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Haplogroup C-F3393

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Haplogroup C1 F3393
Possible time of originprob. more than 14,000 years BP (based on the age of C2 M217)
Possible place of originprobably South Asia
AncestorHaplogroup C
DescendantsC1a CTS11043; C1a1 M8; C1a2 V20 (previously C6); C1a2 (previously C6) V20; C1b1a B66/Z16458; C1b1a1 M356; (previously C5); C1b2a M38 (previously C2); C1b2a1a P33; C1b2b (previously C4) M347
Defining mutationsF3393

Haplogroup C1 also known as C-F3393, is a major Y-chromosome haplogroup. It is one of two primary branches of the broader Haplogroup C, the other being C2 (also known as C-M217; the former Haplogroup C3).

The basal paragroup, C1* (C-F3393*), has not been found, in samples from living or dead males. Of the two primary branches, C1b is common in parts of Oceania and Asia, whereas C1a is extremely rare worldwide and has been found only amongst individuals native to Japan and Southern Europe.

Distribution

Subclades of C1 (F3393) are the predominant Y-DNA haplogroups among some peoples indigenous to Australia and South Asia.

It is likely that more than 40% of indigenous Australian males belonged to the subclade Haplogroup C1b2b (previously known as C4) C-M347, before contact with European settlers.[1] Within this Haplogroup C-M347 at least two subclades have been identified: C-DYS390.1del, C-M210 (C1b2b1) and, possibly, an unresolved offshoot of the C1b2b1 paragroup (e.g. C-M347 xDYS390.1del,M210).

C1b2a1a P33 is found at high frequency in Polynesians.[2] [3]

C1b2a (previously C2) M38 is found in Island South East Asia, New Guinea, Melanesia, and Polynesia.[4]

Throughout Asia, C1b1a and C1b1a1 are common among some minorities. C1b1a1 (previously C5) M356 is significant throughout South Asia.[4] C1b1a B66/Z16458 is found at low frequencies in South Asia, Central Asia, and Southwest Asia.[5][6][7][8][9][10]

One of the most interesting findings of recent genetic surveys is that the sole living members of C1a (CTS11043) are not only rare, but distributed geographically in a extremely bifurcated pattern:

Phylogenetic structure

  • C1 F3393
    • C1a CTS11043
      • C1a1 M8
        • C1a1a P121
          • C1a1a1 CTS6678
          • C1a1a2 Z1356
      • C1a2 (previously C6) V20
        • C1a2a V222
        • C1a2b Z29329
    • C1b F1370
      • C1b1 K281
        • C1b1a B66/Z16458
          • C1b1a1 (previously C5) M356
          • C1b1a2 B65
      • C1b2 B477/Z31885
        • C1b2a (previously C2) M38
          • C1b2a1 M208
            • C1b2a1a P33
            • C1b2a1b P54
        • C1b2b (previously C4) M347
          • C1b2b1 M210

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ Hudjashov G, Kivisild T, Underhill PA, et al. (May 2007). "Revealing the prehistoric settlement of Australia by Y chromosome and mtDNA analysis". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (21): 8726–30. doi:10.1073/pnas.0702928104. PMC 1885570. PMID 17496137.
  2. ^ Hammer MF, Karafet TM, Park H, et al. (2006). "Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes". J. Hum. Genet. 51 (1): 47–58. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. PMID 16328082.
  3. ^ Cox MP, Redd AJ, Karafet TM, et al. (October 2007). "A Polynesian motif on the Y chromosome: population structure in remote Oceania". Hum. Biol. 79 (5): 525–35. PMID 18478968.
  4. ^ a b c d ISOGG, 2015 "Y-DNA Haplogroup C and its Subclades – 2015" (15 September 2015).
  5. ^ Gayden, Tenzin; Cadenas, Alicia M.; Regueiro, Maria; Singh, NB; Zhivotovsky, LA; Underhill, PA; Cavalli-Sforza, LL; Herrera, RJ (2007). "The Himalayas as a Directional Barrier to Gene Flow". American Journal of Human Genetics. 80 (5): 884–894. doi:10.1086/516757. PMC 1852741. PMID 17436243.
  6. ^ Simona Fornarino, Maria Pala, Vincenza Battaglia et al., Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation, BMC Evolutionary Biology (2009), 9:154 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-154 PMID 19573232
  7. ^ Cadenas, Alicia M; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca L; Underhill, PA; Herrera, RJ (2008). "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman". European Journal of Human Genetics. 16 (3): 374–386. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934. PMID 17928816.
  8. ^ Abu-Amero, Khaled K; Hellani, Ali; González, Ana M; Larruga, Jose M; Cabrera, Vicente M; Underhill, Peter A (2009). "Saudi Arabian Y-Chromosome diversity and its relationship with nearby regions". BMC Genetics. 10: 59. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-10-59. PMC 2759955. PMID 19772609.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  9. ^ Sengupta S, Zhivotovsky LA, King R, et al. (February 2006). "Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 78 (2): 202–21. doi:10.1086/499411. PMC 1380230. PMID 16400607.
  10. ^ Karafet, T. M.; Mendez, F. L.; Meilerman, M. B.; Underhill, P. A.; Zegura, S. L.; Hammer, M. F. (2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Research. 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC 2336805. PMID 18385274.
  11. ^ Scozzari R, Massaia A, DAtanasio E, Myres NM, Perego UA, et al. (202). "Molecular Dissection of the Basal Clades in the Human Y Chromosome Phylogenetic Tree". PLoS ONE. 7 (11): e49170. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049170. PMC 3492319. PMID 23145109.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  12. ^ http://dienekes.blogspot.ru/2014/01/brown-skinned-blue-eyed-y-haplogroup-c.html
  13. ^ http://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2015/02/10/013433.full.pdf
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