Jamiat-e-Islami (Afghanistan)

Jamiat-e Islami
Jamiat-e Islami
جمعیت اسلامی افغانستان
Dates of operation	1972–1989 (Militia); 1979–1989 (Part of Afghan Mujahideen); 1989–1992 (1st government as Interim); 1992–2001 (2nd government); 2001–present (as political party);
Country	Afghanistan
Group(s)	Primarily Tajiks; Minority Uzbeks and Pashtuns
Status	Unknown
Part of	Afghan Mujahideen (1979–1989); Interim Afghan Government (1989–1992); Islamic State of Afghanistan (1992–2001); Northern Alliance (1996–2001)
Allies	NATO (2001–2002); ; United States (-2002); Pakistan (1975–1992); West Germany; United Kingdom; France; Turkey; Japan; China; Egypt; Saudi Arabia; Iran (until 2001); Russia (until 2001); India (until 2001); Tajikistan (from 1996); Non-state Allies:; United Tajik Opposition (1993–1997); Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin (1976–1987); Junbish-i Milli (until 1993); Ittehad-e Islami; Maktab al-Khidamat (1984–1988); Hezbe Wahdat (1979–1992); Hezb-e Islami Khalis (until 1992);
Opponents	State Opponents:; Afghanistan (1974–1992; 1996–2001; 2021–present); Soviet Union (until 1989); Iraq (1990–1991); Tajikistan (until 1996); Pakistan (1992–2001); Non-state Opponents:; Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin (sometimes, until 1996); Taliban; Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan; Al-Qaeda; Khalq; Hezbe Wahdat (sometimes, until 2001); Junbish-i Milli (sometimes, until 1994);
Battles and wars	1975 Panjshir Valley uprising; ; 1979 Herat uprising; Soviet–Afghan War Panjshir Front; Panjshir Offensives; ; Gulf War (1990–1991); Afghan Civil War (1989–92); Afghan Civil War (1992–96) Afshar Operation; ; Tajikistani Civil War; Afghan Civil War (1996–2001); War in Afghanistan (2001–2021);
Designated as a terrorist group by	Afghanistan (until 1992)

Islamic Society

جمعیت اسلامی افغانستان
Islamic Society جمعیت اسلامی افغانستان
	Emblem of Jamiat-e-Islami
Chairman of the Political Bureau	Salahuddin Rabbani
Military commander	Ahmad Shah Massoud † (1972–2001); Mohammad Fahim (2001–2014); Atta Muhammad Nur (Northern Region); Ismail Khan (Western Region);
Founder	Burhanuddin Rabbani †
Founded	1972 (possibly 1960s)
Headquarters	Fayzabad (1972–1992; 2000–2001); Kabul (1992–1996); Taloqan (1996–2000);
Military wing	Shura-e Nazar (1984–2001); Afghan Armed Forces (1992–1996); Northern Alliance (1996–2001)
Ideology	Islamism; Islamic democracy; Republicanism; Communitarism; Moderate Progressivism; Afghan Tajik interests; Anti-Communism; Anti-Sovietism ; Anti-Islamic Extremism; Anti-Taliban
Political position	Centre-right
Religion	Sunni Islam
Colours	Green; White
Seats in the House of the People	0 / 249
Party Flag
Website
	jamiat-e-islami.org
	Politics of Afghanistan; Political parties; Elections;

Jamiat-e-Islami (also rendered as Jamiati Islami; Persian: جمعیت اسلامی افغانستان, lit. 'Islamic Society'), sometimes shortened to Jamiat, is a predominantly Tajik political party and former paramilitary organisation in Afghanistan. It is the oldest and largest functioning political party in Afghanistan, and was originally formed as a student political society at Kabul University. It has a communitarian ideology based on Islamic law. During the Soviet–Afghan War and the following Afghan Civil War against the communist government, Jamiat-e Islami was one of the most powerful of the Afghan mujahideen groups. Burhanuddin Rabbani led the party (including its predecessors) from 1968 to 2011, and served as President of the Islamic State of Afghanistan from 1992 to 2001, in exile from 1996.^[1]

History

Early years

Jamiat "emerged" in 1972 from among "the informal Islamist groupings that had existed since the 1960s". Led by Burhanuddin Rabbani, a professor of Islamic theology at Kabul University, it was inspired by Abul A'la Maududi and his Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan.^[2] When Rabbani's arrest was ordered by Mohammad Daoud Khan in 1973, it was to Pakistan that Rabbani fled, and Jamaat-e-Islami who initially hosted him there.^[2] (Later Jamait lost the backing of Jamaat-e-Islami to the more purist Hezb-i Islami.^[3])

In Pakistan, Professor Rabbani gathered important people and continued to build the party. Sayed Noorullah Emad, who was then a young Muslim at Kabul University became its general secretary and, later, its deputy chief. Some of its prominent commanders included Ustad Zabihullah], Gulbadin Hekmatyar, Ahmad Shah Massoud, Ismail Khan, Atta Muhammad Nur, Mullah Naqib and Dr. Fazlullah. Ahmad Shah Massoud directed the military wing of the party.

Massoud–Hekmatyar split

Ahmad Shah Massoud and Gulbuddin Hekmatyar were both early followers of Rabbani, being Kabul University students at the time. Hekmatyar broke away from Jamiat in 1976 to found his own party: Hezb-e Islami.^[4]

The two groups formed the two main tendencies of the Islamist movement in Afghanistan, and after the April 1978 coup and the brutality of the invading Soviet Army, the two strongest Afghan mujahideen groups in the 1980s.^[5]

Jamiat

Rabbani and the Jamiat advocated "building of a widely based movement that would create popular support", a gradualist strategy of infiltration of society and the state apparatus to gain power.^[6] Jamiat was dominated by Tajiks but had a greater `tribal and regional cross section` than other groups,^[5] and was willing to seek "common ground" with non-Islamists.^[3] It gained prominence because of the battlefield success of Ahmad Shah Massoud.^[3]

Hezb-i Islami

Hezb-i Islami was overwhelmingly Ghilzai Pashtun, and backed by Pakistan president Zia ul-Haq.^[5] Its leader, Hekmatyar, was "implacably hostile to any form of compromise"^[3] favouring violent armed conflict.^[7] As a result, Hezb-i Islami, and not Jamiat, gained the support of the Muslim Brotherhood, Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan, and Saudi Arabian networks.

Soviet invasion

After the Soviet invasion in Afghanistan in 1979, Massoud organised a mujahideen group in Parwan Province to fight against the Communist government and their Soviet allies. This group grew to control multiple provinces and include thousands of fighters. The Soviet Army launched a series of major offensives to attempt to destroy their forces, but they were unable to engage most of Massoud's men.^{[citation needed]}

Battles between Jamiat and Hezb-i Islami

After the withdrawal of the Soviet troops in 1989, the mujahideen groups continued to wear down government forces. However they also fought among each other: in June 1990, battles between Jamiat and Gulbuddin's Hezb in Logar and Parwan caused hundreds of casualties on each side.^[5]

1991–2001

In 1991, Jamiat's forces participated in the Gulf War fighting against Ba'athist Iraq.^[8]

In 1992, the communist government collapsed entirely. Jamiat's forces were among the first to enter Kabul. Meanwhile, a peace and power-sharing agreement among the leadership of the Afghan political party leaders led to a tentative agreement to appoint Burhanuddin Rabbani, who had spent the civil war in exile, as interim president. The peace agreement was called the Peshawar Accords.

Gulbuddin Hekmatyar however, did not support the peace agreement despite the fact that he was repeatedly offered the position of prime minister. Subsequently, his Hezb-i Islami attacked the new interim government and the capital of Kabul with tens of thousands of rockets. As Hezb-i Wahdat and Ittihad-i Islami started a second war in 1992 and Dostum's Junbish-i Milli joined Hekmatyar in 1994, Kabul witnessed a gruesome war with massive civilian casualties and destruction of much of the city. In 1995 the Islamic State of Afghanistan government also with Jamiat forces retained control of Kabul, pushing back a coalition of Hekmatyar's Hezb-i Islami, the Hizb-i-Wahdat and Abdul Rashid Dostum's Jumbish-i-Milli Islami.^{[citation needed]}

By 1995, the Taliban, which had seized control of much of southern Afghanistan with comparative ease the previous year, were advancing on Kabul. Jamiat rejected Taliban demands that they surrender, and the Taliban rejected Jamiat's offer to join a peaceful political process leading towards a general election. In March 1995, Massoud handed the Taliban their first major loss, however, with the aid of Saudi and Pakistani backing, they regrouped and launched and offensive in mid-1996. Massoud ordered the retreat of his troops among them Jamiat to avoid another bloodbath.^{[citation needed]}

Following the capture of Kabul by the Taliban, the major mujahideen factions put aside their feuds and formed the United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan (the United Front), commonly known in the west as the Northern Alliance, with Rabbani, officially becoming its political leader. Other Jamiat members took up senior positions within the United Front government: Yunus Qanuni served as Interior Minister and Dr. Abdullah became Foreign Minister, for example.^{[citation needed]}

On 9 September 2001, just two days before the September 11 attacks in the United States, Massoud was assassinated by two suicide bombers, probably at the instigation of al-Qaeda. Immediately afterwards Taliban forces launched a major offensive against United Front positions. Mohammed Qasim Fahim was chosen to succeed Massoud as leader of Jamiat's military wing and repulsed the Taliban offensive. With extensive assistance from an American-led coalition in October and November 2001 (see War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)), United Front forces recaptured most of Afghanistan.

Jamiat's founder and leader, Burhanuddin Rabbani, was assassinated in 2011.^[9] His son, Salahuddin Rabbani, has since led the party.

After the Taliban came to power in 2021, Salahuddin Rabbani left Afghanistan.

Sources

Ahmad Shah Mas’ud (1953–2001)

References

^ Abasin Zaheer (20 January 2011). "JIA to see leadership changes: Faqiri". Pajhwork Afghan News. Retrieved 17 July 2011.^{[permanent dead link]}mirror
^ ^a ^b Haqqani, Husain (2005). Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military. Carnegie Endowment. pp. 171–2. ISBN 9780870032851. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Kepel, Gilles (2002). Jihad: on the trail of Political Islam. Belknap. p. 141.
^ Haqqani, Husain (2005). Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military. Carnegie Endowment. p. 173. ISBN 9780870032851. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Saikal, Amin (2012). Modern Afghanistan: A History of Struggle and Survival. I.B.Tauris. p. 214. ISBN 9781780761220. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
^ "Afghanistan: Pakistan's Support of Afghan Islamists, 1975–79". Library of Congress. 1997. Retrieved 11 July 2008.
^ Roy, Olivier (1992). Islam and resistance in Afghanistan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-521-39700-1.
^ "DESERT SHIELD AND DESERT STORM A CHRONOLOGY AND TROOP LIST FOR THE 1990–1991 PERSIAN GULF CRISIS" (PDF). apps.dtic.mil. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
^ "Former Afghanistan president Burhanuddin Rabbani killed in Kabul blast". www.telegraph.co.uk. 20 September 2011. Retrieved 19 August 2021.

[Pajhwork2010-01-20-1] Abasin Zaheer (20 January 2011). "JIA to see leadership changes: Faqiri". Pajhwork Afghan News. Retrieved 17 July 2011.^{[permanent dead link]}mirror

[Haqqani-171-2] Haqqani, Husain (2005). Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military. Carnegie Endowment. pp. 171–2. ISBN 9780870032851. Retrieved 2 November 2014.

[Kepel-141-3] Kepel, Gilles (2002). Jihad: on the trail of Political Islam. Belknap. p. 141.

[Haqqani-173-4] Haqqani, Husain (2005). Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military. Carnegie Endowment. p. 173. ISBN 9780870032851. Retrieved 2 November 2014.

[Saikal-213-5] Saikal, Amin (2012). Modern Afghanistan: A History of Struggle and Survival. I.B.Tauris. p. 214. ISBN 9781780761220. Retrieved 2 November 2014.

[Library_of_Congress-6] "Afghanistan: Pakistan's Support of Afghan Islamists, 1975–79". Library of Congress. 1997. Retrieved 11 July 2008.

[7] Roy, Olivier (1992). Islam and resistance in Afghanistan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-521-39700-1.

[8] "DESERT SHIELD AND DESERT STORM A CHRONOLOGY AND TROOP LIST FOR THE 1990–1991 PERSIAN GULF CRISIS" (PDF). apps.dtic.mil. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2018.

[9] "Former Afghanistan president Burhanuddin Rabbani killed in Kabul blast". www.telegraph.co.uk. 20 September 2011. Retrieved 19 August 2021.

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v t e Political parties in Afghanistan
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