Jump to content

Erucic acid

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 68.36.37.180 (talk) at 23:09, 14 April 2010 (→‎Health effects: grammar and clarity). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Erucic acid
Names
IUPAC name
(Z)-Docos-13-enoic acid
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ECHA InfoCard 100.003.647 Edit this at Wikidata
  • CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O
Properties
C22H42O2
Molar mass 338.57 g/mol
Density 0.860 g/cm3
Melting point 33.8 °C (92.8 °F; 306.9 K)
Boiling point 381.5 °C (decomposes)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
checkY verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

Erucic acid is a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid, denoted 22:1 ω-9. It is prevalent in rapeseed, wallflower seed, and mustard seed, making up 40-50% of their oils. Erucic acid is also known as cis-13-docosenoic acid and the trans isomer is known as brassidic acid.

Uses

It has many of the same uses as mineral oils but with the advantage that it is more readily bio-degradable. Its high tolerance to temperature makes it suitable for transmission oil. Its ability to polymerize and dry means it can be - and is - used as a binder for oil paints. Erucic acid will readily form many organic compounds. Adding this ability to its polymerizing characteristics makes it very suitable for use as organic matrices that need to be polymeric. This makes it especially useful in the manufacture of emulsions to coat photographic films and papers. A complex cocktail of many different erucic acid compounds is commonly used in color film. It is widely used to produce emollients, especially for skin and healthcare products. Like other fatty acids, it gets converted into surfactants. Erucic acid is especially valued in tribology as a superior lubricant. When used in the manufacture of plastic films in the form of erucamide, it migrates to the surfaces and so resists the sticking of each film to its neighbor. Being a hydrocarbon of high calorific value, with a very low flash point, high cetane number, and good lubrication qualities, erucic acid can be a valuable component of bio-diesel. When converted into behenyl alcohol (CH3(CH2)21OH), erucic acid has many further uses such as a pour point depressant, enabling liquids to flow at a lower temperature and silver behenate for use in photography.[1]

Sources of erucic acid

The seed oil of the rape plant is rich in erucic acid.

The name erucic means: of or pertaining to eruca; which is a genus of flowering plants in the family Brassicaceae. It is also the Latin for coleworth, which today is better known as kale. Erucic acid is produced naturally (together with other fatty acids) across a great range of green plants, but especially so in members of the brassica family. It is highest in some of the rapeseed varieties of brassicas, kale and mustard being some of the highest, followed by Brussels spouts and broccoli. For industrial purposes, a High-Erucic Acid Rapeseed (HEAR) has been developed. These cultivars can yield 40% to 60% of the total oil recovered as erucic acid.

Metabolism of erucic acid

In the human body, erucic acid is broken down into shorter-chain fatty acids by enzymes (long-chain acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) dehydrogenase) produced in the liver. For more information on this see: Lipid metabolism. Based on animal studies in adult pigs and piglets, it can be reasonably presumed that, in human infants that have not yet been weaned, these particular enzymes are in short supply (as the mother's milk is the normal food source during this period), although not totally absent. [2][3] Because of this, babies should not be given foods high in erucic acid. Before low-erucic acid oil rapeseed (LEAR & Canola) cultivars were developed, this situation was unlikely to present a realistic danger since erucic acid occurs in nature only along with bitter-tasting compounds that infants instinctively reject. In these new varieties, the bitterness or pungency has been considerably reduced to make it more palatable to humans and cattle; however erucic acid content is also greatly reduced well below the 2% limit on erucic acid content set by the FDA. Studies on rats have shown that they are less able to digest vegetable fats (whether or not they contain erucic acid) than humans and pigs.[4][5][6] Chariton et al. suggests that in rats: “Inefficient activation of erucic acid to erucyl-CoA and a low level of activity of triglyceride lipase and enzymes of betaoxidation for erucic acid probably contribute to the accumulation and retention of cardiac lipid.”[7] Before this process was fully understood, however, there developed a misunderstanding, which continues to be repeated until this day. See below.

Health effects

Epidemiological studies suggest that, in regions where mustard oil is still used in a traditional manner, mustard oil may afford some protection against cardiovascular diseases. In this sense 'traditional' means that (a) the oil is used fresh and (b) vegetable fats count only as a small percentage of the total caloric intake. Whether this effect is due to the nature of erucic acid per se to make the blood platelets less sticky, or to the presence of a reasonably high percentage of α-linolenic acid, or to a combination of properties of fresh unrefined oil, is as yet uncertain. Care needs to be taken with such epidemiological studies in order to exclude the possibility of early deaths from other causes skewing the results. The fact that early asymptomatic coronary disease is readily detectable post mortem and is absent in the mustard oil cohorts tends to add weight to the hypothesis that mustard oil is protective. [8]

A four-to-one mixture of erucic acid and oleic acid constitutes Lorenzo's oil; an experimental treatment for a rare neurobiology disorder adrenoleukodystrophy. Thrombocytopenia has been seen in patients treated with Lorenzo's oil, probably related to its erucic acid content. [9] For the reasons given above, it is not advisable for nursing mothers or babies to eat food containing erucic acid.[10] [11]

The high percentage of erucic acid in mustard oil has led to the latter being banned for food use in the European Union and other countries.

Health concerns

Before genetic engineering, plant breeders were aiming to produce a less-bitter-tasting multi-purpose oil from rapeseed that would appeal to a larger market by making it more palatable for cattle and other livestock. While it was possible to breed out much of the pungent-tasting glucosinolates, one of the dominant erucic acid genes would get stripped out of the genome as well, greatly reducing its valuable erucic acid content. Studies on rats show lipodosis problems when fed high quantities of erucic acid, however, so this did not hinder saleability.[7] Later trials showed that rats had the same problems with other vegetable fatty acids, [12] because rats are poor at metabolising some fats.[13] The plant breeding industry later changed "low erucic acid" to be its unique selling proposition over that of its competitors.

There are not many studies done on humans with erucic acid; the majority are carried out by the food science industry on animals. Animal studies failed to show negative events occurring from feeding of erucic acid, and the studies were repeated under increasingly unnatural scenarios. In one case, neonate piglets that have a limited ability to absorb these fats had their normal sow's milk replaced solely with rapeseed oil for one hundred percent of their calorific needs.[13] The studies showed that lipidoses suffered by the piglets proved to be only a transient effect; the liver automatically responded by increasing enzyme levels to cope with the unusual diet, and the lipidoses subsided.

A recent study recorded the higher rates of lung cancer in countries with populations that cook over solid fuel wood and biomass fires and stoves. The possibility of production of smoke from heated oil was also considered, and it was established that rapeseed oil, which contains erucic acid, can cause increased lung carcinomas through emissions under high heat. However, the report also showed a variety of cooking oils also did this at similar heats. [14]

Cardiac concerns

The levels of erucic acid in human foods are restricted, in part, over concerns that it may adversely affect heart tissue.[10] It promotes myocardial lesions in male adult rat animal models; however, the same effects were not observed in female adult rats.[13] [15] Choline and inositol offered some protection against this damage,[15] while alpha-linolenic acid may have aggravated it.[16] Erucic acid is preferentially absorbed in myocardium tissue[17] but is not metabolized there.[13]

However, rats may present a poor animal model to study the effects of erucic acid on heart tissue due to poor ability to metabolize the substance.

References

  1. ^ Economic Research Service, USDA (September 1996) Crambe, Industrial Rapeseed, and Tung Provide Valuable Oils. Fats and Oils, Industrial Uses; Page 18. Retrieved 2007-01-29
  2. ^ Kramer JK, Farnworth ER, Johnston KM, Wolynetz MS, Modler HW, Sauer FD (1990). "Myocardial changes in newborn piglets fed sow milk or milk replacer diets containing different levels of erucic acid". Lipids. 25 (11): 729–37. doi:10.1007/BF02544042. PMID 2280677. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Farnworth ER, Wolynetz MS, Modler HW, Kramer JK, Sauer FD, Johnston KM (1994). "Backfat and carcass composition of piglets fed milk replacers containing vegetable oil compared with sow-reared piglets". Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 34 (1): 25–35. doi:10.1051/rnd:19940103. PMID 8129839.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Hulan HW, Kramer JK, Mahadevan S, Sauer FD (1976). "Relationship between erucic acid and myocardial changes in male rats". Lipids. 11 (1): 9–15. doi:10.1007/BF02532578. PMID 1250074. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Kramer JK, Farnworth ER, Thompson BK, Corner AH, Trenholm HL (1982). "Reduction of myocardial necrosis in male albino rats by manipulation of dietary fatty acid levels". Lipids. 17 (5): 372–82. doi:10.1007/BF02535197. PMID 7098776. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ de Wildt DJ, Speijers GJ (1984). "Influence of dietary rapeseed oil and erucic acid upon myocardial performance and hemodynamics in rats". Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 74 (1): 99–108. doi:10.1016/0041-008X(84)90275-8. PMID 6729825. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  7. ^ a b Charlton KM, Corner AH, Davey K, Kramer JK, Mahadevan S, Sauer FD (1975). "Cardiac lesions in rats fed rapeseed oils". Can. J. Comp. Med. 39 (3): 261–9. PMC 1277456. PMID 1170010. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Rastogi T, Reddy KS, Vaz M; et al. (2004). "Diet and risk of ischemic heart disease in India". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 79 (4): 582–92. PMID 15051601. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Crowther MA, Barr RD, Kelton J, Whelan D, Greenwald M (1995). "Profound thrombocytopenia complicating dietary erucic acid therapy for adrenoleukodystrophy". American Journal of Hematology. 48 (2): 132–3. PMID 7847331. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ a b Food Standards Australia New Zealand (June 2003) Erucic acid in food : A Toxicological Review and Risk Assessment . Technical report series No. 21; Page 4 paragraph 1; ISBN 0 642 34526 0, ISSN 1448-3017
  11. ^ "Food Standards Agency - Agency issues warning on erucic acid". 2 September 2004. Retrieved 2007-11-02.
  12. ^ Neat CE, Thomassen MS, Osmundsen H (1981). "Effects of high-fat diets on hepatic fatty acid oxidation in the rat. Isolation of rat liver peroxisomes by vertical-rotor centrifugation by using a self-generated, iso-osmotic, Percoll gradient". Biochem. J. 196 (1): 149–59. PMC 1162977. PMID 6272750. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ a b c d Kramer JK, Hulan HW, Trenholm HL, Corner AH (1979). "Growth, lipid metabolism and pathology of two strains of rats fed high fat diets". J. Nutr. 109 (2): 202–13. PMID 430222. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Cite error: The named reference "Kramer" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  14. ^ S Kurt, Baan R, Grosse Y, Secretan B, (2006) Carcinogenicity of household solid fuel combustion and of high-temperature frying. WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer Monograph Working Group. PDF 52kb. Retrieved 2007-01-29
  15. ^ a b Clandinin MT, Yamashiro S (1982). "Dietary factors affecting the incidence of dietary fat-induced myocardial lesions". J. Nutr. 112 (4): 825–8. PMID 7200131. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  16. ^ McCutcheon JS, Umermura T, Bhatnager MK, Walker BL (1976). "Cardiopathogenicity of rapeseed oils and oil blends differing in erucic, linoleic, and linolenic acid content". Lipids. 11 (7): 545–52. doi:10.1007/BF02532900. PMID 948250. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ Becker W, Bruce A (1985). "Autoradiographic studies with fatty acids and some other lipids: a review". Prog. Lipid Res. 24 (4): 325–46. doi:10.1016/0163-7827(85)90010-4. PMID 3916594. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)

See also

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erucic_acid&oldid=356062693"