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Eight-thousander

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Cho Oyu, Lhotse, Makalu and Mount Everest as seen from the International Space Station Flight over Khumbu-region; six eight-thousanders and some seven-thousanders (three identified) are visible Graph of the 30 highest peaks with more than 500 m prominence Locations of the 14 highest peaks (Eight Thousanders) in the world

The eight-thousanders are the 14 independent[1] mountains on Earth that are more than 8,000 metres (26,247 ft) high above sea level. All eight-thousanders are located in the Himalayan and Karakoram mountain ranges in Asia. Their summits are in the death zone.

History of climbing

The first recorded attempt on an eight-thousander was when Albert F. Mummery and J. Norman Collie tried to climb Pakistan's Nanga Parbat in 1895. The attempt was unsuccessful when Mummery and two Gurkhas, Ragobir and Goman Singh, were killed by an avalanche.[2]

The first recorded successful ascent of an eight-thousander was by the French Maurice Herzog and Louis Lachenal, who on the 1950 French Annapurna expedition reached the summit of Annapurna on 3 June 1950.[3] The first winter ascent of an eight-thousander was done by Polish team led by Andrzej Zawada on Mount Everest. Two climbers Leszek Cichy and Krzysztof Wielicki reached the summit on 17 February 1980.[4]

The first person to climb all 14 eight-thousanders was the Italian Reinhold Messner, who completed this feat on 16 October 1986. In 1987, Polish climber Jerzy Kukuczka became the second person to accomplish this feat. Kukuczka is also the man who established the most (9) new routes on the main eight-thousanders. Messner summitted each of the 14 peaks without the aid of supplemental oxygen. This feat was not repeated until nine years later by the Swiss Erhard Loretan in 1995. Phurba Tashi of Nepal has completed the most climbs of the eight-thousanders, with 30 ascents between 1998 and 2011.[5] Juanito Oiarzabal has completed the second most, with a total of 25 ascents between 1985 and 2011.[6] The Italian Simone Moro is the only mountaineer to have made the first winter ascent of four of the eight-thousanders, Jerzy Kukuczka made four winter ascents as well, but one of them was a repetition (K2 has never been summited in the winter).[7]

The first woman who summited all 14 eight-thousanders with no disputed climbing was the Spanish Edurne Pasaban, in 2010.[8] In August 2011, Austrian climber Gerlinde Kaltenbrunner became the first woman to climb the 14 eight-thousanders without the use of supplementary oxygen.[9][10]

The first couple and team who summited all 14 eight-thousanders together were the Italians Nives Meroi (second woman without supplementary oxygen), and her husband Romano Benet in 2017. They climbed in alpine style, without the use of supplementary oxygen.[11]

The country with the highest number of climbers that have climbed all 14 eight-thousanders is Italy with seven climbers, followed by Spain with six climbers and South Korea with five climbers. Kazakhstan and Poland have three climbers each that completed the "Crown of the Himalaya".

To relieve capacity pressure, and further develop climbing tourism, the Nepalese authorities lobbied the International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation, (or UIAA), in 2012-2013 to expand the list of 14 eight-thousanders to 19 by re-classifying 5 summits (2 on Lhotse and 3 on Kanchenjunga), as standalone eight-thousanders.[12][13] The UIAA set up a project group to investigate (called the AGURA Project[12]), however, these proposed 5 new peaks would not meet the UIAA criteria for at least 135 metres of elevation between standalone peaks. There has been no conclusion as of 2018.[14]

List of all 14 eight-thousanders

Peak Height[15] Location[15] First documented ascent[15] First summiter(s)[15] First documented ascent in winter First summiter(s) in winter Ascents[16] Deaths[16] Death rate[16] Death rate before 1990[17] (graph) Death rate 1990–2003[17] (graph, change)
Everest 8848 m
29,029 ft 		Nepal Nepal
China China 		29 May 1953 New Zealand Edmund Hillary

Nepal Tenzing Norgay

17 February 1980
 Poland Krzysztof Wielicki
Poland Leszek Cichy 		5656 223 4.0% 37% 4.4%
K2 8611 m
28,251 ft 		Pakistan Pakistan
China China[18][19][20][21][22][23] 		31 July 1954 Italy Achille Compagnoni
Italy Lino Lacedelli 		306 81 29.5% 41% 19.7%
Kangchenjunga 8586 m
28,169 ft 		Nepal Nepal
India India[24] 		25 May 1955 United Kingdom George Band
United Kingdom Joe Brown 		11 January 1986 Poland Krzysztof Wielicki
Poland Jerzy Kukuczka 		283 40 14.5% 21% 22.0%
Lhotse 8516 m
27,940 ft 		Nepal Nepal
China China 		18 May 1956 Switzerland Fritz Luchsinger
Switzerland Ernst Reiss 		31 December 1988 Poland Krzysztof Wielicki 461 13 2.8% 14% 2.0%
Makalu 8485 m
27,838 ft 		Nepal Nepal
China China 		15 May 1955 France Jean Couzy
France Lionel Terray 		9 February 2009 Italy Simone Moro
Kazakhstan Denis Urubko 		361 31 8.9% 16% 8.5%
Cho Oyu 8201 m
26,906 ft 		Nepal Nepal
China China 		19 October 1954 Austria Joseph Joechler
Nepal Pasang Dawa Lama
Austria Herbert Tichy 		12 February 1985 Poland Maciej Berbeka
Poland Maciej Pawlikowski 		3138 44 1.4%
Dhaulagiri I 8167 m
26,795 ft 		Nepal Nepal 13 May 1960 Austria Kurt Diemberger
Germany Peter Diener
Nepal Nawang Dorje
Nepal Nima Dorje
Switzerland Ernst Forrer
Austria Albin Schelbert 		21 January 1985 Poland Andrzej Czok
Poland Jerzy Kukuczka 		448 69 15.7% 31% 11.0%
Manaslu 8163 m
26,781 ft 		Nepal Nepal 9 May 1956 Japan Toshio Imanishi
Nepal Gyalzen Norbu 		12 January 1984 Poland Maciej Berbeka
Poland Ryszard Gajewski 		661 65 9.9% 35% 13.4%
Nanga Parbat 8126 m
26,660 ft 		Pakistan Pakistan 3 July 1953 Austria Hermann Buhl 26 February 2016 Pakistan Muhammad Ali Sadpara
Italy Simone Moro
Spain Alex Txikon 		335 68 20.7% 77% 5.5%
Annapurna I 8091 m
26,545 ft 		Nepal Nepal 3 June 1950 France Maurice Herzog
France Louis Lachenal 		3 February 1987 Poland Jerzy Kukuczka
Poland Artur Hajzer 		191 61 33.5% 66% 19.7%
Gasherbrum I
(Hidden Peak) 		8080 m
26,444 ft 		Pakistan Pakistan
China China 		5 July 1958 United States Andrew Kauffman
United States Pete Schoening 		9 March 2012 Poland Adam Bielecki
Poland Janusz Gołąb 		334 29 8.9% 16% 8.8%
Broad Peak 8051 m
26,414 ft 		Pakistan Pakistan
China China 		9 June 1957 Austria Fritz Wintersteller
Austria Marcus Schmuck
Austria Kurt Diemberger
Austria Hermann Buhl
 5 March 2013 Poland Maciej Berbeka
Poland Adam Bielecki
Poland Tomasz Kowalski
Poland Artur Małek 		404 21 5.3% 5% 8.6%
Gasherbrum II 8035 m
26,362 ft 		Pakistan Pakistan
China China 		7 July 1956 Austria Fritz Moravec
Austria Josef Larch
Austria Hans Willenpart 		2 February 2011 Italy Simone Moro
Kazakhstan Denis Urubko
United States Cory Richards 		930 21 2.3% 8% 0.4%
Shishapangma 8027 m
26,335 ft 		China China 2 May 1964 China Xu Jing
China Chang Chun-yen
China Wang Fuzhou
China Chen San
China Cheng Tien-liang
China Wu Tsung-yue
China Sodnam Doji
China Migmar Trashi
China Doji
China Yonten 		14 January 2005 Poland Piotr Morawski
Italy Simone Moro 		302 25 8.4% 2% 16.8%

Climbers of all 14 eight-thousanders

There is no single undisputed source for verified Himalayan ascents, however Elizabeth Hawley's "Himalayan Database"[25] comes close.[26][27]
Online ascent databases pay close regard to the "Himalayan Database", including AdventureStats.com,[28] and the Eberhard Jurgalski list.[29]
Various mountaineering journals (including the Alpine Journal and the American Alpine Journal), maintain extensive records and archives but do not always opine on ascents.

Climbers with verified ascents

The "No O2" column lists people who have climbed all 14 without any bottled, or supplementary, oxygen.

Order
[30] 		Order
(No O2) 		Name Period Born Age Nationality
1 1 Reinhold Messner 1970–1986 1944 42 Italy Italian
2 Jerzy Kukuczka 1979–1987 (deceased) 1948 39 Poland Polish
3 2 Erhard Loretan 1982–1995 (deceased) 1959 36 Switzerland Swiss
4 [31] Carlos Carsolio 1985–1996 1962 33 Mexico Mexican
5 Krzysztof Wielicki 1980–1996 1950 46 Poland Polish
6 3 Juanito Oiarzabal 1985–1999 1956 43 Spain Spanish
7 Sergio Martini 1983–2000 1949 51 Italy Italian
8 Young-Seok Park 1993–2001 (deceased)[32] 1963 38 South Korea Korean
9 Hong-Gil Um 1988–2001 1960[33] 40 South Korea Korean
10 4 Alberto Iñurrategi 1991-2002[34] 1968 33 Spain Spanish
11 Wang-Yong Han 1994–2003 1966 37 South Korea Korean
12 5[35] Ed Viesturs 1989–2005 1959 46 United States American
13 6[36][37][38] Silvio Mondinelli 1993–2007 1958 49 Italy Italian
14 7[39] Ivan Vallejo 1997–2008 1959 49 Ecuador Ecuadorian
15 8[40] Denis Urubko 2000–2009 1973 35 Kazakhstan Kazakhstani
16 Ralf Dujmovits 1990–2009 1961[41] 47 Germany German
17 9 Veikka Gustafsson 1993–2009 1968 41 Finland Finnish
18[42] Andrew Lock 1993–2009 1961[43] 48 Australia Australian
19 10 João Garcia 1993–2010 1967 43 Portugal Portuguese
20[44] Piotr Pustelnik 1990–2010 1951 58 Poland Polish
21[45] Edurne Pasaban 2001–2010 1973 36 Spain Spanish
22[46] Abele Blanc 1992–2011[47][48] 1954 56 Italy Italian
23 Mingma Sherpa 2000–2011[47] 1978 33 Nepal Nepali
24 11 Gerlinde Kaltenbrunner 1998–2011[47] 1970 40 Austria Austrian
25 Vassily Pivtsov 2001–2011[47] 1975 36 Kazakhstan Kazakhstani
26 12 Maxut Zhumayev 2001–2011[47] 1977 34 Kazakhstan Kazakhstani
27 Jae-Soo Kim 2000–2011[47] 1961 50 South Korea Korean
28[49] 13 Mario Panzeri 1988–2012 1964 48 Italy Italian
29[50] Hirotaka Takeuchi 1995–2012[50] 1971 41 Japan Japanese
30 Chhang Dawa Sherpa 2001–2013[47] 1982 30 Nepal Nepali
31 14 Kim Chang-Ho 2005–2013[47] (deceased) 1970 43 South Korea Korean
32 Jorge Egocheaga 2002–2014[51] 1968 45 Spain Spanish
33 15 Radek Jaroš 1998–2014[47] 1964 50 Czech Republic Czech
34/35[52] 16/17[52] Nives Meroi 1998–2017[53][54] 1961 55 Italy Italian
34/35[52] 16/17[52] Romano Benet 1998–2017[53][54][55] 1962 55 Italy Italian
Slovenia Slovenian
36 Peter Hámor 1998–2017[56] 1964 52 Slovakia Slovak
37 18 Azim Gheychisaz 2008–2017[57] 1981 37 Iran Iranian
38 Ferran Latorre 1999–2017[58] 1970 46 Spain Spanish
39 19 Òscar Cadiach 1984–2017[59] 1952 64 Spain Spanish
40 Zhang Liang(he summitted the central peak and the 2nd peak in May and Sep 2018) 2000-2018[60] 1964 54 China Chinese

Climbers with disputed ascents

Claims in which not enough evidence was provided to verify the ascents of all 14 peaks. The disputed ascent in each claim is shown in parentheses. In most cases, the influential Himalayan chronicler Elizabeth Hawley, is an important source regarding the fact-base of the dispute. Her well-regarded "Himalayan Database" is the source for other online Himalayan ascent databases (e.g. AdventureStats.com).[26][27]

Cho Oyu is a recurrent problem peak as it is a small hump circa 30 mins into the summit plateau, and the main proxy - "Did you see Everest" - requires clear weather.[61][62] Shishapangma is another problem peak because of its dual summits, which despite being close in height, are up to two hours climbing time apart.[63] Elizabeth Hawley famously got Ed Viesturs to re-climb the main summit of Shishapangma.[64]

Name Period Born Age Nationality
Fausto De Stefani (Lhotse 1997)[65]
(His partner Sergio Martini reclimbed Lhotse in 2000 to verify his 14, see above) 		1983–1998 1952 46 Italy Italian
Alan Hinkes (Cho Oyu 1990)[66][67]
(Hinkes rejects Hawley's decision to "unrecognise" his Cho Oyu ascent, see "Cho Oyu dispute") 		1987–2005 1954 53 United Kingdom British
Vladislav Terzyul (Shishapangma (West) Summit 2000, Broad Peak 1995[68][69])[70][71]
(As he did not claim the main summit of Shishapangma, this status is unlikely to change) 		1993–2004 (deceased) 1953 49 Ukraine Ukrainian
Eun-Sun Oh (Kangchenjunga 2009)[72][73][74]
(As the potential first female climber of all 14, this dispute was followed internationally)[73] 		1997–2010 1966 44 South Korea Korean
Carlos Pauner (Shishapangma 2012)[75]
(Pauner is very open about his uncertainty as it was dark, but says he might reclimb to remove the doubt)[76] 		2001–2013 1963 50 Spain Spanish
Comparison of the heights of the Eight-thousanders (red triangles) with the Seven Summits and Seven Second Summits.

See also

References

  1. ^ In making any "highest mountains" list, one needs to use a criterion to exclude subpeaks and only list independent mountains. There is no universally agreed-upon such criterion. However the (generally accepted) list of 14 eight-thousanders is obtained if one uses a topographic prominence cutoff of between 200 and 500 metres (610 and 1524 feet). Some eight-thousand metre subpeaks have been climbed as goals in themselves, for example Lhotse Middle, but this is quite rare.
  2. ^ "Fast Facts About Nanga Parbat". climbing.about.com. Retrieved 2015-05-29.
  3. ^ Herzog, Maurice (1951). Annapurna: First Conquest of an 8000-meter Peak. Translated from the French by Nea Morin and Janet Adam Smith. New York: E.P Dutton & Co. p. 257.
  4. ^ https://www.alpinejournal.org.uk/Contents/Contents_1984_files/AJ%201984%2050-59%20Zawada%20Everest.pdf
  5. ^ "Preliminary stats: Himalaya and Everest 2011 spring review". ExplorersWeb. 8 June 2013. Retrieved 2014-01-04. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ "Lhotse Summits". 8000ers.com. Retrieved 2014-01-04.
  7. ^ Planetmountain.com, Nanga Parbat: summit and first winter ascent by Simone Moro, Ali Sadpara and Alex Txikon, 26 February 2016
  8. ^ "Oh Eun-Sun report, final: Edurne Pasaban takes the throne". ExplorersWeb. 10 December 2010. Retrieved 2014-01-04. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ "Austrian woman claims Himalayas climbing record". BBC News. 23 August 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-24.
  10. ^ "Austrian is first woman to scale 14 peaks without oxygen". AsiaOne. 30 August 2011. Retrieved 2014-01-04.
  11. ^ "Alpinismo, il record di Meroi-Benet: è italiana la prima coppia su tutti gli Ottomila". 11 May 2017.
  12. ^ a b "Nepal mountain peak expansion bid stalls". BBC News. 18 October 2013.
  13. ^ "The new peaks opened as alternatives to Mount Everest". The Telegraph. 23 August 2013.
  14. ^ "A funny name for a mountain". Mark Horrell. 4 June 2014.
  15. ^ a b c d
    "General Info". 8000ers.com. Retrieved 2014-02-21.
  16. ^ a b c "Stairway to heaven". The Economist. 29 May 2013. Retrieved 2015-09-07As of March 2012{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  17. ^ a b Chinese National Geography, August 2006, page 77.
  18. ^ https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-28500721 K2 lies in Pakistan, near the northern border with China.
  19. ^ "Wayback Machine" (PDF). archive.org. 26 June 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  20. ^ "K2 - Peakbagger.com". peakbagger.com. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  21. ^ "K2: Some background and History". www.everestnews.com. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  22. ^ "K2 - Geography & history". britannica.com. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  23. ^ K2 Archived 7 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  24. ^ Harding, Luke (13 July 2000). "Climbers banned from sacred peak". the Guardian. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  25. ^ "The Himalayan Database, The Expedition Archives of Elizabeth Hawley". Elizabeth Hawley/Richard Salisbury. 2018.
  26. ^ a b If a mountaineer wants worldwide recognition that they have reached the summit of some of the most formidable mountains in the world, they will need to get the approval of Elizabeth Hawley."Elizabeth Hawley, unrivalled Himalayan record keeper". BBC News. 29 August 2010.
  27. ^ a b "Elizabeth Hawley, Who Chronicled Everest Treks, Dies at 94". New York Times. 26 January 2018.
  28. ^ "High Altitude Mountaineering statistics". AdventureStats.com. 2018.
  29. ^ "Climbers who have ascended to the summits of all of the world's 14 mountains over 8000 metres". 8000ers.com (Eberhard Jurgalski). 2018.
  30. ^ "Climbers - First 14". 8000ers.com. 26 May 2012. Retrieved 2014-02-21.
  31. ^ Carlos Carsolio required emergency oxygen on his descent from Makalu in 1988.
  32. ^ Coley, Mariah. "Koreans Missing on Annapurna Presumed Dead". Alpinist.com. Retrieved 9 November 2011.
  33. ^ EverestNews2004.com, News (age calculated: in 2004 Hong-Gil Um was 44). "Mr. Um Hong Gil has bagged his 15th 8000 meter peak". Retrieved 2008-11-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  34. ^ Kukuxumusu, Spanish News. "Alberto Iñurrategi achieves his fourteenth "eight thousand meters"". Retrieved 2008-11-30.
  35. ^ "Best of ExplorersWeb 2005 Awards: Ed Viesturs and Christian Kuntner". Mounteverest.net. Retrieved 2008-11-30. ...the American climber became one of only five men in the world to accomplish the quest entirely without supplementary oxygen.
  36. ^ Mounteverest.net. "The wolf is back: Gnaro bags Baruntse". Retrieved 2008-11-30. Last year, Silvio 'Gnaro' Mondinelli broke the haunted 13 when he summited the last peak on his list of 14, 8000ers - becoming only the 6th mountaineer in the world to have bagged them all without supplementary oxygen.
  37. ^ "The day after: Silvio Mondinelli, Broad Peak and all 14 8000m summits". PlanetMountain.com. Retrieved 2008-11-30. 13/07 interview with Silvio Mondinelli after the summit of his 14th 8000m peak without supplementary oxygen.
  38. ^ "The 14th knight: Ecuadorian Ivan Vallejo is ready to continue". Mounteverest.net. Retrieved 2008-11-30. Implied in text: ...Following Italian Silvio "Gnaro" Mondinelli last year and American Ed Viesturs in 2005, Ivan also became only the seventh mountaineer in the world to have done them all without supplementary oxygen.
  39. ^ "The 14th knight: Ecuadorian Ivan Vallejo is ready to continue". Mounteverest.net. Retrieved 2008-11-30. ...Ivan also became only the seventh mountaineer in the world to have done them all without supplementary oxygen.
  40. ^ "Denis Urubko, Cho Oyu and all 14 8000m peaks". PlanetMountain.com. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
  41. ^ "Ralf Dujmovits". Ralf-dujmovits.de. Retrieved 2010-04-14.
  42. ^ "Summit 8000 - Andrew Lock's quest to climb all fourteen of the highest mountains in the world". Andrew-lock.com. Retrieved 2010-04-14.
  43. ^ "Australia's Most Accomplished Mountaineer". Andrew Lock. 2 October 2009. Retrieved 2010-04-14.
  44. ^ "Piotr Pustelnik summits Annapurna - bags the 14x8000ers!". Explorersweb.com. Retrieved 2014-02-21.
  45. ^ "Shisha Pangma: Edurne Pasaban summits - completes the 14x800ers". Explorersweb.com. Retrieved 2014-02-21.
  46. ^ "Abele Blanc summits Annapurna and all 8000ers". Planetmountain.com. Retrieved 2014-02-21.
  47. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Climbers - First 14, updated table on 8000ers.com". 8000ers.com. Retrieved 2014-02-21.
  48. ^ "Everest - Mount Everest by climbers, news". Mounteverest.net. 18 May 2005. Retrieved 2014-01-21.
  49. ^ "Mario Panzeri: sono in cima! E finalmente sono 14 ottomila". Montagna.tv. Retrieved 2014-02-21.
  50. ^ a b "日本人初の快挙、8000m峰14座登頂 竹内洋岳". Nikkei.com. Retrieved 2014-02-21.
  51. ^ "Climbers - First 14". 8000ers.com. 13 August 2014. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  52. ^ a b c d Nives Meroi and Romano Benet climbed all the Eight-thousanders together, it wasn't revealed if one of them climbed the last peak a few moments before the other, thus they share the same position
  53. ^ a b "Nives Meroi and Romano Benet summit Annapurna, their 14th 8000er". PlanetMountain.com. Retrieved 2017-05-11.
  54. ^ a b "Nives Meroi in Roman Benet preplezala 14 osemtisočakov". Sta.si (in Slovenian). Retrieved 2017-05-11.
  55. ^ "Slovenec s 15. osemtisočaka". Delo.si (in Slovenian). Retrieved 2017-05-11.
  56. ^ "Pokoril všetky osemtisícovky". skrsi.rtvs.sk. 16 May 2017. Retrieved 2017-05-17.
  57. ^ "قیچی‌ساز حماسه ساز شد/کوهنورد تبریزی به هشت هزاری‌ها پیوست". yjc. 19 May 2017. Retrieved 2017-05-19.
  58. ^ "Ferran Latorre completa los catorce ochomiles en el Everest" (in Spanish). desnivel.com. 27 May 2017. Retrieved 2017-05-27.
  59. ^ "Cadiach, camino del campo 3 tras coronar el Broad Peak" (in Spanish). La Vanguardia. 27 July 2017. Retrieved 2017-07-27.
  60. ^ "China's top mountaineer finds the meaning of life at 26,000 feet". Inkstone. 24 August 2018. Retrieved 2018-09-11.
  61. ^ I have summitted Cho Oyu 4 times and will be heading for my fifth this coming season. Each time I have watched the Koreans and Japanese go only to where they can see Everest, not the summit, because they know this is what will be asked."Cho Oyu summit: Where is it exactly". Explorersweb.com. September 2017.
  62. ^ Many people who climb Cho Oyu in Tibet stop at a set of prayer flags with views of Everest and believe they’ve reached the top, unaware they still have to walk for 15 minutes across the summit plateau until they can see the Gokyo Lakes in Nepal."When is a summit not a summit?". Mark Horrell. 12 November 2014.
  63. ^ "Asia, Tibet, Cho Oyu and Shisha Pangma Central (West) Summit". American Alpine Journal. 1991.
  64. ^ "Keeper of the Mountains: The Elizabeth Hawley Story". Rocky Mountain Books. 5 October 2012. p. 185-195.
  65. ^ But a South Korean climber, who followed in their footprints on the crusted snow three days later [in 1997] in clearer weather, did not consider that they actually gained the top. While [Sergio] Martini and [Fausto] De Stefani indicated they were perhaps only a few meters below it, Park Young-Seok claimed that their footprints stopped well before the top, perhaps 30 meters below a small fore-summit and 150 vertical meters below the highest summit. Now in 2000 [Sergio] Martini was back again, and this time he definitely summited Lhotse."Seasonal Stories for the Nepalese Himalaya 1985-2014" (PDF). Elizabeth Hawley. 2014. p. 274.
  66. ^ AdventureStats.net, Official records. "Climbers that have summited 10 to 13 of the 14 Main-8000ers". Retrieved 2008-11-30.
  67. ^ But his claim to have now climbed all 8000ers is open to question. In April 1990 he and others reached the summit plateau of Cho Oyu. It was misty so they could not see well; nine years later Hinkes said he had “wandered around for a while” in the summit area but could see very little and eventually descended to join the others, one of whom said they had not reached the top."Seasonal Stories for the Nepalese Himalaya 1985-2014" (PDF). Elizabeth Hawley. 2014. p. 347.
  68. ^ "Vladislav Terz". www.russianclimb.com. Retrieved 2016-04-28.
  69. ^ "AdventureStats - by Explorersweb". www.adventurestats.com. Retrieved 2016-04-28.
  70. ^ Russianclimb.com, Mountaineering World of Russia & CIS. "Vladislav Terzyul, List of ascents". Retrieved 2009-10-06.
  71. ^ "Sad results on Makalu and Unanswered Questions: 1 missing climber and 1 passed away on Makalu". Everestnews2004.com. Archived from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 2014-02-21. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  72. ^ "Everest K2 News ExplorersWeb - More dark clouds mounting on Anna summit push; Miss Oh's Kanchen summit "disputed" after renewed accusations". Explorersweb.com. 26 April 2010. Retrieved 2014-01-21.
  73. ^ a b "New doubts over Korean Oh Eun-Sun's climbing record, Hawley to investigate". BBC News. 27 August 2010.
  74. ^ What would appear to be the most serious blow to Miss Oh, on 26 August this year the Korean Alpine Federation, the nation’s largest climbing association, concluded that Miss Oh had not reached the top of Kangchenjunga."Seasonal Stories for the Nepalese Himalaya 1985-2014" (PDF). Elizabeth Hawley. 2014. p. 394.
  75. ^ "Desnivel; Carlos Pauner consigue la cima del Everest". Desnivel.com. Retrieved 2014-01-21.
  76. ^ "Carlos Pauner is not sure if they hit the top of the Shisha Pangma (8,027)". lainformacion.com. 18 February 2016.
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