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Kubachi language

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Kubachi
Kubachin
гӀюгъбугъан куб/гъай[1]
Pronunciation[ʡūˁʁbugan kub/ʁaj]
Native toNorth Caucasus
RegionDagestan
Native speakers
7,000 (2020)[2]
Northeast Caucasian
Cyrillic script
Language codes
ISO 639-3ugh
Glottologkuba1248
  Kubachi

Kubachi (alternatively Kubachin) is a language in the Dargin dialect continuum spoken in Dagestan, Russia, by Kubachi people.[3] It is often considered a divergent dialect of Dargwa, but it has also historically been portrayed as a separate language. Ethnologue lists it as a separate language.[2]

Phonology

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Vowels

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Vowel phonemes of Kubachi
Front Back
plain phar. plain phar.
close short [u] у u [uˤ] уӏ ü
long [uː] уу uu [uːˤ] ууӏ üü
near-close short [ɪ] и i [ɪˤ] иӏ ï
long [ɪː] ии ii [ɪːˤ] ииӏ ïï
open-mid short [ɛ] е e [ɛˤ] еӏ ë
long [ɛː] ee ee [ɛːˤ] eeӏ ëë
open short [ɑ] а a [ɑˤ] аӏ ä
long [ɑː] aa aa [ɑːˤ] aaӏ ää

Consonants

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The glottal stop transcribed here is named rather ambiguously a "glottalic laryngeal" by both sources.[which?]

Consonant phonemes of Kubachi
Bilabial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
plain labialized plain labialized
Nasal [m] м m [n] н n
Plosive voiced [b] б b [d] д d [g] г g [gʷ] гв gw [ʡ] гӏ ÿ [ʔ] ъ y
aspirated [pʰ] п p [tʰ] т t [kʰ] к k [kʰʷ] кв kw [qʰ] къ q [qʰʷ] къв qw
fortis [pː] пп pp [tː] тт tt [kː] кк kk [kːʷ] ккв kkw [qː] ккъ qq [qːʷ] ккъв qqw
ejective [pʼ] пӏ [tʼ] тӏ [kʼ] кӏ [kʼʷ] кӏв kʼw [qʼ] кь [qʼʷ] кьв qʼw
Affricate aspirated [t͡sʰ] ц c [t͡ʃʰ] ч ç [q͡χʰ] хъ qx [q͡χʰʷ] хъв qxw
fortis [t͡sː] цц cc [t͡ʃː] чч çç
ejective [t͡sʼ] цӏ [t͡ʃʼ] чӏ çʼ
Fricative voiced [z] з z [ʒ] ж [ʁ] гъ ĝ [ʁʷ] гъв ĝw [ħ] хӏ ħ [h] гь h
plain [s] с s [ʃ] ш ş [x] хь ĵ [xʷ] хьв ĵw [χ] х x [χʷ] хв xw
fortis [sː] сс ss [ʃː] шш şş [xː] ххь ĵĵ [xːʷ] ххьв ĵĵw [χː] хх xx [χːʷ] ххв xxw
Trill [r] р r
Approximant [w] в v [l] л l [j] й j

The original Dargwic phoneme [r] in Kubachi has become [j] or disappeared, lengthening the neighboring vowel.[4]

Alphabet

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A page from the book "МаджмугI", the only Kubachi-language book to be published before the Russian Revolution, written in the Arabic script, published in 1913.
А а

/ɑ/

Б б

/b/

В в

/w/

Г г

/g/

Гъ гъ

/ʁ/

Гь гь

/ɦ/

Д д

/d/

Е е

/e/;/je/

Ё ё

/jɔ/

Ж ж

/ʒ/

З з

/z/

И и

/i/

Й й

/j/

К к

/k/

Кк кк

/kː/

Къ къ

/qʰ/

Кь кь

/qʼ/

Кӏ кӏ

/kʼ/

Л л

/l/

М м

/m/

Н н

/n/

О о

/n/

П п

/pʰ/

Пп пп

/pː/

Пӏ пӏ

/pʼ/

Р р

/r/

С с

/s/

Сс сс

/sː/

Т т

/t/

Тт тт

/tː/

Тӏ тӏ

/tʼ/

У у

/u/

Ф ф

/f/

Х х

/χ/

Хх хх

/χː/

Хъ хъ

/qʰ/

Хь хь

/x/

Хьхь хьхь

/xː/

Хӏ хӏ

/ʜ/;/ħ/

Ц ц

/ts/

Цц цц

/tsː/

Цӏ цӏ

/tsʼ/

Ч ч

/tʃ/

Чч чч

/tʃː/

Чӏ чӏ

/tʃʼ/

Ш ш

/ʃ/

Шш шш

/ʃː/

Ъ ъ

/ʔ/

Э э

/e/

Ю ю

/ju/

Я я

/ja/, /jə/

References

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  1. ^ a b c Коряков, Юрий (2021). "Даргинские языки и их классификация" [Dargwa languages and their classification]. In Майсак, Т. А.; Сумбатова, Н. Р.; Тестелец, Я. Г. (eds.). Дурхъаси Хазна. Сборник Статей К 60-Летию Р. О. Муталова / Ред. Т. А. Майсак, Н. Р. Сумбатова, Я. Г. Тестелец. М.: Буки Веди Дурхъаси хазна. Сборник статей к 60-летию Р. О. Муталова (in Russian). Буки Веди. pp. 139–154. ISBN 978-5-6045633-5-9.
  2. ^ a b Kubachi at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  3. ^ Akiner, Shirin (1986). Islamic Peoples Of The Soviet Union. Routledge. p. 259. ISBN 978-1-136-14274-1.
  4. ^ "Languages". DOBES. Retrieved 2024-10-12.
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