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Chinese knotting

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Chinese knotting
Example of Chinese knotwork
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese中國結
Simplified Chinese中国结
Literal meaningChinese knot
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhōngguó jié
English name
EnglishChinese knotting/ Chinese knots/ Decorative knots

Chinese knotting, also known as zhongguo jie (Chinese: 中國結; pinyin: Zhōngguó jié), is a Chinese folk art with ties to Buddhism and Taoism.[1] A Chinese knot is made from a single length of cord that is woven into different shapes, with each shape having a symbolic meaning.[2] The most common color used in Chinese knotting is red, a color associated with luck in Chinese culture, although any color can be used. Charms, beads, and jade are sometimes incorporated into a Chinese knot. It is believed that Chinese knotting originated for recording information and exchanging messages before writing was commonplace. Traditionally, Chinese knots acted as good-luck charms to ward off evil spirits. Chinese knots are used today to decorate homes during festivities and are also commonly seen in traditional jade jewellery and traditional Chinese clothing.[1]

Characteristics

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Eight tassel pendants made up of a type of Chinese knot and Chinese tassel

Chinese knots come in a variety of shapes and sizes. They are made from a single cord and are often double-layered and symmetrical in all directions.[3][4][5] Satin cording is the most widely used material, especially when the knotting is done for clothing and jewellery; however, cotton, parachute cord, and other materials are frequently used as well. Knots are often paired with tassels, which are created separately and then incorporated into the main work.[1]

A Chinese butterfly knot lanyard with cross knots

Chinese knots are created in a variety of colors such as gold, green, blue, or black, though the most commonly used color is red, which symbolizes good luck and prosperity.

Types and shapes

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Chinese knot scholar Lydia Chen lists eleven basic types of Chinese decorative knotwork. Complex knots are constructed from repeating or combining basic knots.[5][6]

Types of Chinese knots[6]
Name Chinese name Alternate names Images
Chinese button knot 中國鈕扣結(traditional)

中国纽扣结(simplified)

Knife lanyard knot, Bosun whistle knot
Cloverleaf knot 三葉草結 (traditional)

三叶草结 (simplified)

Four-flower knot, dragonfly knot; ginger knot (생쪽매듭, Korean)
Cross knot 十字結 (traditional)

十字结 (simplified)

Square knot, friendship knot, Japanese crown knot
  • Front view
    Front view
  • Back view
    Back view
Double connection knot 雙結 (traditional)

双结 (simplified)

Matthew Walker knot; dorae knot (도래매듭, Korean)
Double coin knot 雙錢結 (traditional)

双钱结 (simplified)

Carrick bend, Josephine knot, Awaji musubi (淡路結び, あわじ結び, abalone knot); wing knot (날개매듭, Korean)[citation needed]
Good luck knot 好運結 (traditional)

好运结 (simplified)

lovers knot (동심결매듭, Korean)
Pan Chang knot 盤長結 (traditional)

盘长结 (simplified)

Coil knot, temple knot, endless knot, 2x2 mystic knot; chrysanthemum knot (국화매듭, Korean)
Pan Chang knots
A 4-row Pan Chang knot with cross knots
An 8-row Pan Chang knot with overlapping ears
A 3D structure of a Pan Chang knot
3D structure of a Pan Chang knot (top view)
3D structure of a Pan Chang knot (side view)
Plafond knot 平結 (traditional)

平结 (simplified)

spectacle/glasses knot (안경매듭, Korean); caisson ceiling knot
Round brocade knot 圓錦結 (traditional)

圆锦结(simplified)

six-flower knot; apricot/plum blossom knot (매화매듭, Korean)
Sauvastika knot 萬字結(traditional)

万字结 (simplified)

Agemaki (Japanese), Sailor's cross [it]; dragonfly wing knot (잠자리날개매듭, Korean)

History

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Archaeological studies indicate that the art of tying knots dates back to prehistoric times. Discoveries include 100,000-year-old bone needles used for sewing and bodkins used to untie knots. Due to the delicate nature of the medium, little evidence of prehistoric Chinese knotting exists today. Some of the earliest evidence of knotting has been preserved on bronze vessels from the Warring States period (481–221 BCE), Buddhist carvings from the Northern dynasties period (317–581), and on silk paintings from the Western Han period (206 BCE – 9 CE).

Recordkeeping

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Archaeological and literary evidence indicate that knots were used in China as a method of keeping records, especially to assist in governance.[7][8] The practice had some similarities to the Incan practice of quipu.[9] Several works of classical Chinese literature make reference to it. The Tao Te Ching (ca. 400 BCE) alludes to the practice in chapter 80. As translated by Wing-tsit Chan:[10]

"Let the people again knot cords and use them (in place of writing)" [使民復結繩而用之]

The Yi Jing, Xi Ci II (ca. 168 BCE[11]), describes the practice:[12]

"In the highest antiquity, government was carried on successfully by the use of knotted cords (to preserve the memory of things). In subsequent ages the sages substituted for these written characters and bonds. By means of these (the doings of) all the officers could be regulated, and (the affairs of) all the people accurately examined."

The Eastern Han (25–220 CE) scholar Zheng Xuan, who annotated the Yi Jing, wrote that:[13][5]: 9 [clarification needed]

"Big events were recorded with complicated knots, and small events were recorded with simple knots." [事大，大结其绳；事小，小结其绳].

The chapter of Tubo (Tibet) in the New Book of Tang says:[14]

"The government makes the agreement by tie cords due to lack of characters." [其吏治，无文字，结绳齿木为约].

Ancient totem

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Mawangdui silk banner from tomb no1.jpg
Mawangdui silk banner from tomb no1

In addition to their use in recording, knots became a totem and belief motif.[15] A double coin knot pattern painting on a silk banner was discovered by archaeologists in the Mawangdui tombs (206 BCE – CE 9).[16] The pattern is of intertwined dragons forming a double coin knot in the middle of the fabric painting. The upper part of the fabric painting depicts the ancient deities Fuxi and Nüwa, the initiators of marriage in China, from whom many ancient poems derive "love" as a meaning of the double coin knot.[5]: 10  There is evidence from the 3,000-year-old Yinxu oracle bone script that knots were recognized as symbols rather than for functional use.[17]

Decorative art

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According to Lydia Chen, the earliest tangible evidence of knots as a decorative motif is on a small high-stemmed square pot from the Spring and Autumn period (770–476 BCE), which is now displayed in the Shanxi Museum.[18][5]: 5  However, archaeology research has found that the earliest decorative knot artifact in China can be traced back to 4000 years ago, when a three-row rattan knotting of a double coin knot was excavated from Liangzhu ruins.[17][19]

Knots gradually evolved into a distinct decorative art in China, beginning with the use of ribbon knotting and decorative knots on clothing during the Spring and Autumn period. This is attested in the Zuo Zhuan, where it is written that:[20]

"The collar has an intersection, and the belt is tied as knots." [衣有襘．帶有結]

Chinese knotting was thus derived from the Lào zi culture. The Chinese word Lào is an ancient Chinese term for knots, and it was customary to tie a knot at the waist with silk or cotton ribbon.[7]

Sui to Ming dynasties

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The Sui and Tang dynasties (581–906 CE) saw the first peak of the Lào zi culture when basic knots, such as the Swastika knot and the round brocade knot, became popular adornments on garments, both among the nobility and the commoners.[5]: 12  Knots were cherished not only as symbols and tools, but also as an essential part of everyday life to decorate and express thoughts and feelings.[7]

Bride and groom in traditional Chinese wedding dress holding the Concentric knot.

In the Tang and Song dynasty (960–1279 CE), the love-based knot became an important symbol, as evidenced in many of the poems, novels, and paintings of the era. In the memoir Dongjing Meng Hua Lu (東京夢華錄) written by Meng Yuanlao, it is observed that in the traditional wedding custom, a Concentric knot needed to be held by the bride and groom.[21] Other ancient poems used the Concentric knot to portray love, such as Luo Binwang's poem:[22]

"Knot the ribbon as the Concentric knot, interlock the love as the clothes." [同心结缕带，连理织成衣].

It was also mentioned in a poem written by Huang Tingjian:

"We had a time knotting together, loving as the ribbon tied." [曾共结，合欢罗带].

The most famous poem about the Love knot was written by Meng Jiao in Jie Ai (结爱 – lit. 'Bond of Love').[23]

The phenomenon of knot-tying continued to steadily evolve over thousands of years with the development of more sophisticated techniques and increasingly intricate woven patterns. During the Song and Yuan dynasties (960–1368), the Pan Chang knot, today's most recognizable Chinese knot, became popular. Much artwork evidence has also shown the knots as clothing decoration during the Ming dynasty (1368–1644); for instance, in Tang Yin's artwork, a knotting ribbon is clearly shown.

Chinese knots in paintings
Painting by Tang Yin, 1520.
Making the Bride's gown, between 1700 and 1825, Qing dynasty

Qing dynasty

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During the Qing dynasty (1644–1911), Chinese knotting evolved from folklore to an acceptable art form in Chinese society. The Lào zi culture again became popular during the Qing dynasty. During that time, basic knots were widely used to embellish everyday objects such as ruyi, sachets, purses, fan tassels, spectacle cases, and rosaries, and the single knot technique was extended into complicated knots.[5]: 14 

Chinese knots in daily items
Mirror and needle case
Mirror
Toy
Brisé Fan
Objects decorated with Chinese knots dating from the Qing dynasty, 19th century

According to the Chinese classical novel Dream of the Red Chamber, the Lào zi was developed and spread between the middle and upper nobility, who used Lào zi as a way to express love and luck between family members, lovers, and friends.[24] It was also a form of honorable craftsmanship studied and created by maids in the Imperial Palace. As written in the Gongnü Tan Wang lu (宫女谈往录), when knotting, the maids of Ci Xi were able to quickly produce many different knots.[25]: 29 

Republic of China

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There was little development of knotting during the Republic of China (1912–1949). Simpler knots were popular, for example the pan kou, which had been developed before the Qing dynasty,[26] used knot button ornaments designed particularly for the cheongsam in this period.[27]

20th and 21st centuries

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Variety of pan kou typically used as a fastener for the cheongsam

Knowledge and interest in Chinese knotting had declined considerably by the 1970s,[28]: 64  when Lydia Chen helped bring about a renewal of interest in the art form through the Chinese Knotting Promotion Center.[29] Chinese knotting has since become a popular symbol and souvenir in festivals and commodity markets.[7][28]: 64 

The use of pan kou on clothing and knots as a folk craft remains alive in China.[30]: 98 

Influences and derivatives

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Japan

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An agemaki knot

The knot-tying tradition in Japan is called hanamusubi, a term composed of the words hana, meaning "flower", and musubi, meaning "knot".[5]: 16 

The hanamusubi is a legacy of the Tang dynasty of China, when a Japanese Emperor in the 7th century was so impressed by Chinese knots which were used to tie a gift from the Chinese that he started to encourage Japanese people to adopt the practice.[5]: 16 

Japanese knots are more austere, formal, simple, and structurally looser than the Chinese knots.[5]: 16  In function, Japanese knots are more decorative than functional.[5]: 16  With a greater emphasis on the braids that are used to create the knots, Japanese knotting tends to focus on individual knots.

Korea

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Main article: Korean knots

In Korea, decorative knot work is known as maedeup (Korean: 매듭), often referred as Korean knotwork or Korean knots in English.[5]: 16 

The Korean knotting techniques is believed to originate from China, from which Korean knots evolved into its own culture in terms of design, color, and incorporation of local characteristics.[5]: 16  The origins of maedeup date back to the Three Kingdoms of Korea in the first century CE. Maedeup articles were first used at religious ceremonies.[31][page needed]

A wall painting from 357 CE found in Anak, Hwanghae Province, now in North Korea, indicates that silk was the primary medium at the time. Decorative cording was used on silk dresses, to ornament swords, to hang personal items from belts for the aristocracy, and in rituals, where it continues now in contemporary wedding ceremonies. Korean knotwork is differentiated from Korean embroidery. Maedeup is still a commonly practiced traditional art, especially among the older generations.

The most basic knot in maedeup is called the dorae (or the double connection knot). The dorae knot is used at the start and end of most knot projects. There are approximately 33 basic Korean knots which vary according to the region they come from.[31][page needed] The bongsul tassel is noteworthy as the most representative work familiar to Westerners, and often purchased as souvenirs for macramé-style wall-hangings.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Lucchinelli, Valeria (24 March 2023). "Chinese Knots how-to: The complete guide to Chinese New Year traditional craft". Art Sprouts. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  2. ^ "History of Chinese Knots, Types, and Their Meanings". China Market Advisor. 28 April 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  3. ^ He, Gu (1 November 2016). "The Chinese Knot". CHINA TODAY. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  4. ^ "Chinese Knotting Home Page". chineseknotting.org. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Chen, Lydia (2007). The Complete Book of Chinese Knotting: A Compendium of Techniques and Variations. Tuttle Publishing. pp. 5–16. ISBN 978-1-4629-1645-0. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
  6. ^ a b Chen, Lydia (2003). Chinese Knotting. pp. 63–114. ISBN 978-1-4629-1658-0.
  7. ^ a b c d Yang, Yuxin (9 April 2018). "Unveiling and Activating the "Uncertain Heritage" of Chinese Knotting". Issn: 2187-4751 the Asian Conference on Cultural Studies 2018: Official Conference Proceedings. Archived from the original on 15 July 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  8. ^ Mair, Victor (17 April 2021). "Prehistoric notation systems in Peru, with Chinese parallels". Language Log. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  9. ^ Sutherland, A. (15 March 2017). "Ancient Chinese Version of Quipu -Tradition of Tying Knots Dates Back To Antiquity". Ancient Pages. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  10. ^ The Way of Lao Tzu (Tao Te Ching). The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc. 1963. p. 238. ISBN 0-02-320700-0. Explanatory parenthetical added by the translator.
  11. ^ Ames, Roger T. (2015). "The Great Commentary (Dazhuan 大傳) and Chinese natural cosmology". International Communication of Chinese Culture. 2: 1–18. doi:10.1007/s40636-015-0013-2. S2CID 256393751. Archived from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved 29 July 2023.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  12. ^ "Book of Changes:《系辞下 – Xi Ci II》". ctext.org. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  13. ^ Zhou yi zheng yi 周易正義. Wang, Bi (Sanguo); Kong, Yingda; Li, Xueqin; Lu, Guangming; Li, Shen. Tai bei shi: Tai wan gu ji. 2001. ISBN 957-9402-28-0. OCLC 327183583.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  14. ^ "Xin Tangshu/ juan 216 shang" 新唐書/卷216上 [New book of Tang/ Volume 216]. Wikisource. Archived from the original on 14 July 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  15. ^ Zhiyuan, Zhang (1993). "A Brief Account of Traditional Chinese Festival Customs". The Journal of Popular Culture. 27 (2): 13–24. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3840.1993.1354684.x. ISSN 1540-5931.
  16. ^ "T-Shaped Painting on Silk". Hunan Museum. 2017. Archived from the original on 18 July 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
  17. ^ a b Yu [于], Weidong [伟东]; Guo [郭], Yishu [乙姝]; Zhou [周], Sheng [胜] (2016). "Lun "jie" de gongju qiyuanshuo" 论"结"的工具起源说 [On the origin of "knot" as tool]. Journal of Silk. 53 (8): 80. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-7003.2016.08.013.
  18. ^ "高柄小方壶 High stem small square pot". shanximuseum.com. Archived from the original on 13 July 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  19. ^ "You Hemudu Wenhua faduan" 由河姆渡文化发端. 看点快报. Archived from the original on 15 July 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
  20. ^ "Chunqiu Zuo Zhuan ·Zhao Gong" 春秋左传·昭公 [Spring and Autumn Zuo Zhuan·Zhao Gong]. Wikisource. Archived from the original on 16 July 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  21. ^ Meng [孟], Yuanlao [元老]. "Qinding siku quanshu Dongjing Menhua Lu Juan wu" 欽定四庫全書 東亰夢華録巻五. guoxuedashi. Archived from the original on 17 July 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
  22. ^ 王, 駱賓. "帝京篇". dugushici. Archived from the original on 17 July 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
  23. ^ "Poems of Meng Jiao" 孟郊诗. tangshi.tuxfamily.org. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
  24. ^ "紅樓夢/第035回" [Dream of the Red Chamber·Chapter 35]. Wikisource. Archived from the original on 14 July 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  25. ^ Jin, Yi; Shen, Yiling (1991). Gong nü tan wang lu (1st ed.). Zi jin cheng chu ban she. p. 29. ISBN 978-7-80047-055-4. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  26. ^ Li [李], Keyou [科友[; Zhou [周], Diren [迪人]; Yu [于], Shaoxian [少先] (1990). "Jiangxi de an nansong zhou shu mu qingli jianbao" 江西德安南宋周氏墓清理简报 [Brief report on the cleanup of Zhou's tomb in South Song, De'an, Jiangxi]. 文物. 9: 1–13. Archived from the original on 18 July 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
  27. ^ Guo, Jing (2014). "Aesthetic Characteristics of Shanghai Qipao in Chinese Women s Dress Culture". Aesthetic Characteristics of Shanghai Qipao in Chinese Women's Dress Culture. Proceedings of the International Conference on Education, Language, Art and Intercultural Communication. Vol. 3. Atlantis Press. p. 510. doi:10.2991/icelaic-14.2014.128. ISBN 978-94-6252-013-4. Archived from the original on 16 July 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
  28. ^ a b Chang, Zonglin; Li, Xukui (2006). Zhongguo wen hua dao du 中国文化导读 [Aspect of Chinese culture] (1st ed.). Beijing: Tsinghua University Press. ISBN 7-302-12632-1. OCLC 77167477.
  29. ^ "Chinese Knotting". english.visitbeijing.com.cn. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  30. ^ Hua [华], Mei [梅] (2004). Zhongguo fu shi [Chinese clothing] (1st ed.). Beijing: Wu zhou chuan bo chu ban she. ISBN 7-5085-0540-9. OCLC 60568032.
  31. ^ a b Van Rensburg, Elsabe Jansen (2009). Knot another! : a step-by-step guide to 50 Korean maedeup knots and projects(as taught to me by Ms. Kim Mi Hae). Bangkok: Bleho Media. ISBN 9786119020405. OCLC 796904799.
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