List of Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty
This list of Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty includes current, emeritus, former, and deceased professors, lecturers, and researchers. Faculty members who have become Institute Professors, Nobel Laureates, MacArthur Fellows, National Medal of Science recipients, or have earned other significant awards and made significant contributions are listed below.
Institute Professors
A few distinguished members of the faculty have held the title of Institute Professor in recognition of their extraordinary records of achievement and dedication to the MIT community.
Nobel Laureates
Current faculty
| Name | Department | Year | Award | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peter Diamond | Economics | 2010 | Economics | "for their analysis of markets with search frictions" | |
| H. Robert Horvitz | Biology | 2002 | Medicine/Physiology | "for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'" | |
| Wolfgang Ketterle | Physics | 2001 | Physics | "for the achievement of Bose–Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates" | |
| Richard R. Schrock | Chemistry | 2005 | Chemistry | "for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis" | |
| Phillip A. Sharp | Biology | 1993 | Medicine/Physiology | "for their discoveries of split genes" | [1] |
| Samuel Ting | Physics | 1976 | Physics | "for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind" | |
| Susumu Tonegawa | Brain and Cognitive Sciences | 1987 | Medicine/Physiology | "for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity" | |
| Frank Wilczek | Physics | 2004 | Physics | "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction" | [2] |
| Robert C. Merton | Economics | 1997 | Economics | "for a new method to determine the value of derivatives" | [1] |
Emeritus faculty
| Name | Department | Year | Award | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jerome I. Friedman | Physics | 1990 | Physics | "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics" | |
| Mario Molina | Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Science | 1995 | Chemistry | "for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone" | |
| Robert M. Solow | Economics | 1987 | Economics | "for his contributions to the theory of economic growth" | [1] |
Deceased faculty
| Name | Department | Year | Award | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Henry W. Kendall | Physics | 1990 | Physics | "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics" | |
| H. Gobind Khorana | Biology | 1968 | Medicine/Physiology | "for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis" | [1] |
| Salvador E. Luria | Biology | 1969 | Medicine/Physiology | "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses" | [1] |
| Franco Modigliani | Economics | 1985 | Economics | "for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets" | |
| Paul A. Samuelson | Economics | 1970 | Economics | "for the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science" | [1] |
| Clifford G. Shull | Physics | 1994 | Physics | "for the development of the neutron diffraction technique" |
Former faculty
| Name | Department | Year | Award | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| David Baltimore | Biology | 1975 | Medicine/Physiology | "for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell" | [1] |
| Robert Engle | Economics | 2003 | Economics | "for methods of analyzing economic time series with time-varying volatility (ARCH)" | |
| Daniel L. McFadden | Economics | 2000 | Economics | "for his development of theory and methods for analyzing discrete choice" | |
| John Forbes Nash, Jr. | Economics | 1994 | Economics | "for [his] pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games" | |
| Myron S. Scholes | Economics | 1997 | Economics | "for a new method to determine the value of derivatives" | |
| K. Barry Sharpless | Chemistry | 2001 | Chemistry | "for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions" | |
| Charles H. Townes | Physics | 1964 | Physics | "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle" | [1] |
| Steven Weinberg | Physics | 1979 | Physics | "for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current" |
Former and/or retired research staff
| Name | Laboratory | Year | Award | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thomas R. Cech | Post-doc, Department of Biology (1975–1978) | 1989 | Chemistry | "for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA" | [1] |
| Aaron Ciechanover | 2004 | Chemistry | "for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation" | ||
| Horst L. Störmer | Researcher, Francis Bitter High Magnetic Field Lab | 1998 | Physics | "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations" | |
| E. Donnall Thomas | Post-doc (1949–1950) | 1990 | Medicine/Physiology | "for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease" | [1] |
| Daniel C. Tsui | Researcher, Francis Bitter High Magnetic Field Lab | 1998 | Physics | "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations" | |
| Geoffrey Wilkinson | Research Associate, Department of Chemistry (1950–1951) | 1973 | Chemistry | "for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds" |
MacArthur Fellows
Current faculty
| Name | Department | Year | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Esther Duflo | Economics | 2009 | "exploring the social and economic forces perpetuating the cycle of poverty for the poorest peoples in South Asia and Africa." | |
| Angela Belcher | Materials Science and Engineering | 2004 | "developing new techniques for manipulating systems that straddle the boundary of organic and inorganic chemistry at the molecular scale." | |
| Junot Díaz | Writing | 2012 | "using raw, vernacular dialogue and spare, unsentimental prose to draw readers into the various and distinct worlds that immigrants must straddle." | |
| Erik Demaine | Electrical Engineering and Computer Science | 2003 | ||
| Linda G. Griffith | Biological Engineering | 2006 | "extending the limits of biomedical engineering and its applications for diagnosing disease and regenerating damaged organs." | |
| John Harbison | Music and Theater Arts | 1989 | ||
| Evelyn Fox Keller | History & Science, Technology, and Society | 1992 | ||
| Eric Lander | Biology | 1987 | ||
| Heather N. Lechtman | Material Science and Engineering | 1984 | ||
| Nergis Mavalvala | Physics | 2010 | ||
| David C. Page | Biology | 1986 | ||
| Michael J. Piore | Economics | 1984 | ||
| Daniela L. Rus | Electrical Engineering and Computer Science | 2002 | ||
| Sara Seager | Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences & Physics | 2013 | ||
| Peter Shor | Mathematics | 1999 | ||
| Marin Soljacic | Physics | 2008 | ||
| Alar Toomre | Mathematics | 1984 | ||
| Frank Wilczek | Physics | 1982 | [3] | |
| Jack Wisdom | Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences | 1994 |
Research staff
| Name | Laboratory | Year | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amy Smith | Edgerton Center | 2004 | "designing life-enhancing solutions and labor-saving technologies for people at the far end of dirt roads in the world's most remote societies" | |
| Tim Berners-Lee | Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence Lab | 1998 | [4] | |
| Harlan Lane | Research Laboratory of Electronics | 1991 | ||
| Richard M. Stallman | Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence Lab | 1990 | ||
| George Zweig | Research Laboratory of Electronics | 1981 | ||
| Vamsi Mootha | Broad Institute | 2004 | "creating powerful, adaptable computational strategies for mining data collected in laboratories throughout the world, providing an efficient means to hunt down gene interactions that lead to a wide variety of diseases." |
Former faculty
| Name | Department | Year | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jed Z. Buchwald | History | 1995 | ||
| Michael Kremer | Economics | 1997 | ||
| Sendhil Mullainathan | Economics | 2002 | ||
| Richard C. Mulligan | Biology | 1981 | ||
| Charles Sabel | Science, Technology, Society | 1982 | ||
| Charles Steidel | Physics | 2002 | ||
| Mark S. Wrighton | Chemistry | 1983 |
National Medal of Science
Current faculty
| Name | Department | Year | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mildred S. Dresselhaus | Physics & EECS | 1990 | Engineering - "For her studies of the electronic properties of metals and semimetals, and for her service to the Nation in establishing a prominent place for women in physics and engineering." | [5][6] |
| Ann M. Graybiel | Biology | 2001 | Biological Sciences - "For her pioneering contributions to the understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the brain, including the structure, chemistry, and function of the pathways subserving thought and movement." | [7] |
| Stephen J. Lippard | Chemistry | 2004 | Chemistry - "For pioneering research in bioinorganic chemistry, which enriched our understanding of how metal compounds interact with DNA, provided important synthetic models for the active sites of metalloproteins, and elucidated key structural and mechanistic features of methane monooxygenase." | [8] |
| Alexander Rich | Biology | 1995 | Biological Sciences - "For his numerous fundamental contributions to our knowledge of the structure and function of DNA and RNA, the central information carriers in living systems." | [9] |
| Philip A. Sharp | Biology | 2004 | Biological Sciences - "For his contributions to understanding the biochemical pathway of RNA interference phenomena and for his use of RNA interference techniques to perform genetic analyses in mammalian cells." | ,[3][5][10] |
| Isadore M. Singer | Mathematics | 1983 | Mathematics & Computer Science - "For his inspired revival of differential geometry and its connections to analysis; for his contribution to the discovery and applications of the index theorem for differential operators; and for his leadership in using geometric and topological methods in connection with theoretical physics." | ,[5][11] |
| Kenneth N. Stevens | EECS | 1999 | Engineering - "For his leadership and pioneering contributions to the theory of acoustics of speech production and perception, development of mathematical methods of analysis and modeling to study the acoustics of speech production, and establishing the contemporary foundations of speech science." | [12] |
| Robert A. Weinberg | Biology | 1997 | Biological Sciences - "For his contribution to the identification of cellular oncogenes and their role in cancer, which led to a better understanding of the molecular basis for cancer and its diagnosis and therapy." | [13] |
Emeritus faculty
| Name | Department | Year | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| H. Gobind Khorana | Biology | 1987 | Biological Sciences - "For his innovative contributions that significantly contributed to our understanding of gene structure, membrane function and vision and for the work stimulated by his research which has had a major impact on the biological and chemical sciences." | ,[3][14] |
| Robert M. Solow | Economics | 1999 | Behavioral & Social Science - "For his creation of the modern framework for analyzing the effects of investment and technological progress on economic growth, greatly influencing economics and economic policy worldwide." | ,[3][5][15] |
Deceased faculty
| Name | Department | Year | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Manson Benedict | Nuclear Engineering | 1975 | Engineering - "For inspired and ingenious leadership in the development of gaseous diffision plants for uranium isotope separation, and for his role in creating the discipline of nuclear engineering." | ,[5][16] |
| Vannevar Bush | "Electrical Engineering" | 1963 | Engineering - "For his distinguished achievements in electrical engineering, in the technology of computing machines, in the effective coupling of the physical and life sciences; and in his mobilizing science, engineering and education in enduring ways in the service of the Nation." | [17] |
| Morris Cohen | "Metallurgy" | 1976 | Engineering - "For original research and advancement of knowledge of the physical and mechanical metallurgy of iron and steel, and especially for his work on the martensitic transformation in the hardening of steel." | ,[5][18] |
| Charles Stark Draper | Aeronautics and Astronautics | 1964 | Behavioral & Social Science - "For [his] innumerable imaginative engineering achievements which met urgent National needs of instrumentation, control, and guidance in aeronautics and astronautics." | [19] |
| Harold E. Edgerton | "Electrical Engineering" | 1973 | Engineering - "For his vision and creativity in pioneering the field of stroboscopic photography and for his many inventions of instruments for exploring the great depths of the oceans." | ,[5][20] |
| Herman Feshbach | Physics | 1986 | Physical Sciences - "For his distinguished contributions to science as a nationally acclaimed leader in physics education by virtue of his extraordinary interest in teaching and his total commitment to scientific excellence." | ,[5][21] |
| Hermann A. Haus | EECS | 1995 | Engineering - "For his fundamental and seminal research contributions to the field of quantum electronics, noise and ultra-fast optics; and for his service to the engineering profession through teaching." | ,[5][22] |
| Edwin H. Land | 1967 | Engineering - "For many discoveries and inventions in the field of polarized light, rapid photography, including quick processing of the final photograph, for the development of a unique theory of color vision, and for contributions to national defense." | [23] | |
| Warren K. Lewis | Chemical Engineering | 1965 | Engineering - "For contributions as a scientist, teacher, and inventor who as the leader of modern chemical engineering has made the American chemical industry preeminent in the world." | [24] |
| Salvador E. Luria | Biology | 1991 | Biological Sciences - "For a lifetime devoted to applying genetics to viruses and bacteria, and for guiding the development of generations of students who have helped create the modern power of molecular biology." | ,[3][25] |
| Bruno B. Rossi | Physics | 1983 | Physical Sciences - "For fundamental contributions to physics and astronomy through his investigations into the nature and origin of cosmic rays and his initiatives that led to the direct detection of the solar wind and to the discovery of extrasolar x-ray sources." | [26] |
| Paul A. Samuelson | Economics | 1996 | Behavioral & Social Science - "For fundamental contributions to economic science, specifically general equilibrium theory and macroeconomics, and to economic education and policy over a period of nearly 60 years." | ,[3][5][27] |
| Claude E. Shannon | EECS | 1966 | Engineering - "For brilliant contributions to the mathematical theories of communications and information processing and for his early and continuing impact on the development of these disciplines." | ,[3][28] |
| John G. Trump | Nuclear Engineering | 1983 | Engineering - "For his introduction of new machines and methods for the widespread beneficial application of ionizing radiation to medicine, industry and atomic physics." | [29] |
| Victor F. Weisskopf | Physics | 1979 | Physical Sciences - "For important contributions to our understanding of nuclear matter and nuclear reactions, and early fundamental contributions to our understanding of elementary particles." | [30] |
| Norbert Wiener | Mathematics & EECS | 1963 | Mathematics & Computer Science - "For his marvellously versatile contributions, profoundly original, ranging within pure and applied mathematics, and penetrating boldly into the engineering and biological sciences." | [31] |
Former faculty
| Name | Department | Year | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| David Baltimore | Biology | 1999 | Biological Sciences - "For his fundamental discoveries in virology, tumor biology and immunology, notably the discovery of how tumor-causing viruses multiply; for his devotion to building excellence in scientific institutions; and for his statesmanship in fostering communication between scientists and the general public." | ,[3][32] |
| John W. Cahn | Chemistry | 1998 | Chemistry - "For his pioneering work on thermodynamics and kinetics of phase transitions and diffusion, on interfacial phenomena, and for his contributions to the understanding of periodic and quasi-periodic structures." | [33] |
| Charles H. Townes | Physics | 1982 | Physical Sciences - "For fundamental contributions to the understanding of matter through its interaction with electromagnetic radiations and the application of this knowledge to the service of mankind, most notably in the invention of the maser and laser." | ,[3][34] |
| Steven Weinberg | Physics | 1991 | Physical Sciences - "For his contributions to the discovery of the structure of the fundamental forces of nature; the development of the standard model, and the unification of the weak and electromagnetic forces." | [35] |
| George A. Miller | Psychology | 1991 | Behavioral and Social Sciences - "For his innovative leadership in the scientific study of language and cognition, and for his commitment to improved education for literacy." | [36] |
| George M. Whitesides | Chemistry | 1998 | Chemistry - "For innovative and far-ranging research in chemistry, biology, biochemistry and material science, pioneering work of technological interest and his extensive involvement with teaching, government and industry." | [37] |
Former and/or retired research staff
| Name | Department | Year | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thomas R. Cech | Chemistry | 1995 | Chemistry - "For his discoveries regarding RNA catalysis that have added new dimensions to the understanding of the role of RNA in living systems." | [38] |
| E. Donnall Thomas | Biology | 1990 | Biological Sciences - "For his pioneering work in the science and application of transplantation biology to successful bone marrow transplantation in man for the treatment of cancer and related conditions." | [39] |
Other prominent faculty and researchers
| Name | Department | Description | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hal Abelson | Electrical Engineering and Computer Science | ||
| Leo Beranek | Electrical Engineering and Computer Science | co-founder of the pioneering telecommunications and Internet company Bolt, Beranek and Newman | |
| Adam J. Berinsky | Political Science | professor and author | |
| Richard P. Binzel | Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Science | inventor of the Torino Scale | |
| Brice Brenneman | Electrical Engineering and Computer Science | co-founder of the pioneering telecommunications and Internet company Bolt, Beranek and Newman | |
| Rodney Brooks | Electrical Engineering and Computer Science | behavioral roboticist | |
| Richard Bolt | Electrical Engineering and Computer Science | ||
| George Boolos | Mathematician | philosopher and mathematical logician | |
| Amar G. Bose | Electrical Engineering and Computer Science | audio entrepreneur, founder of Bose Corporation | |
| James D. Bruce | Electrical Engineering and Computer Science | Vice President for Information Systems, Professor of Electrical Engineering | |
| Iain Cheeseman | Biology | Assistant Professor of Biology | |
| Noam Chomsky | Linguistics | Institute Professor and professor emeritus; notable linguist, philosopher and political activist | |
| B.D. Colen | journalist, photographer | ||
| John Ernest Cook | Institute Organist | composer and organist | |
| David D. Clark | Electrical Engineering and Computer Science | ||
| Brison D. Gooch | History (1950s) | specialist in history of France, Belgium, Napoleon III, Revolutions of 1848, and the Crimean War | [40] |
| J.P. Den Hartog | Mechanical Engineering | winner of a Timoshenko Medal | |
| John J. Donovan | Electrical Engineering, Computer Science, and Management | Professor of Electrical Engineering, Computer Science, and Management; founder of Cambridge Technology Partners | |
| John W. Dower | History | historian of Japan, winner of a Pulitzer Prize | |
| James L. Elliot | Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences | planetary occultations | |
| Kerry Emanuel | Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences | hurricanes | |
| Jay W. Forrester | Management | system dynamics | |
| Ivan Getting | Electrical Engineering and Computer Science | co-inventor with Bradford Parkinson of the Global Positioning System | |
| Eric Grimson | Electrical Engineering and Computer Science | computer vision and its applications in medical image analysis, Chancellor of MIT | [41] |
| Alan Grodzinsky | Electrical, Mechanical, and Biological Engineering | cartilage biomechanics, electromechanics, and tissue engineering applied to osteoarthritis research | |
| Jonathan Gruber | Economics | consultant to Health and Human Services Department; helped develop the Affordable Care Act ("Obamacare") to reform health insurance | |
| Alan Guth | Physics | proposed the idea of cosmic inflation | |
| Paula T. Hammond | Chemical Engineering | nanotechnology | |
| John R. Hauser | Management | ||
| Eric von Hippel | Economics | behavioral theorist | |
| Jim Hines | Management | system dynamics | |
| Thomas H. Jordan | Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences | former department head of EAPS; director of the Southern California Earthquake Center | |
| Thomas Levenson | Writing and Humanistic Studies | Science writer and filmmaker | |
| Walter Lewin | Physics | star of popular Walter Lewin Lectures on Physics | |
| J. C. R. Licklider | leader of the IPTO | ||
| Alan Lightman | Physics | writer, physicist | |
| Andrew B. Lippman | Media Lab | Media Lab pioneer | |
| Edward Lorenz | Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences | developed the butterfly effect theory | |
| John Maeda | Media Lab | artist, graphic designer, computer scientist | |
| Thomas H. D. Mahoney | History and Political Science | Massachusetts Secretary of Elder Affairs from 1979 to 1983 | |
| Allan McCollum | Visual Arts Program | artist, writer, creator of The Shapes Project | |
| David Miller | Space Systems Laboratory | space systems engineering; NASA's Chief Technologist | |
| William J. Mitchell | Media Laboratory | architect, writer, media guru | |
| Marvin Minsky | Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Media Laboratory | artificial intelligence | |
| Ernest Moniz | MIT Energy Initiative group (MITEI) | energy policy advisor, national security policy | |
| Arthur Mutambara | robotics and mechatronics; politician | ||
| Nicholas Negroponte | Media Lab | OLPC project leader | |
| Seymour Papert | Media Lab | education and computers | |
| Cecil Peabody | mechanical engineering and writer | ||
| Alex (Sandy) Pentland | Media Laboratory | human-computer interaction and social networks | |
| Theodore Postol | Science, Technology, and Society | nuclear weapons expert; prominent critic of current ballistic missile defense systems | |
| Nelson Repenning | Management | System Dynamics | |
| Ellen Swallow Richards | Chemistry | first woman in America accepted to any school of science and technology; first female instructor at MIT; first American woman to earn a degree in chemistry; foremost female industrial and environmental chemist in the United States in the 1800s | |
| Gian-Carlo Rota | Mathematics | mathematician and philosopher | |
| Ron Rivest | Electrical Engineering and Computer Science | cryptographer; co-inventor of RSA; inventor of RC5, MD5 and several other cryptographic algorithms; Turing Award winner | |
| Douglas T. Ross | Electrical Engineering and Computer Science | CAD pioneer | |
| Frederick P. Salvucci | Civil and Environmental Engineering | civil engineer, former Massachusetts Secretary of Transportation, and principal planner of the Big Dig | |
| Edgar Schein | Brain and Cognitive Sciences | organizational psychologist | |
| George P. Shultz | Management | United States Secretary of State, Treasury, and Labor; former professor at both the MIT Department of Economics and the MIT Sloan School of Management; earned Ph.D. in Economics from MIT in 1949 | |
| Peter Senge | Management | learning organizations | |
| David Simchi-Levi | Systems Engineering | supply chain management | |
| Peter Shor | Mathematics | mathematician, inventor of Shor's algorithm | |
| Robert Stalnaker | philosopher, linguist | ||
| John Sterman | system dynamics | ||
| Dirk Jan Struik | Mathematics | mathematician and historian of mathematics | |
| Gerald Sussman | Electrical Engineering and Computer Science | co-inventor of Scheme; research in artificial intelligence, computer languages, and orbital mechanics | |
| Sherry Turkle | Science, Technology, and Society | clinical psychologist and sociologist | |
| Kay Tye | Brain and Cognitive Sciences | neuroscientist | |
| Brian Wardle | Aeronautics and Astronautics | Boeing Assistant Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics | |
| Christopher Weaver | Comparative Media Studies and Microphotonics Center | founder of Bethesda Softworks, visiting scientist and lecturer in engineering | |
| Evan Ziporyn | Music and Theater Arts | composer, clarinetist, Bang on a Can All-Stars |
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Also a recipient of the National Medal of Science
- ^ Also a MacArthur Fellow
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Also a Nobel Laureate
- ^ "Tim Berners Lee". Retrieved 2008-01-20.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Also an Institute Professor
- ^ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2013-09-22.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
- ^ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
- ^ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
- ^ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
- ^ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
- ^ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
- ^ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
- ^ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
- ^ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
- ^ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
- ^ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
- ^ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
- ^ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
- ^ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
- ^ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
- ^ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
- ^ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
- ^ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
- ^ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
- ^ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
- ^ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
- ^ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
- ^ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
- ^ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
- ^ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
- ^ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
- ^ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
- ^ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
- ^ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
- ^ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2012-08-10.
- ^ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
- ^ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
- ^ "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details". Retrieved 2007-04-01.
- ^ "Napoleon III: Man of Destiny". amazon.com. Retrieved October 18, 2010.
- ^ MIT News Office (10 February 2011), Professor Eric Grimson named next chancellor: Current head of the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science to succeed Phillip L. Clay, Massachusetts Institute of Technology