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Overview of the events of 2021 in science
This article lists a number of significant events in science that have occurred in the first quarter of 2021.
Events
January
Science Summary for this section (January) 4 January
5 January – Using theoretical calculations, researchers suggest that humans would be unable to control a superintelligent AI .[ 9] [ 10] 6 January: The first systematic review of the scientific evidence around global waste , its management and its impact on human health and life is published.[ 11] 6 January
Scientists report the successful use of gene editing in mice with progeria , a premature aging disease.[ 12] [ 13] [ 14]
Chinese researchers report that they have built the world's largest integrated quantum communication network , combining over 700 optical fibers with two QKD -ground-to-satellite links for a total distance between nodes of the network of networks of up to ~4,600 km.[ 15]
The first systematic review of the scientific evidence around global waste , its management and its impact on human health and life is published, providing assessments, suggestions for corrective action, engineering solutions and requests for further research. It finds that about half of all the municipal solid terrestrial waste – or close to one billion tons per year – is either not collected or mismanaged after collection, often being burned in open and uncontrolled fires. Authors conclude that "massive risk mitigation can be delivered" while noting that broad priority areas each lack a "high-quality research base", partly due to the absence of "substantial research funding ", which scientists often require.[ 11] [ 16]
7 January
A potential mRNA vaccine for multiple sclerosis is presented by a collaboration including BioNTech , with a study in mice showing great promise for improving symptoms and stopping disease progression.[ 17] [ 18] [ 14]
The Distribution and Frequency of P681H and D614G Mutations Among All SARS-CoV-2 Sequences by Month Reported in the GISAID Database in Year 2020 Time-series representations of mean relative body size Crocodilia (and their ancestor-relatives), with warmer climate being associated with high evolutionary rates and large body sizes.[ 19] File:Ganymede.png 8 January: News outlets report that scientists, with the Juno spacecraft orbiting Jupiter, detected an FM radio signal from the moon Ganymede which is reportedly caused by cyclotron maser instability and similar to both WiFi -signals and Jupiter's emissions .[ 20] 8 January
News outlets report that scientists, with the Juno spacecraft orbiting Jupiter, detected an FM radio signal from the moon Ganymede which is reportedly caused by cyclotron maser instability and similar to both WiFi -signals and Jupiter's radio emissions .[ 20] [ 21] [ 22] [additional citation(s) needed
Artist's conception of the quasar J0313–1806, seen as it was only 670 million years after the Big Bang quasar , J0313–1806 . It is located 13 bn light-years away, does not yet have an accepted non-identifier name and significantly challenges theoretical models of early SMBH growth , apparently existing just ∼670 million years after the Big Bang despite its large size.[ 23] [ 24] Archaeologists report that the African cultural phase, called Middle Stone Age , thought to have lasted from ~300–30 ka, lasted to ~11 ka in some places, highlighting significant spatial and temporal cultural variability.[ 25]
WASP-62b is confirmed to be the first hot Jupiter exoplanet without clouds or haze in its observable atmosphere.[ 26] [ 27]
12 January
13 January: A group of 17 high-ranking ecologists conclude that current challenges – themselves individually – that humanity faces and which may lead to a "ghastly" future are large and underestimated.[ 32] 13 January
A new record high temperature of the world's oceans is reported, measured from the surface level down to a depth of 2,000 metres.[ 33]
In Lyon , France, the first transplant of both arms and shoulders is performed on an Icelandic patient.[ 34] [ 35]
Astrophysicists report that energy extraction – with high efficiency – from rotating black holes with a high spin via reconnection of magnetic field lines of an externally supplied magnetic field that accelerates escaping plasma particles is possible. Advanced civilizations may be capable of doing so.[ 36]
Scientists report that all glacial periods of ice ages over the last 1.5 M years were associated with northward shifts of melting Antarctic icebergs which changed ocean circulation patterns, leading to more CO2 being pulled out of the atmosphere . Authors note that this process may be disrupted as the Southern Ocean may be too warm for the icebergs to travel far enough to trigger these changes or effects.[ 37] [ 38]
A group of 17 high-ranking ecologists publish a perspective piece that reviews a number of studies that, based on current trends, indicate that future environmental conditions will be far more dangerous than currently believed, concluding that current challenges – themselves in specific – that humanity faces are large and underestimated. The small group cautions that such an "optimism bias" is prevalent and that fundamental changes are required, listing a few of such they consider adequate in the form of broad descriptions in their largely static document, published by a scientific journal .[ 32] [ 39] [ 40]
15 January
Researchers in China report the successful transmission of entangled photons between drones , used as nodes for the development of mobile quantum networks or flexible network extensions, marking the first work in which entangled particles were sent between two moving devices.[ 41] [ 42]
Scientists from U.S. federal medical agencies report that gut infections increase its microbiota's resistance to subsequent infections and that this is associated with taurine , whose exogenous supply can induce this microbiota alteration.[ 43] [ 44]
17 January – LauncherOne becomes the first successful all-liquid-fuelled air-launched rocket to reach orbit.[ 45]
20 January
22 January
25 January: Global ice loss is found to be accelerating at a record rate in a scientific review , matching the worst-case scenarios of the IPCC .[ 53] 25 January
26 January – A study suggests that operating air purifiers or air ventilation systems in confined spaces during their occupancy by multiple people leads to increased airborne virus transmission due to air circulation effects.[ 61] [ 62]
27 January
Researchers report a way to manufacture transparent wood , whose qualities exceed those made with the main process used earlier, that requires substantially less amounts of chemicals and energy – solar-assisted chemical brushing.[ 63] [ 64] [ 65]
Scientists report that shark and ray populations have fallen by 71% since 1970 as a result of human actions, primarily overfishing .[ 66] [ 67]
28 January
February
Science Summary for this section (February) 2 February
5 February
8 February – Scientists report an updated status of studies considering the possible detection of lifeforms on Venus (via of phosphine ) and Mars (via methane ).[ 84]
9 February
The UAE's Hope Arabian mission to successfully enter orbit around Mars .[ 85]
A study using a high spatial resolution model and an updated concentration-response function finds that 10.2 million global excess deaths in 2012 and 8.7 million in 2018 – or [dubious discuss – were due to air pollution generated by fossil fuel combustion, significantly higher than earlier estimates and with spatially subdivided mortality impacts.[ 86] [ 87]
9 February: Updated probabilistic forecast of CO2 emissions, based on data to 2015 and the method of Raftery et al.[ 88] NDCs to meet the 2 °C upper target range of the Paris Agreement , that the probabilities of major emitters meeting their NDCs without such an increase is very low, estimating that with current trends the probability of staying below 2 °C of warming is 5% and if NDCs were met and continued post-2030 by all signatory systems 26%.[ 89] [ 88] A study finds that air pollution by nitrogen dioxide could be a technosignature by which one could detect extraterrestrial civilizations via "atmospheric SETI".[ 90] [ 91] [ 92]
10 February
The Chinese Tianwen-1 Mars .[ 93]
A journal-accepted preprint suggests observational data for a planet-mass object "Planet 9 " at the outer Solar system is not significant and could be selection bias .[ 94] [ 95] [ 96]
Scientists deduce in a review that Homo sapiens does not have a single origin in terms of ancestor birthplaces being limited to a small geographic region and that current knowledge about long, continuous and complex – e.g. often non-singular, parallel, nonsimultaneous and/or gradual – emergences of characteristics is consistent with a range of evolutionary histories .[ 97] [ 98]
Researchers report the development of a wearable thermoelectric generator with characteristics that make it a candidate for devices continuously harvesting body-heat energy and solar energy with applications such as powering wearable electronics .[ 99] [ 100] 18 February: NASA's Perseverance rover lands on Mars. 11 February
12 February
15 February
16 February – Global warming is found to cause increases of pollen season lengths and concentrations.[ 110] [ 111]
17 February – Scientists report the first sequencing of DNA from animal remains more than a million years old – in this case of a mammoth .[ 112] [ 113] [ 114]
18 February
19 February
22 February – Astronomers release, for the first time, a very high-resolution map of 25,000 active supermassive black holes , covering four percent of the Northern celestial hemisphere , based on ultra-low radio wavelengths , as detected by the LOFAR in Europe.[ 124] [ 125]
25 February – Researchers confirm that the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation , which includes the Gulf Stream , is at its weakest since about 1,000 years ago, experiencing unprecedented weakening – likely due to global warming – which could result in more extreme weather events – including heatwaves and intense winters – and is moving towards a "tipping point ".[ 126] [ 127] [ 128]
26 February – COVID-19 pandemic : The Wall Street Journal patient zero of COVID-19 may have been infected by parents who visited a different food market than the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market that has been thought to be the primary source of the infection earlier.[ 129]
28 February – Winchcombe meteorite : Fragments of a carbonaceous chondrite meteorite , the first known in Britain, fall at Winchcombe in the English Cotswolds .[ 130]
March
Science Summary for this section 1 March: A review classifies SETI technosignatures .[ 131] 1 March
A scientific review produced by the i.a. NASA-sponsored online workshop TechnoClimes 2020 about mission concepts for the search of technosignatures is published. They classify signatures based on a metric about the distance of humanity to the capacity of developing the signature's required technology, associated methods of detection and ancillary benefits of their search. The study's conclusions include robust rationales for searching artifacts within the Solar system.[ 132] [ 131]
2 March
Scientists report substantially more precise and regionally subdivided end times of the Acheulean , finding that it persisted long after the diffusion of Middle Palaeolithic technologies in multiple continental regions and ended over 100,000 years apart.[ 133] [ 134]
A study of data on half a million U.K. citizens shows associations between meat intake with risks of some of 25 common conditions, including ischaemic heart disease and diabetes, as well as a lower risk of iron deficiency anaemia .[ 135] [ 136] [ 137] [ 138]
3 March
4 March – COVID-19 pandemic : Scientists report a problematic COVID-19 variant , less susceptible to vaccines, a combination of British B.1.1.7 and South African E484K (Eeek) mutations, in the state of Oregon .[ 146] [ 147]
5 March – NASA names the landing site of the Perseverance roverJezero crater as "Octavia E. Butler Landing ".[ 148]
8 March
9 March: Erik Lentz describes a way warp drives sourced from known and familiar purely positive energy could exist.[ 158] 9 March
10 March
Researchers describe a CRISPR-dCas9 epigenome editing method for a potential treatment of chronic pain , an analgesia that represses Nav 1.7 and showed therapeutic potential in three mouse models of pain.[ 168] [ 169]
COVID-19 pandemic: A cohort study of patients matched by similarity finds that the probability of increased mortality from VOC-202012/01 is high, increasing from 0.25 to 0.41% in the low-risk group of the database without controlling for U.K. vaccination campaign effects.[ 170] [ 171] [ 172] [ 173]
An analysis of the leaked and allegedly manipulated data about COVID-19 vaccines indicates concerns over percentage of intact mRNA in early commercial batches of mRNA vaccines, possibly reflecting a lack of certainty that relates to their efficacy at the time.[ 174] [ 175]
A new microscopy technique using a hyperbolic metamaterial is shown to boost imaging resolutions, from 200 nanometres down to 40 nanometres.[ 176] [ 177] 11 March: A review finds that the Amazon basin currently emits more greenhouse gases than it absorbs overall.[ 178] 11 March – Results of a scientific synthesis indicate that, in terms of global warming, the Amazon basin with the Amazon rainforest now emits more greenhouse gases than it absorbs overall due to climate change impacts and human activities in the area – mainly deforestation .[ 179] [ 178]
15 March – Scientists report the discovery of a new unknown bacteria species, for the first time, of Methylobacterium Methylobacterium ajmalii International Space Station .[ 180] [ 181]
16 March – Scientists present evidence that the interstellar object ‘Oumuamua may likely be a piece of a planet similar to Pluto from beyond our Solar System , ejected ~0,5 bn years ago.[ 182] [ 183] [ 184]
17 March – A study finds that an optimized globally coordinated marine conservation could be "nearly twice as efficient as uncoordinated, national-level" planning and estimates that bottom trawling releases as much CO2 -emissions as pre-COVID-19 aviation.[ 185] [ 186] [ 187]
18 March – A study finds that the severity of heatwave and drought impacts on crop production roughly tripled over the last 50 years in Europe.[ 188] [ 189] 24 March: A view of the M87* supermassive black hole in polarised light 19 March
22 March – Astronomers report, for the first time, that the area producing pulses of a repeating fast radio burst (FRB), particularly FRB 180916 , is about 1 kilometre (0.62 miles) in scale, based on studies at extremely short timescales.[ 193] [ 194]
23 March
News media announces the public release, for the first time, of a comprehensive report of UFO events accumulated by the United States over the years.[ 195]
COVID-19 pandemic: A study finds that the snapshot mass-testing for COVID-19 of ~80% of Slovakia 's population during a weekend at the end of October 2020 was highly efficacious, decreasing observed prevalence by 58% within one week and 70% compared to a hypothetical scenario of no snapshot-mass-testing.[ 196] [ 197]
24 March
26 March – A collision between the asteroid 99942 Apophis and Earth is ruled out, for at least the next hundred years, based on new observations by NASA.[ 201]
29 March
30 March – Scientists report evidence of subglacial sediment stored since 1966 that indicates that Greenland was ice-free and vegetated at least once within the last million years.[ 209] [ 210]
31 March
Deaths
4 January – Martinus J. G. Veltman , Dutch theoretical physicist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1931)
28 January – Paul J. Crutzen , Dutch meteorologist and atmospheric chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1933)
16 February – Bernard Lown , Lithuanian-born American inventor and cardiologist (b. 1921)[ 217]
See also
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References
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