington at the Alhambra (Pablo, live)
1959
- Jazz Party (Columbia)
- Back to Back: Duke Ellington and Johnny Hodges Play the Blues (Verve)
- Side by Side (Verve)
- The Duke's D.J. Special (Fresh Sound Records) – previously released as "Ellington Moods" (Jazz Legacy LP)
- Anatomy of a Murder (Columbia – soundtrack album)
- Live at the Blue Note (Roulette)
- Festival Session (Columbia)
- Blues in Orbit (Columbia)
1960s
In the 1960s, Ellington made recordings with other star names, including Louis Armstrong, Count Basie, John Coltrane, Ella Fitzgerald, Coleman Hawkins and Frank Sinatra. He continued to write and record extended suites, such as his religious "Sacred Concerts", the "Perfume Suite" and the "Latin American Suite."
1960
- The Nutcracker Suite (Columbia) – released on CD as part of Three Suites
- Piano in the Background (Columbia)
- Swinging Suites by Edward E. and Edward G. (aka Peer Gynt Suite/Suite Thursday) – released on CD as part of Three Suites
- Unknown Session (Columbia) – released 1979)
- Hot Summer Dance (Red Baron) – released 1991
- Live at Monterey (Status)
1961
- Piano in the Foreground (Columbia)
- The Great Reunion (Roulette) – with Louis Armstrong
- Together Again]] (Roulette) – with Louis Armstrong
- The above two albums were re–released together in 2001 by Blue Note as The Great Summit
- Paris Blues (United Artists)
- First Time! The Count Meets the Duke (Columbia) – with Count Basie
- The Girl's Suite and The Perfume Suite (Columbia, 1957/61 [1983])
- The Asphalt Jungle (television series theme; composer)
1962
- All American in Jazz (Columbia)
- Featuring Paul Gonsalves (Fantasy)
- Studio Sessions 1957 & 1962 (LMR) released as The Private Collection Volume Seven in 1987
- Midnight in Paris (Columbia)
- Duke Ellington Meets Coleman Hawkins (Impulse!)
- Money Jungle (United Artists)
- Duke Ellington & John Coltrane (Impulse!) – released 1963)
- Will the Big Bands Ever Come Back? (Reprise)
- Studio Sessions, New York, 1962 (LMR) – released as The Private Collection Volume Three in 1987
- Recollections of the Big Band Era (Atlantic) – released 1974
- The Feeling of Jazz (Black Lion)
- Duke 56/62 (in three volumes) (CBS)
1963
- Afro-Bossa (Reprise)
- The Great Paris Concert (Atlantic) – released 1973)
- The Symphonic Ellington (Reprise)
- Duke Ellington's Jazz Violin Session (Atlantic) – released 1976
- Serenade to Sweden (Reprise) – with Alice Babs
- Studio Sessions New York 1963 (LMR) – released as The Private Collection Volume Four in 1987
- My People (Red Baron)
1964
- Ellington '65 (Reprise)
- All Star Road Band Volume 2 (Doctor Jazz, 1964 [1985])
- Duke Ellington Plays Mary Poppins (Reprise)
- Jazz Group 1964 (Jazz Anthology)
- Live at Carnegie Hall 1964 (Jazz Up)
- Harlem (Pablo)
- At Basin Street East (Music & Arts)
- London: The Great Concerts (MusicMasters)
- New York Concert (Musicmasters)
1965
- Ellington '66 (Reprise)
- Concert in the Virgin Islands (Reprise)
- Ella at Duke's Place (Verve)
- The Duke at Tanglewood (RCA Victor) with the Boston Pops Orchestra conducted by Arthur Fiedler and arranged by Richard Hayman
- Jumpin' Punkins (RCA Victor)
- '65 Revisited (Affinity)
- Two Great Concerts (Accord 1949 and 1965)
- A Concert of Sacred Music From Grace Cathedral (Status)
1966
- The Stockholm Concert, 1966 (Pablo, with Ella Fitzgerald, live)
- The Popular Duke Ellington (RCA)
- In the Uncommon Market (Pablo) – recorded 1963–66, released 1986)
- Soul Call (Verve, live)
- Ella and Duke at the Cote D'Azur (Verve) – with Ella Fitzgerald, live)
- The Far East Suite (RCA)
1967
- Johnny Come Lately
- North of the Border in Canada (Decca) – with the Ron Collier Orchestra
- Live at the Rainbow Grill
- Beyond Category: The Musical Genius of Duke Ellington (1927–1967) (Smithsonian)
- Live In Italy (Jazz–up)
- Studio Sessions, 1957, 1965, 1966, 1967, San Francisco, Chicago, New York (LMR) – released as The Private Collection Volume Eight in 1987
- Berlin '65/Paris '67 (Pablo)
- The Jaywalker (Storyville 1966–1967) – released 2004)
- The Greatest Jazz Concert in the World (Pablo, live)
- ...And His Mother Called Him Bill (RCA)
- Francis A. & Edward K. (Reprise, with Frank Sinatra)
- Liederhalle Stuttgart
1968
- Yale Concert (Fantasy) – released 1973
- Second Sacred Concert (Prestige)
- Studio Sessions New York, 1968 (LMR) – released as The Private Collection Volume Nine in 1987
1969
- 70th Birthday Concert (Solid State)
- Live At The Opernhaus Cologne
1970s
Ellington remained active to the end of his life, recording three final major suites in the 1970s, the "New Orleans Suite", his "Third Sacred Concert", the "Toga Brava Suite", and "The Afro–Eurasian Eclipse", his most explicit venture into what would be called "world music." His concert at Eastbourne was Ellington's final recording.
1970
- Latin American Suite (Fantasy) – recorded 1968 & 1970, released 1972
- The Pianist (Fantasy) – recorded 1966 & 1970, released 1974
- New Orleans Suite (Atlantic)
- Orchestral Works (Decca)
- The Suites, New York 1968 & 1970 (LMR) – released as The Private Collection Volume Five in 1987
- The Intimacy of the Blues (Fantasy) – recorded 1967–70, released 1986
1971
- The Afro-Eurasian Eclipse (Fantasy) – recorded 1971, released 1975
- Studio Sessions New York & Chicago, 1965, 1966 & 1971 (LMR) – released as The Private Collection Volume Ten in 1987
- The Intimate Ellington (Pablo) – recorded 1969–71, released 1977
- Togo Brava Suite (United Artists)
1972
- Live at the Whitney (Impulse!) – released 1995
- The Ellington Suites (Pablo) – recorded 1959–72, released 1976
- This One's for Blanton! – with Ray Brown (Pablo)
- Up in Duke's Workshop (Pablo) – recorded 1969–72, released 1979
1973
- Duke's Big 4 (Pablo)
- It Don't Mean A Thing If It Ain't Got That Swing (Flying Dutchman) – with Teresa Brewer
- Third Sacred Concert (RCA)
1974
- Eastbourne Performance (RCA)
Compilations
- Complete Works: 1924–1947 (Proper UK, 2003, 40-CD set)
- The Best of Early Duke Ellington (GRP/ Verve, 1926–1931)
- Masterpieces, 1926–1949 (Proper, 4-CD set)
- The Beginning Vol. 1 (Decca Jazz Heritage Series, DL 9224, 1926–1928)
- Hot in Harlem Vol. 2 (Decca Jazz Heritage Series, 1928–1929)
- Rockin' in Rhythm Vol. 3 (Decca Jazz Heritage Series, DL 79247, 1929–1931)
- The Duke Box (Storyville) – 8-CD set, released 2007
- The Gold Collection, 40 Classic Performances (Retro) – 2-CD set
- The Complete 1932-1940 Brunswick/Columbia/Master Recordings of Ellington and His Famous Orchestra (Mosaic) – 11-CD set
- 1936–40 Small Group Sessions (Mosaic) – 7-CD set
- The Centennial Edition: The Complete RCA-Victor Recordings – 24-CD set, released 1999
- The Complete RCA-Victor Mid-Forties Recordings – released 2000, derived from the Centennial set
- The Complete Capitol Recordings (Mosaic) – recorded 1951–1955, 5-CD/8-LP, released 1995
- The Private Collection (1956–1971) (Saja) – 10-CD set)
- The Reprise Studio Recordings (Mosaic) – recorded 1962–1965, 5-CD set released 1999
- Duke Ellington's Incidental Music for Shakespeare's Play Timon of Athens, adapted by Stanley Silverman (1993). Posthumous recordings of previously unreleased compositions.
References
- ^ The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide, p. 70.
- ^ Gold, Gerald (December 7, 1986). "Bluebird Flies Once More". The New York Times. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
- ^ Watrous, Peter (July 31, 1988). "Ellington in Everything but the Name". The New York Times. Retrieved May 31, 2021.