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Heaven's Gate (film)

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Heaven's Gate
Theatrical release poster by Tom Jung[1]
Directed byMichael Cimino
Written byMichael Cimino
Produced byJoann Carelli
StarringKris Kristofferson
Christopher Walken
Isabelle Huppert
Jeff Bridges
John Hurt
CinematographyVilmos Zsigmond
Edited byLisa Fruchtman
Gerald Greenberg
William Reynolds
Tom Rolf
Music byDavid Mansfield
Production
company
Partisan Productions
Distributed byUnited Artists
Release date
  • November 19, 1980 (1980-11-19)
Running time
216 minutes (director's cut restored in 2012)
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
BudgetUS$44 million[2]
Box office$3,484,331[3]

Heaven's Gate is a 1980 American epic Western film portraying a fictional dispute between land barons and European immigrants in Wyoming in the 1890s. The film is based loosely on the Johnson County War. The cast includes Kris Kristofferson, Christopher Walken, Isabelle Huppert, Jeff Bridges, John Hurt, Sam Waterston, Brad Dourif, Joseph Cotten, Geoffrey Lewis, David Mansfield, Richard Masur, Terry O'Quinn, Mickey Rourke, and, in his first film role, Willem Dafoe.

The film was written, directed and produced (in part) by American film director Michael Cimino.

There were major setbacks in the film's production due to cost and time overruns, negative press, and rumors about Cimino's allegedly overbearing directorial style. It is generally considered one of the biggest box office bombs of all time, and in some circles has been considered to be one of the worst films ever made. It opened to poor reviews and earned less than $3 million domestically (from an estimated budget of $44 million), eventually contributing to the near collapse of its studio, United Artists, and effectively destroying the reputation of Cimino, previously one of the ascendant directors of Hollywood owing to his celebrated 1978 film The Deer Hunter, which had won Academy Awards for Best Picture and Best Director in 1979.[4] Cimino had an expansive and ambitious vision for the film and pushed the film far over its planned budget. The film's financial problems and United Artists' subsequent demise led to a move away from director-driven film production in the American film industry and a shift toward greater studio control of films.[5]

As time has progressed, a number of subsequent assessments have become more nuanced and in some cases more positive,[6][7] and now some critics have described Heaven's Gate as a "modern masterpiece" whose original 1980 editing was characterized as "one of the greatest injustices of cinematic history."[8]

Plot summary

1870, Harvard

In 1870, two young men, Jim Averill (Kris Kristofferson) and Billy Irvine (John Hurt), are graduating from Harvard College. The Reverend Doctor (Joseph Cotten) speaks to the graduates on the association of "the cultivated mind with the uncultivated," and the importance of "the education of a nation." Irvine, brilliant but obviously intoxicated, follows this with his opposing, irreverent views. A celebration is then held after which the male students serenade the women present, including Averill's girlfriend.

1890, Johnson County, Wyoming

Twenty years later, Averill is passing through the booming town of Casper, Wyoming, on his way north to Johnson County where he is now a marshal. Poor European immigrants new to the region are in conflict with wealthy, established cattle barons organized as the Wyoming Stock Growers Association; the newcomers sometimes steal their cattle for food. Nate Champion (Christopher Walken) – a friend of Averill and an enforcer for the stockmen – kills a settler for suspected rustling and dissuades another from stealing a cow. At a formal board meeting, the head of the Association, Frank Canton (Sam Waterston), tells members, including a drunk Irvine, of plans to kill 125 named settlers, or "thieves and anarchists" as Canton calls them. Irvine leaves the meeting and encounters Averill, telling him of the Association's "death list". As Averill leaves, he exchanges bitter words with Canton and punches him. That night, Canton begins recruiting men to kill the named settlers.

Ella Watson (Isabelle Huppert), a Johnson County bordello madam who accepts stolen cattle as payment for use of her prostitutes, is infatuated with both Averill and Champion. Averill and Watson skate in a crowd, then dance alone, in an enormous roller skating rink called "Heaven's Gate", which has been built by local entrepreneur John L. Bridges (Jeff Bridges). Averill gets a copy of the Association's death list from a baseball-playing U.S. Army captain and later reads the names aloud to the settlers, who are thrown into terrified turmoil. Cully (Richard Masur), a station master and friend of Averill's, sees the train with Canton's posse heading north and rides off to warn the settlers, but is murdered en route. Later, a group of men come to Watson's bordello and rape her. All but one are shot and killed by Averill. Champion, realizing that his landowner bosses seek to eliminate Watson, goes to Canton's camp and shoots the remaining rapist, then refuses to participate in the slaughter.

Canton and his men encounter one of Champion's friends, Trapper (Geoffrey Lewis), leaving a cabin. Canton tells Trapper that he has a minute to warn Champion and his friend Nick (Mickey Rourke) that Canton and his men are waiting outside.Trapper runs back to the cabin to warn the two men and then Trapper emerges from the cabin and is shot , and a gun battle ensues. Attempting to save Champion, Watson arrives in her wagon and shoots one of the hired guns before escaping on horseback. Champion and Nick are trapped inside before Nick is shot and killed. Canton's men push a burning wagon towards the cabin and set it on fire, trapping Champion. Champion writes a last note to Ella. Champion emerges from the burning cabin, shooting at Canton's men before being gunned down. Watson warns the settlers of Canton's approach at another huge, chaotic gathering at "Heaven's Gate." The agitated settlers decide to fight back, with Bridges leading the attack on Canton's gang. With the hired invaders now surrounded, both sides suffer casualties (including a drunken, poetic Irvine) as Canton leaves to bring help. Watson and Averill return to Champion's charred and smoking cabin and discover his body along with a hand written letter documenting his last minutes alive.

The next day, Averill reluctantly joins the settlers, with their cobbled-together siege machines and explosive charges, in an attack against Canton's men and their makeshift fortifications. Again there are heavy casualties on both sides, before the U.S. Army, with Canton in the lead, arrives to stop the fighting and save the remaining besieged mercenaries. Later, at Watson's cabin, Bridges, Watson and Averill prepare to leave for good, but are ambushed by Canton and two others who shoot and kill Bridges and Watson. After killing Canton and his men, a grief-stricken Averill holds Watson's body in his arms.

1903, Newport, Rhode Island

In 1903 – about a decade later – a well-dressed, beardless, but older-looking Averill walks the deck of his yacht off Newport, Rhode Island. He goes below, where an attractive middle-aged woman is sleeping in a luxurious boudoir. Averill watches her, saying nothing. The woman, Averill's old Harvard girlfriend (perhaps now his wife), awakens and asks him for a cigarette. Silently he complies, lights it, and returns to the deck.

Cast

Differences from real history

Apart from being set in Wyoming and the fact that many of the characters have the names of key figures in the Johnson County War, the plot and the characters themselves have almost no relation to the actual historical people and events, as Cimino's original screenplay changes many of the quieter events for the sake of dramatical purposes.[10]

The true events of the Johnson County War were minor compared to the film's more bombastic scenes: In April 1892, some of Wyoming's biggest cattlemen enlisted 23 hired killers from Texas[10][11] and (along with a very sympathetic newspaper reporter[10]) "invaded" north-central Wyoming to kill "rustlers." They had a hit list of 70 local people to be murdered,[10] including the sheriff and many other prominent citizens of Buffalo. The big stockmen were upset because as more small-time ranches were established in the region, they were no longer able to use this land for their own gigantic herds of cattle. Immediately after the invaders killed Nate Champion and his friend Nick Ray, the citizens of Buffalo were alerted to the situation by a neighbor who had witnessed this event as he rode past. The citizens quickly mobilized and eventually turned the tables, surrounding the intruders at a local ranch, where they intended to capture them by force. An appeal for help by Wyoming's Acting Governor (who was in collusion with the cattlemen[11]) convinced President Benjamin Harrison to call out the United States Army from nearby Fort McKinney, and after an all-night ride the soldiers arrived just in time to save the invaders. Though taken prisoner and taken to Cheyenne, they later avoided prosecution through witness intimidation, the manipulation of public opinion by shrewd partisan journalism, and cunning legal manoeuvres.[10]

While there were certainly small numbers of settlers arriving in northern Wyoming, there were not hordes of poor European immigrants streaming en masse[12] into the region, let alone killing rich men's cattle out of hunger. Secondly, far from being an "enforcer" for the stockmen and a murderer, Nate Champion was a well-liked small rancher[10] in Johnson County, whom the rich stockmen dubbed "king of the rustlers" because he stood up against their tactic of claiming all unbranded young cattle on the range.[10]

Jim Averell was also a small-time rancher, about a hundred miles southwest of Johnson County. Along with his common-law wife Ellen (or Ella) Watson, he was murdered by rich stockmen two years before the Johnson County War began. Stockmen spread a story that Ella Watson exchanged sexual favors for stolen cattle, but this was false, and was certainly not a bordello madam as portrayed in the film. It is unlikely that Watson or Averell ever knew Nate Champion. There are numerous other ways in which the film bears little or no resemblance to real-life people or events.[11]

Production

In 1971, rising Hollywood film director Michael Cimino submitted an original script for "Heaven's Gate" (then called The Johnson County War) to United Artists executives; the project was shelved when it failed to attract big name talent. In 1979, after two hit films in a row - 1974's Thunderbolt and Lightfoot (filmed in Montana), and on the eve of winning two Academy Awards (Best Director and Best Picture) for 1978's The Deer Hunter - Cimino, now one of the hottest directors in Hollywood, used his "star power" to convince the studio to resurrect the project with Kris Kristofferson, Isabelle Huppert, and Christopher Walken as the three main characters. He was given a initial budget, but his shrewdly-written contract gave him carte blanche and many other fiscal allowances never given to any filmmaker before, making him one of the most lawsuit-proof directors to have ever worked on a film.

Shooting Demands and Overruns and Endless Retakes

The film began shooting on April 16, 1979, in Glacier National Park, east of Kalispell, Montana, with the majority of the town scenes filmed in the Two Medicine area, north of the village of East Glacier Park. The film had a projected December 14 release date, and a budget of $11.6 million. The project promptly fell behind schedule.

According to legend, by the sixth day of filming it was already five days behind schedule. As an example of his fanatical attention to detail, a street built to Cimino's precise specifications had to be torn down and rebuilt because it reportedly "didn't look right." The street in question needed to be six-feet wider; the set construction boss said it would be cheaper to tear down one side and move it back six feet, but Cimino insisted that both sides be dismantled and moved back three feet, then reassembled.

Cimino's reported numerous retakes of one of the wealthy landowners showing his contempt for the immigrants by baring his rump towards them was another example of his excessiveness, supposedly doing up to 15 shots. As one witness recounted, "How many ways can a guy drop his pants? You'd think three or four takes would be enough, but Michael - jerk that he was - wouldn't quit until he was satisfied."

An entire tree was cut down, moved in pieces, and relocated to the courtyard where the Harvard 1870 graduation scene was shot.

According one actor, his character was to "walk past a cock fight"; when he arrived at the shooting location, the cockfight scene had already been filmed for two weeks.

Cimino shot more than 1.3 million feet (nearly 220 hours) of footage, costing the studio in salary, locations and acting fees approximately $200,000 per day. Privatly, it was said Cimino had expressed his wish to surpass Francis Ford Coppola's mark of shooting one million feet of footage for his 1979 film Apocalypse Now.

Despite going over budget, Cimino was not financially penalized (as was the common practice at the time) because he had a contract with United Artists to the effect that all money spent "to complete and deliver the picture in time for a Christmas 1979 release shall not be treated as overbudget expenditures."

In the book The Hollywood Hall of Shame it is alleged that drug use on the set may have contributed to the excessive demands of the shoot. According to an unnamed production insider, "People wonder how a movie like Heaven's Gate could cost forty million dollars. I'll tell you. Twenty million for the actual film, and another twenty million, you can bet, for all that cocaine for the cast and crew."

Cimino's obsessive behavior soon earned him the nickname "The Ayatollah." Production fell behind schedule as rumors spread of Cimino demanding up to 50 takes of individual scenes and delaying filming until a cloud that he liked rolled into the frame.[13]

As a result of the numerous delays, several of the musicians that were originally brought to Montana to work on the film for only three weeks ended up stranded, waiting to be called for shoots that materialized, and simply sat there for six months; the experience, as the Associated Press put it, "was both stunningly boring and a raucous good time, full of jam sessions, strange adventures and curiously little actual shooting." The jam sessions served as the beginning of numerous musical collaborations between Bridges and Kristofferson; they would later reunite for the 2009 film Crazy Heart and for Bridges's eponymous album in 2011.[14]

As production staggered forward, United Artists seriously considered firing Cimino and replacing him with another director. It is heavily implied in the book Final Cut that Norman Jewison was asked if he would take over, but he rejected the job.

The film finished shooting in March 1980, having cost nearly $30 million. During post-production, Cimino changed the lock to the studio's editing room, prohibiting studio executives from seeing the film until he completed the editing. Working with Oscar-winning editor William Reynolds, Cimino slaved over his project. Reynolds complained how much of his work would later be undone by the director, convinced that his Western epic would be a masterpiece. According to an anonymous studio insider, "The level of pretension in that editing room was only matched by the level of disaster later on."

The workprint cut and eventual plans for release

On June 26, 1980, Cimino previewed a work print for executives at United Artists that reportedly ran a staggering five hours and twenty-five minutes (325 minutes), which Cimino said was "about 15 minutes longer than the final cut would be."[15]

The executives flatly refused to release the film at that length and once again contemplated firing Cimino.[15] However, Cimino promised them he could re-edit the film and spent the entire summer and fall of 1980 doing so, finally paring it down to its original premiere length of 3 hours and 39 minutes (219 minutes). The original wide-release opening on Christmas of 1979 had came and went, so UA and Cimino finally set up a release date in the early winter of 1980.

Reception

Initial reactions

The final cut finally premiered at New York's Cinema 1 theater on November 19th, 1980. The premiere was, by all accounts, a disaster. During the intermission, the audience was so subdued that Cimino was said to have asked why no one was drinking the champagne. He was reportedly told by his publicist, "Because they hate the movie, Michael."[15]

New York Times critic Vincent Canby panned the film, calling it "an unqualified disaster," comparing it to "a forced four-hour walking tour of one's own living room."[16] Canby went even further by stating that "[i]t fails so completely that you might suspect Mr. Cimino sold his soul to obtain the success of The Deer Hunter and the Devil has just come around to collect."[16]

After a sparsely attended one-week run, Cimino and United Artists quickly pulled the film from any further releases, completely postponing a full worldwide release. [6]

Over a year later, in April 1981 in Los Angeles, the film resurfaced in a "director's cut" two-hour twenty-nine minute (149 minute) version that Cimino had once again recut for a third time.[6] Reviewing the shorter cut in the Chicago Sun-Times, Roger Ebert criticized the film's formal choices and its narrative inconsistencies and incredulities, concluding that the film was "[t]he most scandalous cinematic waste I have ever seen, and remember, I've seen Paint Your Wagon."[17]

The Los Angeles Times's Kevin Thomas issued a dissenting opinion when he reviewed the shortened film, becoming one of its few American champions and calling it "a true screen epic."[6] The film closed after the second week, having grossed only $1.3 million total on its $44 million budget.[6]

Reassessments

In subsequent years, however, some critics have come to the defense of the film beginning with European critics who praised the film after it played at the Cannes Film Festival.[6][7] Robin Wood was an early champion of Heaven's Gate and its reassessment, calling it "one of the few authentically innovative Hollywood films .... It seems to me, in its original version, among the supreme achievements of the Hollywood cinema."[18][19] David Thomson calls the film "a wounded monster" and argues that the film takes part in "a rich American tradition (Melville, James, Ives, Pollock, Parker) that seeks a mighty dispersal of what has gone before. In America, there are great innovations in art that suddenly create fields of apparent emptiness. They may seem like omissions or mistakes at first. Yet in time we come to see them as meant for our exploration."[20] Martin Scorsese has said that the film has many overlooked virtues.[21] Some of these critics have attempted to impugn the motives of the earliest reviewers. Robin Wood noted, in his initial review of the film, reviewers tended to pile on the film, attempting to "outdo [one an]other with sarcasm and contempt."[18] Several members of the cast and crew have complained that the initial reviews of the film were tainted by its production history and that daily critics were reviewing it as a business story as much as a motion picture.[6] In April 2011, the staff of Time Out London selected Heaven's Gate as the 12th greatest Western.[22]

Beyond this, much of the critical estimation of the film continues to be low; in 2008, film critic Joe Queenan of The Guardian named Heaven's Gate the worst film ever made.[4] It holds a 45% "rotten" rating on Rotten Tomatoes, although several of the 29 reviews aggregated there were published for the film's initial release.[23]

2012 re-release and acclaim

In the fall of 2012, the film was re-released to acclaim (described as "soaking up acclaim") as a 216 minute "director's cut" at the 69th Venice Film Festival[24][25][26] on August 30 in the presence of Cimino, followed one month later by screening at the New York Film Festival,[8] and then at at the Festival Lumiere in France. Venice Film Festival director Alberto Barbera described the film as an "absolute masterpiece" that had disappeared, and whose 1980 cutting was characterized as a "massacre" by nervous producers and had been "one of the greatest injustices of cinematic history" that had destroyed careers (Cimino and Kristofferson) following "annihilat[ing]" critical reviews.[8]

Controversy

Impact on the U.S. film industry

The film's unprecedented $44-million cost (equivalent to about $122 million as of 2012) and poor performance at the box office ($3,484,331 gross in the United States) generated more negative publicity than actual financial damage, causing Transamerica Corporation, United Artists' corporate owner, to become anxious over its own public image and withdraw from film production altogether.

Transamerica then sold United Artists to MGM, which effectively ended the existence of the studio. MGM would later revive the name "United Artists" as a subsidiary division. While the money loss due to Heaven's Gate was considerable, United Artists was still a thriving studio with a steady income provided by the James Bond, Pink Panther and Rocky franchises. Many movie insiders have argued that United Artists was already struggling at the time with the box office flops of Cruising and Foxes, both released earlier in 1980 (the former film was not even produced by UA).

The fracas had a wider effect on the American film industry. During the 1970s, relatively young directors such as Francis Ford Coppola, Peter Bogdanovich, and William Friedkin were given unprecedentedly large budgets with very little studio control (see New Hollywood). The studios' evolved away from the director-driven film and eventually led to the new paradigm of the high concept feature, epitomized by Jaws and Star Wars. The directors' power lessened considerably as seen in the less successful films as Friedkin's Sorcerer (1977), and Cruising (1980), and culminating in Coppola's One from the Heart and Cimino's Heaven's Gate, among other money-losers. As the new high-concept paradigm of film-making became more entrenched, studio control of budgets and productions became tighter, ending the free-wheeling excesses that begat Heaven's Gate.

The very poor box office performance of the film had an impact on Western films, which had enjoyed a revival in the late 1960s. From this point on, very few Western films were released by major studios, save for a brief revival thanks to the Oscar-winning hits Dances with Wolves and Unforgiven.

Accusations of cruelty to animals

The film was marred by accusations of cruelty to animals during production. One assertion was that live horses were bled from the neck without giving them pain-killers so that their blood could be collected and smeared upon the actors in a scene. The American Humane Association (AHA) asserted that four horses were killed and many more injured during a battle scene. It was claimed that one of the horses was blown up by dynamite. This footage appears in the final cut of the film.

The AHA was barred from monitoring the animal action on the set. According to the AHA, the owner of an abused horse filed a lawsuit against the producers, director, Partisan Productions, and the horse wrangler. The owner cited wrongful injury and breach of contract for willfully depriving her Arabian gelding of proper care. The suit cited "the severe physical and behavioral trauma and disfigurement" of the horse. The case was settled out of court.[27]

There were accusations of actual cockfights, decapitated chickens, and a group of cows disemboweled to provide "fake intestines" for the actors.[27] The outcry prompted the Screen Actors Guild (SAG) and the Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers (AMPTP) to contractually authorize the AHA to monitor the use of all animals in all filmed media.[27]

The film is listed on AHA's list of unacceptable films.[27] The AHA protested the film by distributing an international press release detailing the assertions of animal cruelty and asking people to boycott it. AHA organized picket lines outside movie theaters in Hollywood while local humane societies did the same across the USA. Though Heaven's Gate was not the first film to have animals killed during its production, it is believed that the film was largely responsible for sparking the now common use of the "No animals were harmed..." disclaimer and more rigorous supervision of animal acts by the AHA, which had been inspecting film production since the 1940s.[28]

Versions of the film

Workprint cut, premiere cut and an alternative cut

Notwithstanding the five hour and twenty-five minute (325 minute) "workprint" cut shown to executives in early 1980, Cimino had rushed through post-production and editing in order to meet his contractual requirements to United Artists, and to qualify for the 1980 Academy Awards.[6] The version screened at the November, 1980 premiere ran 3 hours and 39 minutes (219 minutes). Kristofferson joked that Cimino had worked on the film so close to the premiere that the print screened was still wet from the lab.[6]

After the aborted one-week premiere run in New York, Cimino and United Artists pulled the film; Cimino wrote an open letter to the studio that was printed in several trade papers blaming unrealistic deadline pressures for the film's failure.[29] United Artists reportedly also hired its own editor to try to edit Cimino's footage into a releasable film with no real success.[29]

Ultimately, Cimino's second edited version, an 149-minute version, premiered in April 1981 and was the only cut of the film screened in wide release. This cut of the film is not just shorter but differs radically in placement of scenes and selection of takes.[18] This version, after leaving theaters, has never been released on home video of any kind in the United States.

In 1982, Z Channel aired the 219-minute 1980 premiere version of the film on cable television – the first time that the longer version was widely exhibited – and which Z Channel dubbed the "director's cut." As critic F.X. Feeney noted in the documentary Z Channel: A Magnificent Obsession, Z Channel's broadcast of Heaven's Gate first popularized the concept of a "director's cut."[30]

When MGM (which acquired the rights to United Artists's catalog after its demise) released the film on VHS and videodisc in the 1980s, it released Cimino's 219-minute cut with the tagline "Heaven's Gate… The Legendary Uncut Version." Subsequent releases on LaserDisc and DVD have contained only the 219-minute cut.

Due to the wide availability of the 219-minute 1980 premiere version of "Heaven's Gate" and its frequent labeling as either "uncut" or the "director's cut," Cimino has insisted that the so-called "original version" did not fully correspond to his intentions, and that he was under pressure to bring it out for the predetermined date and did not consider the film ready, making even the 219-minute version essentially an "unfinished" film.[18]

The 2005 radical cut

Twenty three years later, in 2005, MGM released the film in selected cinemas in the United States and Europe.[31] The 219-minute cut was reassembled by MGM archivist John Kirk, who reported that large portions of the original negative had been discarded, making this an all-new radical versions using whatever alternative available scenes that could be found.[31] The restored print was screened in Paris and presented to a sold-out audience at New York's Museum of Modern Art with a live introduction by Isabelle Huppert.[32] Because the project was commissioned by then-MGM executive Bingham Ray, who was ousted shortly thereafter, the budget for the project was cut and a planned wider release and DVD never materialized and probably never will.[31]

The 2012 digitally restored cut

In 2012 MGM released yet another version, digitally restored and at three hours and thrity-six minutes - 216 minutes, premiered at the Venice Film Festival as part of the Venice Classics series.[33][34]

The Criterion Collection released the restored 216 minute version on Blu-ray Disc and DVD on November 20, 2012.

Accolades

Nominated: Best Art Direction-Set Decoration (Tambi Larsen, James L. Berkey)
In Competition: Palme d'Or (Michael Cimino)
Won: Worst Director – Michael Cimino
Nominated: Worst Picture
Nominated: Worst Screenplay
Nominated: Worst Musical Score
Nominated: Worst Actor – Kris Kristofferson

See also

References

  1. ^ "Heaven's Gate – Poster #1". IMP Awards. Retrieved October 12, 2010.
  2. ^ Hughes, p.170
  3. ^ "Heaven's Gate (1980)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved August 15 2011. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  4. ^ a b Queenan, Joe (March 21, 2008). "From Hell". The Guardian. Retrieved September 3, 2009.
  5. ^ Biskind, Peter (1998). Easy Riders, Raging Bulls: How the Sex-Drugs-and-Rock-'n'-Roll Generation Saved Hollywood. New York City: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-80996-6. pp. 401–403.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Epstein, Michael (2004). Final Cut: The Making and Unmaking of Heaven's Gate (television). Viewfinder Productions.
  7. ^ a b Khan, Omar. "Heaven's Gate (1981)"
  8. ^ a b c Hoyle, Ben (October 1, 2012). "Heaven's Gate: Box Office Turkey That Sank a Studio Is a Modern Masterpiece". The Times. p. 4. Retrieved October 1, 2012.
  9. ^ "Spalding Gray's Tortured Soul". The New York Times Magazine. October 6, 2011. p. 5 of online version. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Davis, John W. (2010). Wyoming Range War: The Infamous Invasion of Johnson County. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-4106-0.
  11. ^ a b c The Johnson County War: 1892 Invasion of Northern Wyoming
  12. ^ Larson, T.A. (1990). History of Wyoming. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-803-27936-0.
  13. ^ "The 15 Biggest Box Office Bombs -> Heaven's Gate #8". CNBC. Retrieved October 12, 2010.
  14. ^ [dead link] Talbott, Chris (August 17, 2011). "Jeff Bridges Chases Different Muse with New Album". Associated Press (via The Buffalo News). Retrieved August 18, 2011.
  15. ^ a b c Bach, Steven (1985, 1999). Final Cut: Art, Money, and Ego in the Making of Heaven's Gate, the Film That Sank United Artists (New edition ed.). New York, NY: Newmarket Press. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help); Check date values in: |year= (help)
  16. ^ a b Canby, Vincent (November 19, 1980). "'Heaven's Gate,' A Western by Cimino". The New York Times. Retrieved February 22, 2012.
  17. ^ Ebert, Roger (1981). "Heaven's Gate". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved March 13, 2012.
  18. ^ a b c d Wood, Robin (1986). Hollywood from Vietnam to Reagan. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 267, 269, 283. ISBN 0-231-12966-1.
  19. ^ "Top Ten Lists by Critics and Filmmakers". Combustible Celluloid. Retrieved November 25, 2010.
  20. ^ Thomson, David (October 14, 2008). "Have You Seen ...?": A Personal Introduction to 1,000 Films. New York City: Random House. p. 363. ISBN 978-0-307-26461-9.
  21. ^ LaGravenese, Richard (director); Demme, Ted (director). (2003). A Decade Under the Influence: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow. [Film]. IFC.
  22. ^ "The 50 greatest westerns". Time Out (London). April 2011. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
  23. ^ "Heaven's Gate". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
  24. ^ Lim, Dennis (August 31, 2012). "Venice Film Festival: Michael Cimino Revisits 'Heaven's Gate'". The New York Times (ArtBeats). Retrieved October 28, 2012. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  25. ^ Sotinel, Thomas (August 31, 2012). "Venise 2012: Michael Cimino retrouve la clé du paradis". Le Monde (in French). Retrieved October 28, 2012.
  26. ^ Crousse, Nicolas (August 31, 2012). "Mostra de Venise : Cimino est (enfin) au paradis". Le Soir (in French). Retrieved October 28, 2012.
  27. ^ a b c d "Heaven's Gate". American Humane Association. Retrieved October 10, 2009.
  28. ^ "Cruel Camera". The Fifth Estate. CBC Television. May 5, 1982 and January 16, 2008. Retrieved October 12, 2010.
  29. ^ a b Egan, Jack (December 8, 1980). "Bombs Away". New York (via Google Books). p. 16. Retrieved March 13, 2012. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  30. ^ Cassavetes, Xan (director), Feeney, F.X. (critic). (2004). Z: A Magnificent Obsession. [Film]. IFC.
  31. ^ a b c Macnab, Geoffrey (February 23, 2005). "Heaven Can Wait". The Guardian. Retrieved March 13, 2012.
  32. ^ "Michael Cimino – Paris Heaven's Gate Master class". ecranlarge.com. Retrieved November 18, 2010.
  33. ^ Drees, Rich (August 31, 2012). "Cimino Premiers 216-Minute Cut of Heaven's Gate at Venice Film Festival". FilmBuffOnline. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
  34. ^ Lang, Brett (July 26, 2012). "Venice Film Festival Unveils Line-Up with Films from Malick, De Palma and Demme". The Wrap. Retrieved July 27, 2012.
  35. ^ a b c "Heaven's Gate (1980) – Awards". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved October 15, 2010.
  36. ^ "Heaven's Gate". The New York Times. Retrieved December 31, 2008.
Bibliography

External links

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