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Mru people

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"Mru" redirects here. For items with the acronym MRU, see MRU (disambiguation).
Mro
Regions with significant populations
Majority populations in Burma. In Bangladesh the Mro reside in Bandarban District, Rangamati Hill District of the Chittagong Hill Tracts. In Burma they reside in Arakan. In India, they reside in west Bengal.
 Burma40,000[1]
 Bangladesh20,000-25,000[1]
 India20,000[1]
Languages
Mru (Dialects: Anok, Dowpreng, Sungma)[2]
Bengali
Religion
Animism, Buddhism and Christianity

Also known as, Mru, Murung, Mrung, the Mro refer to the tribes who on the border with Burma (Myanmar), India, and Bangladesh. They are identified as a sub-group of Chin people. The majority of the people live in western Burma and they're spread around southern Chin State and northern Rakhine State. In Bangladesh, they reside in the Chittagong Hills in southeast Bangladesh. In India, they reside in the districts of west Bengal.[1]

PICT0360 Burma Chin State Traditional Village (7864250886)

Origin

Locally, the Mro are known as Taung-Mros and they claim that their ancestors dwelt at the source of the Kaladan River. However, they are unsure about when they migrated to the region. They have no division of different exogamous clans or groups of clans. Neither do they have a chieftain class or a ruling class. No clear tradition of origin. No one seems to ascertain whether they came from northwestern, northeastern or southern Burma. The origin of Mro cannot be fully depicted without including Khami people. Due to frequent invasions by Shandu people, and eventually the British colonization, Ahraing Khami, migrated to the hilly regions, at the sources of the Kaladan, the Pi Chaung and the Mi Chaung streams in the Arakan Hill Tracts, where Mru and Ahraing Khami, another group of Khami, had been living. In fear of Ahraing Khami, Mro and Awa Khami, migrated to the Chittagong Hill Tracts where they have been inhabiting ever since.[3]

The legend of the tribes in the region states that the hilly region once was reined by Nga Maung Kadon, a giantlike man, who built barriers which form the present waterfall in all the streams and the tributaries that are connected to the Kalapanzin River to prevent the escape of a crocodile which kidnapped his wife.[4]

The Mro people and language are located in the lower right hand corner of the map of Bangladesh

Geography

Chittagong Hill Tracts

In Burma, The Mro, along with Ahraing Khami and Awa Khami, live in the Buthidaung Chin Hill Area (Saingdin) along with two other tribes, known as, Chaungthas and Daingnets. However, the Mro and Awa Khamis are the oldest tribes living in the region. Together, they form the largest percentage of the population of Saingdin, which is approximately 230 square miles large.[4] The two main streams that flow though Saingdin are Re Chaung in the east and Sit Chaung in the west. Both streams originate from the northern part of the region which forms the boundary between Buthidaung Township and the Arakan Hill Tracts. The two streams meander between the cliffs and ranges for 30 miles before they finally join near a village, called Tharaungchaung. Floods easily occur in the two streams during the monsoon but the water normally subsides after the rains. Moreover, the streams are filled with huge pieces of rock, which makes the transportation difficult in the region. Canoes and bamboos rafts are the only means of transportation to the interior area of the region.[4] On the sloping banks of the two stream, the Mro grow tobacco in the alluvial deposit after clearly naturally grown kaing grass. Other crops include paddy, cotton, cane and bamboos which they would sell it in a bazaar near the waterfall every Friday if there is excess of harvest.[4]

Demographics

As of 1931, the Saingdin area consists of 90 hamlets and each hamlet contains 2 to 20 bamboo houses.[4] The population, according to the 1931 Census is 3390, of which 1779 are males.[4] Nowadays, about 70,000 Mros live on the border of Burma with India and Bangladesh. The majority of Mro people, approximately 40,000, live in Burma within the Yoma District and the Arakan Hill Tracts of western Burma. These figures are, however, just rough estimates as the last census was conducted in 1931 when the country was under the colonial rule. At that time, the total number of Mro people was estimated around 13, 766. Around 200 more villages that make up of between 20, 000 to 25, 000 people are located in the Chittaung Hills of southern Bangladesh. Another 2,000 Mros inhabit the districts of West Bengal, India. It is estimated that the population would grow to 85, 700 by 2020.[1]

Language and script

Mru
Mro, Krama[5]
Script type
alphabet
LanguagesMru
ISO 15924
ISO 15924Mroo (264), ​Mro, Mru
Unicode
Unicode alias
Mro
U+16A40–U+16A6F

They primarily speak the Mru language, a Tibeto-Burman language, and one of the recognized languages of Bangladesh. The Mru language is considered "definitely endangered" by UNESCO in June 2010.[6] The language of the Mro can be classified under Sino-Tibetan or Tibeto-Burman linguistic group. Dialects include Anok, Downpreng and Sungma. It has 13% lexical similarity with Khami and 72%-76% with Anu-Hkongsu. In Bangladesh, around 91% - 98% of the population speaks Downpreng and Sungma dialects. Both Latin and Mru alphabets, formed in 1980s, are used in writing even though the latter is more commonly used for the literacy development. It is also categorized as a developing language.[2]

Religion

Buddhism

In the modern days, the Mros practise both animism and Buddhism. In fact, a strong Buddhist influence exists as about 80% of the population adhering to Theravada Buddhism, a common sect of Buddhism eminent throughout mainland Southeast Asia, especially in Burma and Thailand. In Bangladesh, however, there is less Buddhist influence and in India, most of the Mro are Hindus.[1]

Christianity

Merely 7.4% of the Mro adheres to Christianity even though 64% of them have heard the gospel. New Testament was translated into Mro language in 1994. In 1997, an incident that made a considerable number of the Mru convert to Christians. The main temple near the Christian villages could not persuade the Christians to recant and resort to persecution. The monks led a gang of men to the Christian villages, and burned down the churches and pastors' homes and beat the villagers. However, as the group crossed a mountain pass on their way to the first Mro village, a thunderbolt struck, idling the persecutors on the spot. Another lightning struck the 300-year-old Buddhist temple, burning it to the ground. A second gang of persecutors sailed to another Christian village on the bank of the river by raft. As they floated through the river, a heavy fog settled, severely impeding the visibility. The boat then was crashed by a fast-floating barge, sinking it and causing several people drown. When these news spread to the Mro villages in the area, most of them decided to convert to Christians.[1]

Khrama

In the 1980s Menlay Murang (also known as Manley Mro) created the religion of Khrama (or Crama) and with it a new alphabet for the Mru language.[7][8]

Cosmological Beliefs

The Mro believe that earthquakes are caused by a dragon, that wants to test whether people are still in existence. They also believe that a thunderbolt is thrown by a powerful nat to a less powerful nat who resides in the tree that the thunderbolt strikes. Legends concerning the sun, moon stars and comets do not exist in the Mro. However, they do hold a belief regarding the eclipse of the sun. The legend goes like this: Long ago, a woman in their village gave birth to a son without a father. As soon as the son came out of his mother's womb, he dug out 7 rats from the ground and devoured them. Then he asked his mother who his father was. As his mother did not want to upset her son, told him that his father was killed by a tiger. Then the sun went into the jungle and killed a tiger with a spear. He brought back the head of the tiger and used it as a pillow for a night, beseeching it to show father at night. However, there was no sign of his father after the sunrise. He then went back to his mother and asked her where his father was. This time, his mother told him a different story. She said his father died of a heat stroke due to the extremely hot sun. The son then told the villagers that he would go and wage a war against the sun and urged them to join whenever they see the eclipse of the sun. Because of this belief, the Mru sing war cries whenever a sun eclipse takes place.[4]

Taungya

The Mro, just like many other ethnic groups from the hilly regions of Southeast Asia, practice [taungya] cultivation. They cultivate on the hillsides after cutting down the trees, which usually takes them a month. This process usually occurs in January or February. Around March, they burned the trees that are taken down for taungya paddy cultivation and they start sowing at the wind of April. When they sow the seeds separately in pits, they would use spades, which are made with a long handle from an old taungya-cutting-dah (knife) that is no longer usable.[9]

Traditional Rites and Rituals

Birth

After a birth of a child, four short bamboos are placed on the bank of the stream. A chicken is then killed in the honor of the nats and its blood poured over the bamboos that are put close together. A prayer is then made for the well-being of the child. The chicken is then dumped.[10]

New Taungya Cutting

Before the start of a new taungya cultivation, the villagers collectively buy two goats, and two fowls gathered from each household. One of the goat is put in front of the hut closest to the stream and the other near the second hut. The fowls are then placed in between the two huts. After the villagers pray for good health and the abundance of crops for the coming taungya cultivation, both the goats and fowls are slaughtered one after another starting from the goat nearest to the stream. The blood of the animals is then sprayed over the small huts and the flowing water. The villagers then cooked the goats and the fowls are reclaimed by their respective owners. With the meat and khaung, they made an offering to the nat before they begin the feast. Meanwhile, the village is shut down for three days and the villagers fix up bamboo arches over the village path. If anyone enters the village during this time period, a compensation has to be paid to cover all the expenses incurred. This ceremony is celebrated once a year and after the ceremony, they can start their taungya cultivation for the year.[11]

Beginning of Taungya Harvest

After the taungya fruits and vegetables are ready for the harvest, household members go into their taungyas and collect several different vegetables and fruits with a few plants of paddy. The vegetables and fruits are then put into a big basket and paddy into khaung pot. A fowl is then killed and its blood sprinkled over the khaung pot and the vegetable basket. A fowl is then cooked using rice flour and mixing it with salt and ginger. Then the rice is mixed with the khaung and then together with the fowl, they made offering in various different baskets to the nats who live in the staircase of the house. Neighbors are then invited to enjoy the rest of the meat. This natpwe is held on the same day by different households in a village. Villagers can harvest their produce after the ceremony.[11]

End of Taungya Harvest

After all the crops have been harvested, every household kills a pig or two and cooks some pieces of pork in a bamboo tube. The household members then take the meat along with rice and khaung to their taungya. Once they arrived at their taungya, offerings are made to various nats roaming near the streams close to the taungya. They then pray to the nats for their physical well-being. After they return home, they threw a feast with the rest of the pork and khaung. This pwe is also celebrated on the same day by all the villagers.[11]

Funeral

When a Mro dies a natural death, his body is put in a coffin made of split colored bamboos. A pig is then slaughtered and its blood sprayed over the coffin. The pig is then offered to the funereal attendees. The body is then cremated. The remaining unburnt pieces of bones are collected and placed on a platform in the cemetery along with khaung and other food for the deceased to enjoy. In the case of an unnatural death, the body is buried without killing a pig. If it is a death of a toddler up to 3 years of age, a dog is killed and its body placed in the coffin with the child's body. Then the corpse is cremated without the body of the dog. The same procedure of placing food and khaung for the dead person follows suit while the dead body of the dog is dumped in the cemetery. In any case, no stone cairn or shelter over the grave is built. The head and the body are not separated as well. In the case of unnatural death of a spouse, he or she will only eat vegetables for forty days after leaving their house and all the belongings permanently. In some cases, the widow or the widower would live only on rice and water in a hut specially built for the purpose and is not allowed to sit together with others, only converse with them.[12]

Marriage Law

The man usually discusses his father about the woman he intends to marry and the father along with his son and a few other villagers visits the house of the prospective bride. They would bring three fowls, a spear and a dah (dagger) with them and the spear and the dah are given to the bride's parents as presents and the fowls for the family to eat. The bride's family would, in return, cooks pork for the visitors. The visitors must not eat the fowls and the hosts the pork. The bride's father then consults with her daughter and after getting her consent, he would ask for a dowry. Back in 1931, it usually consisted of around Rs.100 and the groom's father may not bargain. After the dowry is settled, the groom's party would stay for three days, feasting on khaung and leave the next day.[13] However, in case of a marriage, contracted between the couple without the parental consent, for instance, in a case in which a lad elopes a woman to his parent's house, the parents would, with the village elders, return the bride to her parents along with three fowls and khaung. The groom's parents then ask what dowry the bride's parents would like to accept. The dowry, in this case, can be as high as Rs. 100 or as low as Rs.30. Similar procedures as the one mentioned above take place, expect that the groom's family does not stay over for a night but return home with the couple. Then the marriage date is chosen. The bride visits her home occasionally but never returns there permanently. If either party breaks the promise of marriage, no action is taken as long as either the bride or the groom claims that one does not love the other. If the bride breaks the promise, half of the dowry has to be returned whereas if the groom breaks the promise, his family loses the dowry. If the husband dies, the weir is entitled to nothing; she has to abandon the issue of marriage, if any, with her father-in-law or a brother-in-law.[14]

Dress

61GCIS

The males wear Burmese jackets, called "Kha-ok", bought from Indian hawkers. They then cover the lower part of the body with a loin-cloth, which is tied around the waist twice and pass it between the thigh with both ends hanging downwards, one at the front and the other at the back. Then they would wear a cloth on the head without covering the top of the hair. This cloth is also sold by Indian hawkers. The loin cloth is made by themselves from the yarn, purchased from Indian hawkers. Unlike Awa Khami women who wear a piece of cloth covering the breast and the back. The Mro women, before marriage, are topless with the lower part of the body covered by a short cloth. The skirt is woven from the yarn, obtained from Indian merchants. Some women of considerable wealth add a string of copper pieces to the string of beads around the waist. They also wear silver earrings, which are hollow tubes about three inches long.[15]

Musical Instruments

A Mru boy playing the plung

Among the distinctive cultural aspects of the Mro is the ploong, a type of mouth organ made of a number of bamboo pipes, each with a separate reed.[16]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Hattaway, Paul (2004). Peoples of the Buddhist World: A Christian Prayer Diary (PDF). Pasadena, CA: William Carrey Library. p. 195. ISBN 9780878083619.
  2. ^ a b Lewis, Simons, and Fennig, M. Paul, Gary F. and Charles D. "Ethnologue: Languages of the World". SIL International. Retrieved April 2, 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Beniison, J.J (1933). Census of India, 1931: Burma Part I - Report. Rangoon: Office of Superintendent, Government Printing and Stationery, Burma. p. 149.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Beniison, J.J (1933). Census of India, 1931: Burma Part I - Report. Rangoon: Office of Superintendent, Government Printing and Stationery, Burma. p. 204.
  5. ^ Mru at Ethnologue (17 ed.). 2013.
  6. ^ UNESCO, "Bangladesh: Some endangered languages (information from Ethonologue, UNESCO)", June 2010.
  7. ^ Hosken, Martin; Everson, Michael (24 March 2009). "N3589R: Proposal for encoding the Mro script in the SMP of the UCS" (PDF). Retrieved 2 August 2014.
  8. ^ Zaman, Mustafa (24 February 2006). "Mother Tongue at Stake". Star Weekend Magazine. 5 (83). The Daily Star.
  9. ^ Beniison, J.J (1933). Census of India, 1931: Burma Part I - Report. Rangoon: Office of Superintendent, Government Printing and Stationery, Burma. p. 251.
  10. ^ Beniison, J.J (1933). Census of India, 1931: Burma Part I - Report. Rangoon: Office of Superintendent, Government Printing and Stationery, Burma. p. 252.
  11. ^ a b c Beniison, J.J (1933). Census of India, 1931: Burma Part I - Report. Rangoon: Office of Superintendent, Government Printing and Stationery, Burma. p. 253.
  12. ^ Beniison, J.J (1933). Census of India, 1931: Burma Part I - Report. Rangoon: Office of Superintendent, Government Printing and Stationery, Burma. p. 260.
  13. ^ Beniison, J.J (1933). Census of India, 1931: Burma Part I - Report. Rangoon: Office of Superintendent, Government Printing and Stationery, Burma. p. 255.
  14. ^ Beniison, J.J (1933). Census of India, 1931: Burma Part I - Report. Rangoon: Office of Superintendent, Government Printing and Stationery, Burma. p. 208.
  15. ^ Beniison, J.J (1933). Census of India, 1931: Burma Part I - Report. Rangoon: Office of Superintendent, Government Printing and Stationery, Burma. p. 258.
  16. ^ Simon Broughton; Mark Ellingham (2000). World Music: Latin and North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific. Rough Guides. pp. 100–. ISBN 978-1-85828-636-5.
  • "Profile of the Mru, Mro", Joshua Project
  • Brauns, Claus-Dieter, "The Mrus: Peaceful Hillfolk of Bangladesh", National Geographic Magazine, February 1973, Vol 143, No 1

Further reading

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