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Ilyushin Il-12

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Il-12
Ilyushin Il-12 at China Aviation Museum, Beijing
Role Transport aircraft
Manufacturer Ilyushin
First flight 15 August 1945
Introduction 1947
Retired 1986 (China)
Status Retired
Primary user Aeroflot
Produced 1946-1949[1]
Number built 663
Variants Ilyushin Il-14

The Ilyushin Il-12 (NATO reporting name: Coach) was a Soviet twin-engine cargo aircraft, developed in the mid-1940s for small and medium-haul airline routes and as a military transport.

Design and development

The Il-12 was developed as a private venture by the Ilyushin Design Bureau from autumn 1943 and was intended as a replacement for the Lisunov Li-2, a license-produced version of the Douglas DC-3. The new aircraft followed a classical layout for a twin-engine transport, with a metallic structure, monoplane wings, a conventional tail section. One major improvement over the Li-2 design was the tricycle landing gear, which allowed better visibility when taxiing and landing. Initially the Il-12 was designed for 29 passengers in a pressurized fuselage, with projected maximum range is assumed of 5,000 kilometers at a cruising speed 400 km/h. The aircraft was to use four M-88B engines already proven in use on the Ilyushin Il-4.

However, during development, the M-88B engines had to be replaced by two ACh-31 diesel engines (each producing 1,500 hp). The plans for a pressurized fuselage were abandoned and the number of passengers reduced to 27. The Il-12 made its maiden flight on 15 August 1945.[2] It was soon decided to re-engine the aircraft with Shvetsov ASh-82 radial engines with the revised aircraft flying on 9 January 1946.[2]

The Il-12 was found to have problems with vibration during testing, having poor engine out characteristics and requiring a strut under the rear fuselage to prevent tipping during loading due to center-of-gravity problems.[3] A further problem was the use of magnesium near the engines which, in case of engine fire, could cause an uncontrolled fire, damaging the wing structure. This was later revealed by a crash of an Ilyushin Il-12 near Voronezh which killed all on board, following an engine fire. Subsequently, as a result of the accident investigation, the magnesium was replaced by aluminium alloys and the fire extinguishing system was redesigned.[4] However, once these problems were resolved, factory test pilots praised the quality of the new aircraft, which contributed to the decision to launch the Il-12 in series production.

The fuselage of the Il-12 had a considerable volume, and was equipped with eight rectangular windows on each side. The crew consisted of three and the aircraft could transport 32 soldiers, 32 parachutists or cargo. There was also a civil version, which although designed to carry up to 32 passengers, was limited in Aeroflot service to 21, with normally only 18 carried.[3] At that passenger load, it meant that use of the Il-12 for passenger use was un-economic.

A total of 663 Il-12s were manufactured.[3] The aircraft was later improved into the Ilyushin Il-14.

Operational history

Ilyushin Il-12 of Aeroflot at Budapest Ferihegy Airport, 1956

The Il-12 was revealed to the public on 1 May 1947, when a group of aircraft participated in the annual May Day flyby over Red Square in Moscow. Performance testing was completed by 20 May, and the first regular passenger service by the Il-12 on Aeroflot began in June 1947. The first regular international use of the Il-12 was on the Moscow-Sofia route in 1948. The Il-12 was used on Aeroflot's services to Paris from 1954.

Within the USSR, the Il-12 was placed on Aeroflot's longest route: Moscow-Khabarovsk, with the flight lasting 28 hours, including five refueling stops. From 1956, the Il-12 (modified for use on ice runways) supported the Soviet expeditions to Antarctica. Aeroflot continued to use the Il-12 on some routes until the end of 1970.

Export sales

The first export customer for the Il-12 was LOT Polish Airlines, who placed an order for five Il-12Bs after it was displayed at the Poznan Fair in Poland in the spring of 1948. This was followed by Czech Airlines, who purchased 10 aircraft from 1949 to 1951, TAROM in Romania from 1949, and at least 20 aircraft to CAAC in China.

Variants

  • Il-12A : Basic passenger version with 27 seats standard, also produced in versions with 6, 11, 16, 18, 21 and 32 seats.
  • Il-12B : Modification from 1948, fitted with an improved de-icing system, lengthened nosewheel and a small dorsal fin fillet.
  • Il-12D : military transport version for the Soviet Air Force launched in 1948, for 38 paratroops or military cargo to 3700 kg.
  • Il-12T : transport version for arctic operations, with a large cargo door on the left side of the fuselage.

Accidents and incidents

Of the 663 Il-12s produced, 56 have been lost in accidents with a total of 465 fatalities.

Date Tail number Location Casualties Description Refs
1 July 1947 CCCP-Л1317 Soviet UnionVnukovo 4/6 Crashed on takeoff due to loss of speed following engine failure. [5]
19 September 1947 CCCP-Л1332 Soviet UnionVnukovo Airport 0/0 Struck by a North American B-25 (CCCP-И850) that lost control during an emergency landing. Both aircraft burned out. [6]
24 November 1947 CCCP-Л1356 Soviet UnionKoltsovo Airport 0/6 Failed to take off and overran the runway. The aircraft was overloaded and had not been properly de-iced. [7]
1 December 1947 CCCP-H439 Soviet Unionnear Taldom 0/5 The aircraft was being ferried from Kimry to Moscow when it force-landed near Taldom, 27 km (17 mi) south of Borki Airfield. The left engine had lost power following an oil leak and the aircraft was unable to maintain altitude. [8]
18 December 1947 CCCP-Л1343 Soviet Unionnear Severny Airport 7/25 Aeroflot Flight 6 stalled and crashed while attempting to land following a go-around due to engine failure. [9]
2 September 1948 CCCP-Л1465 Soviet UnionSeverny Airport 1/20 Crashed on takeoff. The flight engineer reduced engine power after the landing gear was raised. The aircraft entered a descent until it struck terrain. A propeller blade broke off and penetrated the fuselage, killing a passenger. [10]
9 September 1948 CCCP-Л1427 Soviet Unionnear Baimakovo Aerodrome 4/4 Crashed following a loss of control during a test flight. The pilot was practicing flying with one engine shut down. The instructor feathered the propeller too soon after a go-around with the flaps deployed. The aircraft entered a turn with a loss of speed and then entered a dive. [11]
12 October 1948 CCCP-Л1450 Soviet Unionnear Yevlakh 10/10 Disappeared in the Caucasus Mountains while operating a Tashkent-Baku-Tbilisi-Sochi passenger service. The aircraft was never found. [12]
23 December 1948 CCCP-Л1731 Soviet Unionnear Valuyevo 4/4 Mid-air collision. The Il-12 was to be handed over to a crew from Aeroflot's Georgian division. The crew did not turn up in time, so the aircraft was handed over to a crew from the Uzbek division instead. The aircraft then departed Khodynka for Tashkent, although ATC did not know of the change in the flight plan. The Il-12 collided with a TS-62 (CCCP-Л861) that was being ferried from Vnukovo to Bykovo; the Il-12 lost both engines while the tail of the TS-62 was sheared off. [13][14]
19 January 1949 CCCP-Л1381 Soviet Unionnear Stalino Airport 2+8/9 Crashed shortly after takeoff due to double engine failure. Two people on the ground also died when the aircraft crashed into a house. [15]
13 May 1949 CCCP-Л1791 Soviet Unionnear Novosibirsk 25/25 Crashed in bad weather. While on approach to Novosibirsk, the aircraft entered a thunderstorm and was struck by lightning. The pilot attempted to leave the storm but flew into an area of heavy rain with hail and squall with low visibility. During the descent the aircraft lost control and crashed into a mound 12 km (7.5 mi) from the airport. [16]
21 July 1949 CCCP-Л1714 Soviet Unionnear Marga 13/14 Crashed in a forest following loss of power due to engine failure. [17]
20 August 1949 CCCP-Л1434 Soviet Unionnear Polukotelnikovo 8/11 En route to Moscow from Kharkov the aircraft encountered severe storms near Belgorod. Near Oboyan the aircraft entered severe turbulence and heavy rain. Caught in a strong downwind, the aircraft lost altitude and crashed in a field. [18]
25 August 1949 CCCP-Л1844 Soviet Unionnear Kabansky 14/14 Struck a mountain after descending too low. [19]
20 September 1949 CCCP-Л1462 Soviet Unionnear Savasleyka 3/4 Crashed due to a loss of power following engine failure. [20]
19 July 1950 CCCP-Л1340 Soviet Unionnear Tbilisi Airport 4/11 Struck a hill while on a training flight. The trainee pilot deviated from the glide scope and approach pattern. The aircraft hit the top of a 175 m (574 ft) hill that was not indicated on the flight map. [21]
30 July 1950 CCCP-Л1803 Soviet Unionnear Karaganda Airport 25/25 Crashed after takeoff due to engine failure. Six minutes after takeoff the crew radioed that the number one engine had failed. While attempting to return to the airport control was lost while in a left turn and the aircraft crashed. [22]
11 August 1950 CCCP-Л1706 Soviet Unionnear Koltsovo Airport 2/27 While on approach to Sverdlovsk in fog, the aircraft descended below the glide scope, striking tree tops short of and to the right of the runway. The aircraft then crashed in a meadow. [23]
9 January 1951 CCCP-Л1811 Soviet UnionBlack Sea off Tuapse 8/8 While descending for Sochi, the aircraft was struck by lightning at 900 m (3,000 ft). The left rear fuel tank exploded, starting a fire. The aircraft crashed out of control in the Black Sea. [24]
29 March 1951 CCCP-Л1313 Soviet Unionnear Vnukovo Airport 3/8 Crashed during a test flight after multiple diversions due to spatial disorientation. [25]
14 November 1951 CCCP-Л1360 Soviet UnionNikolayevsk-na-Amure 0/19 The aircraft took off with moist snow on the fuselage that had accumulated during taxiing and engine tests. Lifting off too late and too slow the aircraft began to vibrate. Assuming the vibration was a rough-running engine, the flight engineer overfueled the left engine, and it lost power. Altitude was lost and the aircraft crashed. [26]
17 November 1951 CCCP-Л1775 Soviet Unionnear Vnukovo 23/23 Crashed shortly after takeoff due to wing icing. [27]
21 February 1952 CCCP-Л1849 Soviet Unionnear Baratayevka Airport 1/18 The aircraft took off on a training flight with the center of gravity too far forward. As a result of pilot error, altitude was lost. The pilot attempted to gain altitude, but the propellers had struck the ground. The aircraft touched down again and the propellers hit the ground a second time. A blade from the left propeller broke off and penetrated the fuselage, killing a passenger and seriously injuring another. The aircraft was repaired and returned to service, serving as a cargo freighter until 1964. [28]
5 April 1952 CCCP-Л1308 Soviet Unionnear Magdagachi 6/6 Aeroflot Flight 5 crashed shortly after takeoff due to a possible locked left aileron. [29]
25 April 1952 CCCP-Л1312 Soviet Unionnear Karmanovo 8/9 Crashed during a training flight. The crew simulated flying in cloud with the left engine out and its propeller feathered. Airspeed was lost and the aircraft entered a left turn. Two of the crew ran to the rear of the aircraft. The flight engineer tried to move the propeller back to its normal position and increased power to the right engine, but the aircraft crashed. [30]
18 July 1952 SP-LHC Polish People's RepublicWarsaw 0 Crashed on landing, written off. [31]
23 August 1952 CCCP-Л1488 Soviet Unionnear Chlya 1/16 Seventy minutes after takeoff, the crew heard a loud clap and felt a vibration. A portion of a blade on the right propeller had broke off and penetrated the fuselage, severing hydraulic lines, engine control cables and electrical cables. Shrapnel also struck the legs of the flight mechanic and embedded itself in the upper wing of a Po-2 that the Il-12 was carrying. The engine began vibrating but the crew could not shut it down nor feather the propeller. Altitude was lost and a wheels-up force landing was made in a valley between Lake Oryol and Lake Chlya. [32]
5 October 1952 CCCP-Л1328 Soviet Unionnear Skvoritsy 24/24 Mid-air collision. The Il-12, operating as Aeroflot Flight 376, was on approach to Leningrad and was descending to 1,200 m (3,900 ft) when it collided with Aeroflot Flight 381, operated by a Douglas TS-62 (CCCP-Л1055) that had just departed Leningrad and was climbing to 2,700 m (8,900 ft). [33]
23 January 1953 CCCP-Л1435 Soviet Unionnear Kazan Airport 6/6 Mid-air collision. The Il-12 was operating a Kazan-Moscow-Novosibirsk cargo service as Aeroflot Flight 22 and had just taken off from Kazan when it collided with an Li-2 (CCCP-Л4582) that was on approach to Kazan from Moscow. The Li-2 lost its left engine, while the Il-12's tail was sheared off. [34]
30 April 1953 CCCP-Л1777 Soviet Unionnear Kazan Airport 1/23 Aeroflot Flight 35 ditched in the Volga River following multiple bird strikes (ducks). [35]
14 June 1953 CCCP-Л1375 Soviet Unionnear Zugdidi 18/18 Aeroflot Flight 229 crashed following wing failure. While en route to Tbilisi, the aircraft entered a thunderstorm and was struck by lightning and entered an uncontrolled dive. The pilot attempted to abruptly recover from the dive but this placed excessive load on the wings, causing the outer wing sections to separate. The aircraft crashed nose-down on a wooded hillside. [36]
27 July 1953 Un­known Chinanear Mao-erh-Shan 21/21 Shot down by USAF F-86 Sabre 51-12959 and became the last aircraft destroyed during the Korean War. The F-86 pilot identified the aircraft as a North Korean Il-12. A long burst of gunfire was enough to shoot down the Il-12, which turned out to be a Soviet Navy transport flying through North Korean airspace to Vladivostok. [37][38]
14 October 1953 CCCP-Л1727 Soviet Unionnear Irkutsk Airport 4/28 Aeroflot Flight 9 stalled and crashed shortly after takeoff after the pilot mistook runway lights for an approaching aircraft. [39]
27 October 1953 CCCP-Л1765 Soviet UnionMagadan 22/28 Aeroflot Flight 783 crashed shortly after takeoff due to wing icing; the aircraft was also overloaded. [40]
4 November 1953 CCCP-Л1367 Soviet Unionnear Magdagachi Airport 5/5 Aeroflot Flight 5 crashed on approach due to a incorrectly set altimeter. [41]
27 September 1954 CCCP-Л1365 Soviet Unionnear Severny Airport 29/29 Aeroflot Flight 10 struck trees and crashed into a slope of a ravine in poor visibility. Deadliest Il-12 accident. [42]
28 October 1954 CCCP-Л1789 Soviet UnionKrasnoyarsk Territory 19/19 Aeroflot Flight 139 struck the side of Mount Sivukha. [43]
5 December 1954 CCCP-Л1320 Soviet Unionnear Alma-Ata 1/19 Aeroflot Flight 98 crashed in a military facility shortly after takeoff. At a height of 100–120 m (330–390 ft) the left engine caught fire. The propeller was feathered and the fire died down. The aircraft later began to lose altitude. The crew increased power to the right engine, but speed and altitude decreased. The aircraft struck several obstacles before striking a brick shed and concrete debris. The cause of the fire was traced back to poor maintenance. [44]
4 March 1955 CCCP-Н479 Soviet Unionnear Kepino 4/25 Force-landed 115 km (71 mi) from Arkhangelsk. Shortly after passing Mezen, the left engine caught fire. The pilot started an emergency descent for a forced landing on the ice. Four minutes later, the burning engine fell off and the pilot managed to make a forced landing, but the aircraft collided with trees, destroying the cockpit section. [45]
2 July 1955 CCCP-Н480 Soviet UnionNagurskoye Air Base 0 During the fourth attempt to land, the aircraft touched down on a portion of the runway that not been cleared of snow, breaking off the left landing gear. [46]
15 September 1955 CCCP-Л1359 Soviet UnionKomarovo 7/7 Aeroflot Flight 5 crashed following tail separation due to severe turbulence. [47]
26 April 1956 Un­known East GermanyBerlin-Bohnsdorf 3/6 Collided with a church bell tower while on approach in fog. Although the aircraft was unconfirmed, it was probably an Il-12. [48]
8 September 1956 CCCP-Н525 Soviet UnionDikson Airport 0 Undershot the runway on landing, breaking off the landing gear. Cause attributed to pilot error. [49]
24 November 1956 OK-DBP SwitzerlandEglisau 23/23 Crashed in a field 12 km (7.5 mi) from Kloten Airport. [50]
7 August 1957 CCCP-Л1828 Soviet UnionMagdagachi Airport 1/17 Aeroflot Flight 554 crashed short of the runway after the pilot deviated from the approach pattern. [51]
1 October 1957 CCCP-Л1389 Soviet Unionnear Akshi 27/28 Aeroflot Flight 11 struck trees and crashed on a hill after the crew became disorientated. [52]
27 October 1957 CCCP-Н442 North Pole drifting ice station SP-7 1/6 Struck terrain while flying too low on approach. [53]
18 December 1957 CCCP-Л1309 Soviet UnionPoktoy 27/27 Aeroflot Flight 10 disappeared while operating a Khabarovsk-Magdagachi-Moscow passenger service. The wreckage was found in June 1958 on a mountain 30 km (19 mi) west of Birobidzhan. While the aircraft was parked and during taxiing, gusty winds at the airport damaged the rudder which failed 26 minutes into the flight and caused a loss of control. [54]
9 June 1958 CCCP-Л1364 Soviet Unionnear Magadan 24/24 Aeroflot Flight 105 struck a hillside in bad weather. [55]
19 September 1958 CCCP-Л3904 Soviet Unionnear Lazo 28/28 While en route to Khabarovsk, the crew became disoriented. ATC failed to report the position of the aircraft. The aircraft ran out of fuel and struck a wooded mountain slope. [56]
15 December 1958 CCCP-Л1467 Soviet UnionCherepovets Airport 0 Overran the runway after landing late. [57]
24 December 1958 CCCP-Л1458 Soviet UnionUralsk Airport 0/5 After the aircraft lifted off, at a height of 2–3 m (7–10 ft), the pilot ordered the engineer to raise the landing gear. Due to a long takeoff run, the engineer noticed a railway embankment. He panicked and turned off the engines by mistake and the aircraft touched down again, after which it ran off the runway and hit a telephone pole. [58]
9 January 1959 CCCP-04249 AntarcticaMirny Station 0 Struck ice hummocks on landing, collapsing the landing gear. [59]
29 November 1959 CCCP-01426 Soviet UnionIrkutsk Airport 4/4 The aircraft touched down next to the runway in the grass after it deviated from the centerline of the runway. The pilot realized the mistake on touchdown and tried to turn left but the left wing touched the ground and the aircraft hit two trenches, destroying the cockpit. [60]
7 January 1960 CCCP-01438 Soviet UnionLeningrad Airport 0/5 The aircraft had to land on a grass runway as the main runway was being cleared of snow. The pilot had difficulty identifying the runway as its markings were buried in snow and leveled out at a height of 3–4 m (10–13 ft). Airspeed was lost and the aircraft pitched up and landed hard. [61]
21 July 1960 CCCP-01405 Soviet UnionMinsk 1+7/28 Un­known [62]

Operators

 Bulgaria
 Czechoslovakia
 People's Republic of China
 Laos
 Poland
 Romania
 Mongolia
 Soviet Union
 North Korea

Specifications (Il-12)

Data from The Osprey Encyclopedia of Russian Aircraft from 1875 - 1995[3]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 3
  • Capacity: 21[64]-32[65] passengers
  • Length: 21.31 m (69 ft 11 in)
  • Wingspan: 31.70 m (104 ft 0 in)
  • Height: 8.07 m (26 ft 6 in) [66]
  • Wing area: 103 m2 (1,110 sq ft)
  • Empty weight: 11,045 kg (24,350 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 17,250 kg (38,030 lb)
  • Powerplant: 2 × ASh-82FNV fourteen-cylinder two-row air cooled radial engine, 1,380 kW (1,850 hp) each

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 407 km/h (253 mph, 220 kn) at 2,500 m (8,200 ft)
  • Range: 1,500 km (930 mi, 810 nmi)
  • Endurance: 4.5 hr
  • Service ceiling: 6,500 m (21,300 ft)
  • Time to altitude: 15 minutes to 5,000 m (16,400 ft)

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ilyushin Il-12.

Notes

  1. ^ "Ilyushin Il-12". Planepictures.net. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
  2. ^ a b "Dates of Maiden Flights by Aircraft Designed by "Ilyushin" Design Bureau." Archived 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Ilyushin Aviation Complex. Retrieved: 13 November 2010.
  3. ^ a b c d Gunston 1995, p. 110.
  4. ^ Gordon, Komissarov and Komissarov 2004, pp. 160–161.
  5. ^ Accident description for CCCP-L1317 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-01-20.
  6. ^ Accident description for CCCP-L1359 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-01-22.
  7. ^ Accident description for CCCP-L1356 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 August 2021.
  8. ^ Accident description for CCCP-N439 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-11-10.
  9. ^ Accident description for CCCP-L1343 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-01-20.
  10. ^ Accident description for CCCP-L1465 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-01-20.
  11. ^ Accident description for CCCP-L1427 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-01-20.
  12. ^ Accident description for CCCP-L1450 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-01-22.
  13. ^ Accident description for CCCP-L1731 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-01-20.
  14. ^ Accident description for CCCP-L861 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-01-20.
  15. ^ Accident description for CCCP-L1381 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-01-22.
  16. ^ Accident description for CCCP-L1791 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-01-22.
  17. ^ Accident description for CCCP-L1714 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-01-22.
  18. ^ Accident description for CCCP-L1434 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-11-10.
  19. ^ Accident description for CCCP-L1844 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-01-22.
  20. ^ Accident description for CCCP-L1462 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-01-22.
  21. ^ Accident description for CCCP-L1340 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-01-22.
  22. ^ Accident description for CCCP-L1803 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-01-22.
  23. ^ Accident description for CCCP-L1706 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-01-22.
  24. ^ Accident description for CCCP-L1811 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-01-22.
  25. ^ Accident description for CCCP-L1313 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-11-10.
  26. ^ Accident description for CCCP-L1360 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 August 2021.
  27. ^ Accident description for CCCP-L1775 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-01-22.
  28. ^ Accident description for CCCP-L1849 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-11-10.
  29. ^ Accident description for CCCP-L1308 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-11-10.
  30. ^ Accident description for CCCP-L1312 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-11-10.
  31. ^ Accident description for SP-LHC at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-01-22.
  32. ^ Accident description for CCCP-L1488 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-11-10.
  33. ^ Accident description for CCCP-L1328 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-01-22.
  34. ^ Accident description for CCCP-L1435 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-01-22.
  35. ^ Accident description for CCCP-L1777 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-11-10.
  36. ^ Accident description for CCCP-L1375 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-01-22.
  37. ^ "Up From Kitty Hawk 1947-1953." airforce-magazine.com. Retrieved: 17 July 2011.
  38. ^ Accident description at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-01-22.
  39. ^ Accident description for CCCP-L1727 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-11-10.
  40. ^ Accident description for CCCP-L1765 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-01-22.
  41. ^ Accident description for CCCP-L1367 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-01-22.
  42. ^ Accident description for CCCP-L1365 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-01-22.
  43. ^ Accident description for CCCP-L1789 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-01-22.
  44. ^ Accident description for CCCP-L1320 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-01-22.
  45. ^ Accident description for CCCP-N479 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-01-22.
  46. ^ Accident description for CCCP-N480 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2021 26 August.
  47. ^ Accident description for CCCP-L1359 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-01-22.
  48. ^ Accident description at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-01-22.
  49. ^ Accident description for CCCP-N525 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-01-22.
  50. ^ Accident description for OK-DBP at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-01-22.
  51. ^ Accident description for CCCP-L1828 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-01-22.
  52. ^ Accident description for CCCP-L1389 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 August 2021.
  53. ^ Accident description for CCCP-N442 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-01-22.
  54. ^ Accident description for CCCP-L1309 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-01-22.
  55. ^ Accident description for CCCP-L1364 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-01-22.
  56. ^ Accident description for CCCP-L3904 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-01-22.
  57. ^ Accident description for CCCP-L1467 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 August 2021.
  58. ^ Accident description for CCCP-L1458 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 August 2021.
  59. ^ Accident description for CCCP-04249 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-01-22.
  60. ^ Accident description for CCCP-01426 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-01-22.
  61. ^ Accident description for CCCP-01438 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 August 2021.
  62. ^ Accident description for CCCP-01405 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2016-01-25.
  63. ^ Jońca, Adam (1985). Samoloty linii lotniczych 1945-1956, WKiŁ, Warsaw, ISBN 83-206-0529-6 (in Polish), p.15
  64. ^ Stroud 1968, p. 99.
  65. ^ Stroud 1968, p. 100.
  66. ^ Stroud 1968, p. 110.

Bibliography

  • Gordon, Yefim, Dmitry Komissarov and Sergei Komissarov. OKB Ilyushin: A History of the Design Bureau and its Aircraft. Hinckley, Leicestershire, UK: Midland Publishing, 2004. ISBN 1-85780-187-3.
  • Gunston, Bill. The Osprey Encyclopedia of Russian Aircraft from 1875 - 1995. London: Osprey Aerospace, 1995. ISBN 1-85532-405-9.
  • Stroud, John. Soviet Transport Aircraft since 1945. London: Putnam, 1968. ISBN 0-370-00126-5.
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