Norodom Sihanouk

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Norodom Sihanouk
King of Cambodia
Reign25 April 1941 – 2 March 1955
Coronation3 May 1941
PredecessorSisowath Monivong
SuccessorNorodom Suramarit
Prime Ministers
See list
Reign24 September 1993 – 7 October 2004
PredecessorChea Sim (Regent)
SuccessorNorodom Sihamoni
Prime Ministers
See list
Born(1922-10-31)31 October 1922
Chaktomuk Royal Palace, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Died15 October 2012(2012-10-15) (aged 89)
Beijing, China
SpouseNorodom Monineath
(m. 1952–2012, his death)
See list
Issue14 children
Names
Preah Karuna Preah Bat Sâmdach Preah Norodom Sihanouk Preahmâhaviraksat
HouseHouse of Norodom
FatherNorodom Suramarit
MotherSisowath Kossamak
ReligionTheravada Buddhism
SignatureNorodom Sihanouk's signature
Norodom Sihanouk
1st Prime Minister of Cambodia
In office
17 November 1961 – 13 February 1962
PresidentHimself
Preceded byPenn Nouth
Succeeded byNhiek Tioulong (acting)
In office
10 July 1958 – 19 April 1960
PresidentHimself
Preceded bySim Var
Succeeded byPho Proeung
In office
9 April 1957 – 7 July 1957
MonarchNorodom Suramarit
Preceded bySam Yun
Succeeded bySim Var
In office
15 September 1956 – 15 October 1956
MonarchNorodom Suramarit
Preceded byKhim Tit
Succeeded bySam Yun
In office
1 March 1956 – 24 March 1956
MonarchNorodom Suramarit
Preceded byOum Chheang Sun
Succeeded byKhim Tit
In office
3 October 1955 – 5 January 1956
MonarchNorodom Suramarit
Preceded byLeng Ngeth
Succeeded byOum Chheang Sun
In office
7 April 1954 – 18 April 1954
MonarchHimself
Preceded byChan Nak
Succeeded byPenn Nouth
In office
16 June 1952 – 24 January 1953
MonarchHimself
Preceded byHuy Kanthoul
Succeeded byPenn Nouth
In office
28 April 1950 – 30 May 1950
MonarchHimself
Preceded byYem Sambaur
Succeeded bySisowath Monipong
In office
18 March 1945 – 13 August 1945
MonarchHimself
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded bySon Ngoc Thanh
Leader of the Sangkum Reastr Niyum
In office
24 March 1955 – 18 March 1970
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byNone (party dissolved)
Head of State of Cambodia
In office
14 June 1993 – 24 September 1993
Preceded byChea Sim
as Chairman of the Council of State
Succeeded byPosition abolished
In office
20 June 1960 – 18 March 1970
Preceded byChuop Hell (acting)
Succeeded byCheng Heng
as President of the Khmer Republic
President of the State Presidium of Democratic Kampuchea
In office
17 April 1975 – 11 April 1976
Preceded bySak Sutsakhan
as Chairman of the Supreme Committee
Succeeded byKhieu Samphan
Personal details
Political partyFUNCINPEC (1978–1993)
Other political
affiliations		Sangkum (1955–1970)
Independent (1945–1955)
ProfessionPolitician, actor

Norodom Sihanouk (Khmer: នរោត្តម សីហនុ; 31 October 1922 – 15 October 2012) was the King of Cambodia from 1941 to 1955 and again from 1993 to 2004. He was the effective ruler of Cambodia from 1953 to 1970. After his second abdication in 2004, he was known as "The King-Father of Cambodia" (Khmer: Preahmâhaviraksat), a position in which he retained many of his former responsibilities as constitutional monarch.

The son of King Norodom Suramarit and Queen Sisowath Kossamak, Sihanouk held so many positions since 1941 that the Guinness Book of World Records identifies him as the politician who has served the world's greatest variety of political offices.[1] These included two terms as king, two as sovereign prince, one as president, two as prime minister, as well as numerous positions as leader of various governments-in-exile. He served as puppet head of state for the Khmer Rouge government in 1975–1976.[2]

Most of these positions were only honorific, including the last position as constitutional king of Cambodia. Sihanouk's actual period of effective rule over Cambodia was from 9 November 1953, when Cambodia gained its independence from France, until 18 March 1970, when General Lon Nol and the National Assembly deposed him.

Early life

Sihanouk received his primary education in a Phnom Penh primary school. He pursued his secondary education in Saigon, Vietnam at "Lycée Chasseloup Laubat" until his coronation and then later attended Cavalry military school in Saumur, France. When his maternal grandfather, King Sisowath Monivong, died on 23 April 1941, the Crown Council selected Prince Sihanouk as King of Cambodia. At that time, colonial Cambodia was part of French Indochina, ruled by the Axis collaborationist Vichy government. His coronation took place on 3 May 1941.[3] In March 1945, the Empire of Japan, which had occupied Cambodia but allowed the French colonial administration to remain, dissolved the colonial administration and took control of French Indochina. Under pressure from the Japanese, Sihanouk proclaimed Cambodia's independence. Unlike the Vietnamese Emperor Bảo Đại, Sihanouk was careful not to compromise himself too much in collaboration with Japan. The Japanese imposed Son Ngoc Thanh as foreign minister then, in August, as prime minister of Cambodia.[4] After Japan's surrender, the French gradually retook control of French Indochina.

Leadership turmoil

Prime Minister

Main articles: Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970) and Cambodian Civil War

Norodom Sihanouk became Cambodia's 1st Prime Minister in 1945, at the age of 22 years, 138 days.

After World War II and into the early 1950s, King Sihanouk's aspirations became much more nationalistic and he began demanding independence from the French colonists and their complete departure from Indochina. This echoed the sentiments of the other fledgling nations of French Indochina: the State of Vietnam, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, and the Kingdom of Laos. He went into exile in Thailand in May 1953 because of threats on his life by the French and only returned when independence was won on 9 November 1953. Whilst independent, Cambodia retained an alliance with the French Union, until the end of the First Indochina War and the subsequent official end of French Indochina.

On 2 March 1955, Sihanouk abdicated in favour of his father, established the Sangkum Reastr Niyum (People's Socialist Community) and took the post of Prime Minister a few months later, after having obtained an overwhelming victory in the parliamentary elections on September 1955.

Meeting in Beijing in 1956: from left Mao Zedong, Peng Zhen, Sihanouk, Liu Shaoqi.

On 31 August 1959, Ngo Dinh Nhu, the younger brother and chief adviser of South Vietnamese president Ngo Dinh Diem, failed in an attempt to assassinate Sihanouk. He ordered his agents to send parcel bombs to the Cambodian leader in retaliation for the foiled Sam Sary and Dap Chhuon plots, in which Nhu was also a participant. Nhu strongly disagreed with Sihanouk's foreign policy and hoped, with Sihanouk eliminated, he could install Son Ngoc Thanh in Phnom Penh.[5] Two suitcases were delivered to Sihanouk's palace, one addressed to the head of state, and the other to Prince Vakrivan, his head of protocol. The deliveries were labelled as originating from an American engineer who had worked in Cambodia and purported to contain gifts from Hong Kong. Sihanouk's package contained a bomb, but the other did not; however, Vakrivan opened both on behalf of the monarch, and he and a servant were killed instantly. The explosion happened adjacent to a room in the palace where Sihanouk's parents were present.[6][7]

Following his father's death in 1960, Sihanouk won general election as head of state, but received the title of Prince rather than King. In 1963, he made a change in the constitution that made him head of state for life. While he was not king, he had created a constitutional office for himself that was exactly equal to that of the former kingship.

When the Vietnam War raged, Sihanouk promoted policies that he claimed to preserve Cambodia's neutrality and most importantly security. While he in many cases sided with his neighbors, pressures upon his government from all sides in the conflict were immense, and his overriding concern was to prevent Cambodia from being drawn into a wider regional war. In so doing he made difficult choices of alliances in pursuit of the least dangerous course of action, within a political environment where genuine neutrality was likely impossible at the time.

In the spring of 1965, he made a pact with the People's Republic of China and North Vietnam to allow the presence of permanent North Vietnamese bases in eastern Cambodia and to allow military supplies from China to reach Vietnam by Cambodian ports. Cambodia and Cambodian individuals were compensated by Chinese purchases of the Cambodian rice crop at inflated prices. He also at this time made many speeches calling the triumph of communism in Southeast Asia inevitable and suggesting Maoist ideas were worthy of emulation.

In 1966 and 1967, Sihanouk unleashed a wave of political repression that drove many on the left out of mainstream politics. His policy of friendship with China collapsed due to the extreme attitudes in China at the peak of the Cultural Revolution. The combination of political repression and problems with China made his balancing act impossible to sustain. He had alienated the left, allowed the North Vietnamese to establish bases within Cambodia and staked everything on China's good will. On 11 March 1967, a revolt in Battambang Province led to the Cambodian Civil War.

Deposition, exile, and return

Sihanouk visiting Romania in 1972, with Romanian President Nicolae Ceaușescu (left) and Queen Norodom Monineath (center).

On 18 March 1970, while Sihanouk was out of the country travelling, Prime Minister Lon Nol convened the National Assembly which voted to depose Sihanouk as head of state and gave Lon Nol emergency powers. Prince Sisowath Sirik Matak, Sihanouk's cousin who had been passed over by the French government in 1941, retained his post as Deputy Prime Minister. The new Khmer Republic was immediately recognized by the United States.

After he was deposed, Sihanouk fled to Beijing, formed the National United Front of Kampuchea (Front Uni National du Kampuchéa – FUNK) and began to support the Khmer Rouge in their struggle to overthrow the Lon Nol government in Phnom Penh. He initiated the Gouvernement Royal d'Union Nationale du Kampuchéa (Royal Government of the National Union of Kampuchea), which included Khmer Rouge leaders. After Sihanouk showed his support for the Khmer Rouge by visiting them in the field, their ranks swelled from 6,000 to 50,000 fighters. Many of the new recruits for the Khmer Rouge were apolitical peasants who fought in support of the King, not for communism, of which they had little understanding. King Sihanouk would later argue (1979) that the monarchy being abolished, he was only fighting for his country's independence, "even if [his] country had to be Communist."[8] During Lon Nol's regime, Sihanouk mostly lived in exile in North Korea, where a 60-room palatial residence, which even had a cinema, was built for him. He would return to his Pyongyang palace after the 1979 Vietnamese invasion.[9]

Khmer Rouge captivity

When the Khmer Republic fell to the Khmer Rouge in April 1975, Prince Sihanouk became the symbolic head of state of the new régime while Pol Pot held power. Sihanouk, whose desire was to be a retired country gentleman and perhaps 'a public relations man for [his] country and have [...] jazz parties and do some filming'[10] was to spend the next few years as a hostage of the Khmer Rouge. The next year, on 4 April 1976, the Khmer Rouge forced Sihanouk out of office again and into political retirement. During the Vietnamese invasion he was sent to New York to speak against Vietnam before the United Nations. After his speech, he sought refuge in China and in North Korea.

The Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in December 1978 ousted the Khmer Rouge. While welcoming the ousting of the Khmer Rouge government, he remained firmly opposed to the Vietnamese-installed Heng Samrin government of People's Republic of Kampuchea (PRK). Hence, Sihanouk demanded Cambodia's seat in the UN be left vacant, since neither Pol Pot regime nor Heng Samrin represented the Khmer people.[11] Although claiming to be wary of the Khmer Rouge and demanding that the Khmer Rouge representatives that still held Cambodia's UN seat be expelled,[12] Sihanouk again joined forces with them in order to provide a united front against the Vietnamese occupation, some believe because of US pressure to work with the Khmer Rouge.[13] In 1982 he moved completely into opposition against the Vietnam-supported government, becoming President of the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea (CGDK), which consisted of his own Armée Nationale Sihanoukiste (ANS), Son Sann's Khmer People's National Liberation Front (KPNLF), and the Khmer Rouge. The Vietnamese withdrew in 1989, leaving behind a pro-Vietnamese government under ex-Khmer Rouge cadre Hun Sen to run the PRK.

United States support

Sihanouk with U.S. President Ronald Reagan in the Oval Office of the White House, 1988.

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Sihanouk's opposition forces drew limited military and financial support from the United States, which sought to assist his movement as part of the Reagan Doctrine to counter Soviet and Vietnamese involvement in Cambodia. One of the Reagan Doctrine's principal architects, the Heritage Foundation's Michael Johns, visited Sihanouk's forces in Cambodia in 1987, and returned to Washington urging expanding U.S. support for the KPLNF and Sihanouk's resistance forces as a third alternative to both the Vietnamese-installed and supported Cambodian government and the Khmer Rouge, which was also resisting the government.[14]

Restoration as King

Peace negotiations between the CGDK and the PRK commenced shortly thereafter and continued until 1991 when all sides agreed to a comprehensive settlement which they signed in Paris. Prince Sihanouk returned once more to Cambodia on 14 November 1991 after 13 years in exile, accompanied by a squad of North Korean bodyguards.[15]

In 1993, Sihanouk once again became King of Cambodia. During the restoration, however, he suffered from ill health and traveled repeatedly to Beijing for medical treatment.

Personal life

Sihanouk was interested in music; he composed and frequently performed songs in the Khmer, French, and English languages. He played the clarinet, the saxophone, the piano and the accordion. From an early age, he had a passion for cinema as well as art, theatre, and dance. He became a prodigious filmmaker, writing, directing (and acting in) many films which were largely fictional, always with an underlying theme of documenting life and historical events in Cambodia.[citation needed]

His 1966 film La Forêt Enchantée ("The Enchanted Forest", "Prei Proseth" in Khmer) was entered into the 5th Moscow International Film Festival in 1967.[16][17]

Self-exile and abdication

Sihanouk went into self-imposed exile in January 2004, taking up residence in Pyongyang, North Korea,[18] and later in Beijing, People's Republic of China. Citing reasons of ill health, he announced his abdication from the throne on 7 October 2004. Sihanouk was diagnosed with B-Cell Lymphoma in his prostate in 1993; the disease recurred in his stomach in 2005, and a new cancer was found in December 2008. Sihanouk also suffered from diabetes and hypertension.[19]

The constitution of Cambodia has no provision for an abdication. Chea Sim, the President of the Senate, assumed the title of acting Head of State (a title he has held many times before), until the Throne Council met on 14 October and appointed Norodom Sihamoni, one of Sihanouk's sons, as the new king. The elderly Sihanouk was then proclaimed as His Majesty The King Father of Cambodia.

Despite his illness, Sihanouk made his last public appearance in Phnom Penh on 30 October 2011, to celebrate his 89th birthday and 20th anniversary of his homecoming.[20]

Death

Main article: Death and state funeral of Norodom Sihanouk
Norodom Sihanouk's royal crematorium
Back to homeland
Funeral procession

Sihanouk had been receiving medical treatment in Beijing since January, 2012 for a number of health problems, including colon cancer, diabetes, and hypertension.[21] He died after a heart attack in Beijing, on 15 October 2012, 16 days before his 90th birthday.[20] State flags flew at half-mast, and King Norodom Sihamoni and Prime Minister Hun Sen went to Beijing to bring home Sihanouk's body for a funeral at the Royal Palace.[22]

Prince Sisowath Thomico, Sihanouk's assistant and nephew, said "his death was a great loss to Cambodia," adding that Sihanouk had dedicated his life "for the sake of his entire nation, country and for the Cambodian people."[21] United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon also commented, acknowledging Sihanouk's "long dedication to his country and his legacy as a unifying national leader who is revered by Cambodians and respected internationally."[21] After Sihanouk's death, the National Television of Kampuchea repeatedly screened a 30-minute documentary about his life.[22] 100,000 Cambodians were expected to line the route from the airport to the Royal Palace for the return of Sihanouk's body, but state television broadcaster TVK later said about 1,200,000 people had turned out.[21][23] On November 28, 2012, King Father Norodom Sihanouk was anointed by Royal Decree of HM King Norodom Sihamoni with the title Preah Karuna Preah Norodom Sihanouk Preah Borom Ratanakkot (Khmer: ព្រះករុណាព្រះនរោត្តម សីហនុ ព្រះបរមរតនកោដ្ឋ) (literally meaning The King who lies in the Diamond Urn).

On 1 February 2013, crowds gathered on the streets of Phnom Penh to bid one last farewell to Sihanouk, as his body was carried through the city. Other foreign dignities also attended his cremation ceremony, including French Prime Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault, Prince Akishino of Japan, China's Jia Qinglin, Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung of Vietnam, Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra of Thailand, as well as US ambassador to Cambodia William E. Todd, and many more.[24] The body was brought to the Royal Palace, where it was cremated on 5 February 2013. Sihanouk's ashes were then submersed into the Mekong River.[25]

After his death, Prime Minister Hun Sen announced that a statue of Sihanouk would be made. It was inaugurated on 11 October 2013 with King Norodom Sihamoni and Queen-Mother Norodom Monineath present at the ceremony.[26] The statue is located in Phnom Penh, near the Independence Monument. The government also announced that October 15 will become an official public holiday as a mourning period of Norodom Sihanouk.

Titles and styles

File:Sihanouk statue at night.jpg
Statue of Norodom Sihanouk in Phnom Penh.
Styles of
King Norodom Sihanouk
Reference styleHis Royal Majesty
Spoken styleYour Royal Majesty
Alternative styleSir

Following his abdication, Sihanouk's official title was "Preah Karuna Preah Bat Sâmdach Preah Norodom Sihanouk Preahmâhaviraksat" (Khmer: ព្រះករុណាព្រះបាទសម្តេចព្រះ នរោត្តម សីហនុ ព្រះមហាវីរក្សត្រ) or (ព្រះករុណា ព្រះបាទសម្ដេចព្រះ នរោត្តម សីហនុ ព្រះមហាវីរក្សត្រ ព្រះវររាជបិតាឯករាជ្យ បូរណភាពទឹកដី និងឯកភាពជាតិខ្មែរ) in English (His Majesty King Norodom Sihanouk The Great Heroic King King-Father of Khmer independence, territorial integrity and national unity).

The literal translation of the title :

  • Preah— "Sacred"
  • Karuna— "Compassionate," referring to the Buddhist concept Karuna
  • Bat— "Foot," from Sanskrit Pāda.
  • Sâmdach— "Lord" or "Excellency"
  • Preah— "Sacred"
  • Norodom— "Best quality among men," from Sanskrit Uttam ("best in quality") + Nar ("among men")
  • Sihanouk— "Jaws of the Lion," from Sanskrit Siha ("lion") + Hanouk ("jaws")
  • Preahmâhaviraksat— Preah ("sacred") + Mâha ("great") + Vira ("brave or eminent") + Ksat ("warrior or ruler")

Honours

Foreign honours

Family

Norodom Monineath

Sihanouk reportedly had several wives and concubines, producing at least fourteen children in a period of eleven years.[citation needed] According to Time (30 June 1956), however, his legal wives were Princess Samdech Norleak (married 1955) and Paule Monique Izzi (married 1955), who is a step-granddaughter of HRH Prince Norodom Duongchak of Cambodia and the younger daughter of Pomme Peang and her second husband, Jean-François Izzi, a banker. A profile of Sihanouk in The New York Times (4 June 1993, page A8) stated that the King met Monique Izzi in 1951, when he awarded her a prize in a beauty pageant.

Ancestry

Family of Norodom Sihanouk
16. Ang Duong
8. Norodom of Cambodia
17. Pen
4. Norodom Sutharot
18. Battambang bureaucrat
9. Bossaba Yem
19.
2. Norodom Suramarit
20. Ang Duong (=16 & 24)
10. Norodom of Cambodia (=8 & 28)
21. Pen (=17)
5. Norodom Phangangam
22. Lothia Sa
11. Bopha Nuon
23.
1. Norodom Sihanouk[29]
24. Ang Duong (=16 & 20)
12. Sisowath of Cambodia
25. Neang Pou
6. Sisowath Monivong
26. A bureaucrat
13. Van
27.
3. Sisowath Kossamak
28. Norodom of Cambodia (=8 & 10)
14. Norodom Hassakan
29.
7. Norodom Kanviman
30. Sao
15. Sao Sambhat
31. Yura Varman

Works

  • The position of Cambodia in a dangerous world San Francisco : Asia Foundation, 1958
  • Speech delivered by His Royal Highness Prince Norodom Sihanouk, President of the Council of Ministers on the occasion of the inauguration of the Khmer-American Friendship Highway Phnom-Penh, 1959
  • Ideal, purpose and duties of the Khmer Royal Socialist Youth; interpretation and commentary of the statute of the K. R. S. Y., N.p., c.1960s
  • Address of H.R.H. Norodom Sihanouk, Chief of State of Cambodia [at the] conference of heads of state or government of non-aligned countries. New York: Permanent Mission of Cambodia to the United Nations 1961
  • Address of H.R.H. Prince Norodom Sihanouk, Chief of State of Cambodia to the Asia Society. New York: Permanent Mission of Cambodia to the United Nations 1961
  • Address at the sixteenth session of the General Assembly of the United Nations New York: Permanent Mission of Cambodia to the United Nations 1961
  • Articles published in "Realités cambodgiennes" 22 June – 27 July 1962. Washington, D. C., Royal Cambodian Embassy 1961
  • Speech by Prince Norodom Sihanouk, Head of State, at the opening of the sixth Asian Conference organized by the Society of Friends. [Phnom-Penh] Information 1962
  • Open letter to the international press Phnom Penh: Imprimerie du Ministere de L'Information, 1964
  • Interview with Prince Sihanouk. with William Worthy Phnom Penh: The Ministry of Information, 1965
  • Are we "false neutrals"?: editorial in Kambuja review no. 16; 15 July 1966 Phnom Phen: Head of State's Cabinet, 1966
  • The failure experienced by the United States in their dealings with the "Third World," viewed in the light of Cambodia's own experience, Phnom Penh? 1968
  • Brief notes on national construction in Cambodia Phnom Penh : Impr. Sangkum Reastr Niyum, 1969
  • Message and solemn declaration of Samdech Norodom Sihanouk, Head of State of Cambodia (March 23, 1970). [S.l.]: Royal Government of National Union of Cambodia; New York: Indochina Solidarity Committee, 1970
  • Prince Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia talks to Americans, Sept.–Oct. 1970. [n. p., 1970
  • Message to American friends by Prince Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia. [n. p., 1970
  • Letter of Samdech Norodom Sihanouk, Head of State of Cambodia, to their majesties and their excellencies the heads of government of non-aligned countries. [n. p., 1970
  • Cambodia today: an interview with Prince Norodom Sihanouk. (with Ken Coates and Chris Farley) Nottingham, Eng.: Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation, 1970
  • Prince Norodom Sihanouk replies to Mr Norman Kirk M.P., Leader of the Opposition (New Zealand) [New Zealand? : s.n., 1971
  • Prince Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia speaks; January–February 1971. [S.l. : s.n., 1971
  • Third World liberation: the key: speech to the Algiers summit conference Nottingham, Eng.: Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation, 1973
  • My War with the CIA: the memoirs of Prince Norodom Sihanouk "as related to Wilfred Burchett" New York, Pantheon Books 1973, (ISBN 0-7139-0449-6, ISBN 0-394-48543-2)
  • The Cambodian resistance Auckland, Auckland Vietnam Committee, 1973
  • Statements by Prince Norodom Sihanouk, 1965–1973 Washington, Embassy of the Khmer Republic, Press Sectin, 1973
  • War and hope: the case for Cambodia New York, Pantheon Books 1980
  • Prince Sihanouk on Cambodia: interviews and talks with Prince Norodom Sihanouk (with Manola Schier-Oum and Peter Schier) Hamburg: Institut für Asienkunde, 1980
  • The Democratic People's Republic of Korea, seen by Norodom Sihanouk Pyongyang: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1980

    • Cinematography

    From an early age, Sihanouk had a passion for cinema as well as art, theater, and dance. He became a prodigious filmmaker, writing, directing, and acting in more than twenty movies and short films. Largely fictional, they contained an underlying theme of documenting life and historical events in Cambodia. His 1966 film La Forêt Enchantée ("The Enchanted Forest", "Robam Tepmonorom" in Khmer) was entered into the 5th Moscow International Film Festival in 1967.[30]

    Selected filmography

    Documentaries

    • Cortège Royal (1969)
    • Cambodge 1965 (1965)
    • Norodom Sihanouk, Roi Cinéaste (1997) by Frédéric Mitterrand

    See also

    References

    1. ^ "King Father Sihanouk holds ECCC at bay". The Phnom Penh Post. 7 September 2007. Retrieved 13 October 2009. King Father Norodom Sihanouk has held so many positions since 1941 that the Guinness Book of World Records identifies him as the politician who has occupied the world's greatest variety of political offices.[dead link]
    2. ^ Widyono, Benny, Dancing in Shadows: Sihanouk, the Khmer Rouge, and the United Nations in Cambodia (2008), p. 289.
    3. ^ "Royal House of Cambodia" pp. 54-57 by Ambassador Julio A. Jeldres: Monument Books 2003 ISBN 974-90881-0-8
    4. ^ Pierre Montagnon, La France coloniale, vol. 2, Pygmalion-Gérard Watelet, 1990, p. 126.
    5. ^ "The Tragedy of Cambodian History" by David P. Chandler ISBN 0-300-04919-6; pp. 99-107 "The Sam Sary and Dap Chhuon Plots"
    6. ^ Osborne, p. 112.
    7. ^ Clymer, pp. 74–76.
    8. ^ Prince Sihanouk of Cambodia. Interviews and talks with Prince Norodom Sihanouk. Hamburg 1985. p. 14.
    9. ^ Dining with the Dear Leader By Bertil Lintner – Asian Times, 2007. Retrieved 15 August 2009.
    10. ^ books.google.com
    11. ^ Prince Sihanouk of Cambodia. Interviews and talks with Prince Norodom Sihanouk. Hamburg 1985. p. 85.
    12. ^ countrystudies.us
    13. ^ Thailand's Response to the Cambodian Genocide. By Dr. Puangthong Rungswasdisab
    14. ^ "Cambodia at a Crossroads", by Michael Johns, The World and I magazine, February 1988.
    15. ^ http://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21564807-norodom-sihanouk-ruler-cambodia-died-october-15th-aged-89 Norodom Sihanouk
    16. ^ "5th Moscow International Film Festival (1967)". MIFF. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
    17. ^ "Shadow Over Angkor". MTV. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
    18. ^ Sihanouk has retained cordial relations with North Korea since early 1960s, when he got acquainted Kim Il-sung at the movement of non-aligned countries. See also telegraph.co.uk. It should be noted that North Korea never recognized the Vietnamese-installed government in Cambodia, despite immense pressure from Moscow. atimes.com
    19. ^ Cambodia's Ex-King Cites Progress Against His Cancer Yahoo news, 2 March 2009
    20. ^ a b "Cambodia former king Norodom Sihanouk dies aged 89". BBC News. 15 October 2012.
    21. ^ a b c d Cheang, Sopheng (15 October 2012). "Cambodia's former King Norodom Sihanouk dies at 89". NBC News. Associated Press. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
    22. ^ a b "Cambodia expresses grieves at the death of King-Father Norodom Sihanouk". China News. 15 October 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
    23. ^ CHEANG, SOPHENG. "Cambodians line streets to see ex-king's body". Associated Press. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
    24. ^ http://news.yahoo.com/cambodia-mourns-king-father-sihanouk-cremated-065408963.html
    25. ^ [1]
    26. ^ "Cambodia Unveils Statue of Former King Norodom Sihanouk". VOA Khmer. 11 October 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
    27. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y The Royal Ark, Cambodia - p.19
    28. ^ Boletín Oficial del Estado
    29. ^ "CAMBOA19". Royalark.net. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
    30. ^ "IMDB: Norodom Sihanouk". Retrieved 26 December 2013.

    Further reading

    • Cixous, Hélène. The Terrible but Unfinished Story of Norodom Sihanouk, King of Cambodia. European women writers series. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994. ISBN 0-8032-1455-3
    • Clymer, Kenton J. (2004). The United States and Cambodia, 1870–1969: From Curiosity to Confrontation. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-32332-1.
    • Kuckreja, Madhavi. Prince Norodom Sihanouk. World leaders past & present. New York: Chelsea House, 1990. ISBN 1-55546-851-9
    • Osborne, Milton E. Sihanouk Prince of Light, Prince of Darkness. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1994. ISBN 978-0-8248-1639-1
    • Widyono, Benny. Dancing in Shadows Sihanouk, the Khmer Rouge, and the United Nations in Cambodia. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Pub, 2007. ISBN 978-0-7425-5552-5
    • Denise Affonço: To The End Of Hell: One Woman's Struggle to Survive Cambodia's Khmer Rouge. (With Introductions by Jon Swain and David Chandler. ISBN 978-0-9555729-5-1
    • Jeldres, Julio A. "The Royal House of Cambodia", Monument Books, Phnom Penh, 2003
    • Jeldres, Julio A. "Le Palais du Roi du Cambodge" Mekong Publishers, Paris and Phnom Penh, 2001
    • Jeldres, Julio A. translations of King Norodom Sihanouk Memoirs "Shadow Over Angkor-Vol 1" Monument Books, Phnom Penh, 2003

    External links

    Wikiquote has quotations related to Norodom Sihanouk.
    Regnal titles
    Preceded by King of Cambodia
    1941–1955     		Succeeded by
    Preceded by
    Chea Sim
    (Chairman of the Council of State)
    		 King of Cambodia
    1993–2004     		Succeeded by
    Political offices
    Preceded by
    None
    		 Prime Minister of Cambodia
    1945     		Succeeded by
    Preceded by Prime Minister of Cambodia
    1950     		Succeeded by
    Preceded by Prime Minister of Cambodia
    1952–1953     		Succeeded by
    Preceded by Prime Minister of Cambodia
    1954     		Succeeded by
    Preceded by Prime Minister of Cambodia
    1955–1956     		Succeeded by
    Preceded by Prime Minister of Cambodia
    1956     		Succeeded by
    Preceded by Prime Minister of Cambodia
    1956     		Succeeded by
    Preceded by Prime Minister of Cambodia
    1957     		Succeeded by
    Preceded by Prime Minister of Cambodia
    1958–1960     		Succeeded by
    Preceded by Head of State of Cambodia
    1960–1970     		Succeeded by
    Preceded by Prime Minister of Cambodia
    1961–1962     		Succeeded by
    Preceded by President of the State Presidium
    1975–1976     		Succeeded by

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