House of Knýtlinga

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House of Knýtlinga
Coin of Cnut the Great, from the British Museum
CountryKingdom of Denmark, Kingdom of Norway, Kingdom of Sweden, Kingdom of England
FounderGorm the Old
Titles
Cadet branchesHouse of Estridsen (female line)
Cnut the Great's domains, in red.

The Danish House of Knýtlinga (English: "House of Cnut's Descendants") was a ruling royal house in Middle Age Scandinavia and England. Its most famous king was Cnut the Great, who gave his name to this dynasty. Other notable members were Cnut's father Sweyn Forkbeard, grandfather Harald Bluetooth, and sons Harthacnut, Harold Harefoot, and Svein Knutsson. It has also been called the House of Canute, the House of Denmark, the House of Gorm, or the Jelling Dynasty.

In 1018 AD the House of Knýtlinga brought the crowns of Denmark and England together under a personal union. At the height of its power, in the years 1028–1030, the House reigned over Denmark, England and Norway. After the death of Cnut the Great's heirs within a decade of his own death and the Norman conquest of England in 1066, the legacy of the Knýtlinga was largely lost to history.

Rulers of England

The House of Knýtlinga ruled the Kingdom of England from 1013 to 1014 and from 1016 to 1042.

In 1013 Sweyn Forkbeard, already the king of Denmark and of Norway, overthrew King Æthelred the Unready of the House of Wessex. Sweyn had first invaded England in 1003 to avenge the death of his sister Gunhilde and many other Danes in the St. Brice's Day massacre, which had been ordered by Æthelred in 1002.

Sweyn died in 1014 and Æthelred was restored. However, in 1015 Sweyn's son, Cnut the Great, invaded England. After Æthelred died in April 1016, his son Edmund Ironside briefly became king, but was forced to surrender half of England to Cnut. After Edmund died in November that same year, Cnut became king of all England.

Although Cnut was already married to Ælfgifu of Northampton, he married Æthelred's widow, Emma of Normandy. He ruled until his death in 1035. After his death another of Æthelred's sons, Alfred Aetheling, tried to retake the English throne, but he was betrayed and captured by Godwin, Earl of Wessex, who supported Cnut's son, Harold Harefoot. Alfred was blinded, and died soon after.

Harold ruled until 1040, although his mother Ælfgifu may have ruled during part of his reign.[1] Harold initially shared England with his half brother Harthacnut, the son of Cnut and Emma. Harold ruled in Mercia and Northumbria, and Harthacnut ruled in Wessex. However Harthacnut was also king of Denmark (as Cnut III), and spent most of his time there, so that Harold was effectively sole ruler of England.

Harthacnut succeeded Harold as king of England (he is sometimes also known as Cnut II). He died two years later, and his half-brother Edward the Confessor became king. Edward was the son of Æthelred and Emma, and so with his succession to the throne the House of Wessex was restored.

England after the House of Knýtlinga

Edward the Confessor ruled until 1066. His brother in law, Harold Godwinson—the son of Alfred's betrayer—became king, provoking the Norman conquest of England in the same year. Harold II was the last Anglo-Saxon king to rule over England.

In 1085–86 King Cnut IV of Denmark planned one last Danish invasion of England, but he was assassinated by Danish rebels before he could carry it out. This was the last time the Vikings attempted to attack Western Europe, and Cnut's death is regarded as the end of the Viking Age.

List of Danish kings of England

  • Sweyn Forkbeard, 1013–14 (also king of Denmark 986/7–1014 and Norway 999–1014)
  • Cnut, 1016–1035 (also king of Denmark 1018–35 and Norway 1028–35)
  • Harold Harefoot, 1035–40
  • Harthacnut, 1040–42 (also king of Denmark 1035–1042)

Queens consort of England during Danish rule

Family tree

See also: Knýtlinga Kings of Danmark family tree and Knýtlinga Kings of England family tree

Main Genealogy


Harthacnut

Gorm the Old		Thyra
Toke GormssonKnut GormssonGunnhild Konungamóðir
disputed		Strut-Harald
disputed
Gyrid of Sweden
Harald Bluetooth		Tove of the Obotrites
{{{u}}}
Tyra of DenmarkGunhilde
disputed		Haakon Haraldssonother sons
Gunhild of Wenden
disputed
Sweyn Forkbeard		Sigrid the Haughty
disputed

Harald II of Denmark		other sonsÆlfgifu of Northampton
Cnut the Great		Emma of Normandy
Ulf ThorgilssonEstrid Svendsdatter
disputed
Harold Harefoot
Svein Knutsson
Harthacnut		Gunhilda of Denmark
Henry III
Holy Roman Emperor

Sweyn II of Denmark		Ælfwine HaroldssonBeatrice of Franconia
House of Estridsen

The parentage of Strut-Harald and Gunnhild Konungamóðir is disputed; both of them had issue. The existence of Gunhild of Wenden and Sigrid the Haughty is disputed, some details of their lives can be exchanged to each other or associated to another figures.

Relations with other families

See also

References

  1. ^ Frank Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1971, p. 421.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Kings of Wessex and England 802–1066" (PDF). The official website of The British Monarchy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-08-24. Retrieved 2015-07-05.
  • Sweyn on the official website of the British Monarchy
  • Cnut on the official website of the British Monarchy
  • Harold on the official website of the British Monarchy
  • Harthacnut on the official website of the British Monarchy
House of Knýtlinga
Preceded by Ruling house of Denmark
ca. 900–1042 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Ruling house of Norway
985–95 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Ruling house of Norway
1028–35
Preceded by Ruling house of England
1013–14 		Succeeded by
Ruling house of England
1016–42
Notes and references
1. It is disputed whether the Vestfold dynasty is a cadet branch of the Fairhair dynasty; see Fairhair dynasty for more details.
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