Original Six

The Original Six is a term for the group of six teams that made up the National Hockey League (NHL) for the 25 seasons between the 1942–43 season and the 1967 NHL Expansion. These six teams are the Boston Bruins, Chicago Black Hawks, Detroit Red Wings, Montreal Canadiens, New York Rangers, and the Toronto Maple Leafs, all of which are still active franchises in the league.

The term, not contemporaneous to the era, originated no earlier than 1967,^[1] but while only the Montreal and Toronto franchises existed in the NHL's inaugural 1917–18 season, the six existing teams going into the 1967–68 expansion to twelve teams were commonly considered as a traditional set.

Map of the Original Six cities

Teams

Team name	Location	Joined the NHL
Montreal Canadiens	Montreal, Quebec	1917 (founded in 1909)
Toronto Maple Leafs	Toronto, Ontario	1917
Boston Bruins	Boston, Massachusetts	1924
Chicago Black Hawks	Chicago, Illinois	1926
Detroit Red Wings	Detroit, Michigan	1926
New York Rangers	New York City, New York	1926

Background

The NHL consisted of ten teams during the 1920s, but the league experienced a period of retrenchment during the Great Depression, losing the Pittsburgh Pirates/Philadelphia Quakers, Ottawa Senators/St. Louis Eagles, and Montreal Maroons in succession to financial pressures. The New York/Brooklyn Americans – one of the league's original expansion franchises, along with the Bruins and Maroons – lasted longer, but World War II provided its own economic strains and also severely depleted the league's Canadian player base, since Canada entered the war in September 1939 and many players left for military service. The Americans suspended operations in the fall of 1942, leaving the NHL with just six teams.

Despite various outside efforts to initiate expansion after the war, including attempted revivals of the Maroons and Americans franchises, the league's membership would remain at six teams for the next twenty-five seasons.

Criticisms

The Original Six era has been criticized for having a playoff system that was too easy (only two teams were eliminated after the regular season) and for featuring too many dominant teams.^[2] (Montreal never missed the playoffs between 1949 and 1967 and Detroit and Toronto only missed three times each, leaving the other three teams to compete for the one remaining berth). Boston, Chicago, and New York were put at a competitive disadvantage by the rule that each team had exclusive rights to negotiate contracts with promising local players within 50 miles of its home ice.^[3] Detroit was less affected by this,^{[citation needed]} since southwestern Ontario was part of its local talent pool. If a player was not within the 50-mile limit, that player was free to field offers from any team.^[4] Once that player agreed to a sponsorship-level contract, the NHL club could assign him to its sponsored junior squad – its "sponsorship list". In practice, all six teams recruited players from Canada by sponsoring minor league, junior and amateur teams.^[5]

This phenomenon had the impact of limiting player movement, and as a result the Original Six rosters were very static.^[6] Until the lengthening of careers in the 1980s, only one twenty-year player in NHL history, Larry Robinson, started his career after 1964, and it is generally accepted that the weakest Calder Trophy winners (Rookies of the Year) of all time were selected in the 1950s and 1960s.^[7] In partial consequence, the league was almost entirely composed of Canadians who had come up through the junior and minor pro leagues. While the league boasted a handful of good American players during the 1940s (including All-Star goalkeepers Frank Brimsek and Mike Karakas, defenseman John Mariucci, and forward Cully Dahlstrom), these were mostly products of the American Hockey Association, which folded in 1942, and almost all played for the Chicago Black Hawks, whose owner, Major Frederic McLaughlin, was a fiercely patriotic man who tried to stock his roster with as many American players as possible. Very few all American-developed NHL players emerged in the 1950s and 1960s, when Tommy Williams was the only American to play regularly. Both Williams and Mariucci complained about anti-American bias, and U.S. Olympic team stars John Mayasich^[8] and Bill Cleary^[9] turned down offers from NHL teams. The only European-born and trained player of the era was Sweden's Ulf Sterner, who briefly played for the Rangers in 1965.^[10]

After World War II, all six NHL owners consistently rejected any bids for expansion, and in the eyes of many observers changed the criteria for entry every time with a bent to defeating any such bid.^[11] They also reneged on promises to allow the still-extant but dormant Maroons and Americans franchises to re-activate.^[12]

Corruption

The league tolerated monopolistic practices by the owners. At one point, for instance, Red Wings owner James E. Norris effectively owned the Black Hawks as well, and was also the largest stockholder in the Rangers.^[13] He also had significant influence over the Bruins by way of mortgages extended to the team to help keep it afloat during the Depression. This led some critics to joke that NHL stood for "Norris House League."^[13]

The control of owners over their teams was absolute. Players who got on the wrong side of their team owner were often harshly punished, either by being traded out of town or sent to the minors.^{[citation needed]} An example of this is the case of bruising Red Wings forward Ted Lindsay who, after agitating for a players' union, was sent to the last-place Black Hawks. Norris' conglomerate did not invest in Boston, Chicago, and New York; these teams mostly just filled dates for the Norris arenas.^{[citation needed]} A measure of the dominance of Detroit, Montreal, and Toronto in the era can be seen in that between the Bruins' Stanley Cup wins in 1941 and 1970, every single Cup (save for Chicago in 1961) was won by the Red Wings, the Canadiens, or the Maple Leafs, and those three teams failed to make the playoffs only eight times combined in the era.

Labor conditions for the players were also poor.^[14] Players' medical bills were paid for only two months after an injury.^{[citation needed]} Moreover, whenever players were sent to the minors, they not only had their salaries cut, but their relocation costs were not covered.^[15] The players were also not paid for off-season promotions, and did not share in the funds of promotions such as trading cards as was done in baseball.^{[citation needed]} In the earlier era, players were allowed to play other sports, such as lacrosse, for money in the off-season, but this was disallowed in the standard Original Six-era contract.^{[citation needed]}

The pension plan, formed in 1946, while ostensibly for the players' benefit, was kept secret, hiding large amounts of money under the control of the owners.^{[citation needed]} The pension plan was only exposed in 1989, when it was found that a $25 million surplus existed. The stark labor conditions led to several players' disputes, including a 1957 anti-trust action and attempted union formation, and subsequent actions in the early 1960s by Toronto players Bob Baun and Carl Brewer, leading to the 1967 formation of the NHL Players Association.

End of the Original Six era

As more conservative owners left the NHL, a younger guard that was more receptive to expansion came into the league. By 1963, when Rangers governor William M. Jennings first introduced to his peers the idea of expanding the NHL, other major sports leagues were growing: Major League Baseball and the National Football League were adding teams, while the American Football League was becoming an attractive alternative to the NFL. Jennings proposed that the NHL add two new teams on the American West Coast for the 1964-65 season, basing his argument on concerns that the Western Hockey League intended to operate as a major league in the near future and possibly compete against the NHL for talent; he also hoped that a West Coast presence would make the NHL truly national and improve the league's chances of returning to national television in the United States (its broadcast deal with CBS expired in 1960). While the governors did not agree to Jennings' proposal, the topic of expansion came up every time the owners met from then on out. In 1965, it was decided to expand by six teams, doubling the size of the NHL. In February 1966, expansion franchises were awarded to Los Angeles, Minnesota, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, and the San Francisco-Oakland area; those six new franchises would begin play in the 1967-68 NHL season, a year after Toronto's six-game defeat of Montreal in the 1967 Stanley Cup Finals drew the Original Six era to a close.

The first dozen seasons (1967-68 through 1978-79) of the Expansion Era saw domination by Original Six teams, including the Bobby Orr-led Bruins of the early 1970s and the Canadiens dynasty at the end of that decade. Expansion teams, by comparison, were not as dominant during that same time period, which can be partly attributed to expansion teams in general being weaker than existing clubs when first starting out. During those dozen seasons, only one expansion team hoisted the Cup (the Broad Street Bullies of the Philadelphia Flyers, in 1974 and 1975), and only one Stanley Cup Final featured two expansion teams (the Flyers' 1975 win over Buffalo). By the early 1980s (after further expansion, a merger with the WHA, and changes in conference/division alignment and playoff structure), expansion teams began reaching clear parity with the Original Six; indeed, the 1979 Stanley Cup Finals between the Canadiens and Rangers would be the last Final featuring any Original Six team until 1986 (when the Canadiens claimed the Cup) as well as the last all-Original Six Final until Chicago's win over Boston in 2013, the same year that all Original Six teams made the playoffs, the first time that had happened since 1996.^[16] Since the dawn of the Expansion Era, every Original Six team has won the Cup at least once except for Toronto, which has the longest active Cup drought in the NHL.

Since the Expansion, the Montreal Canadiens twice won the Cup beating only fellow Original Six teams, in 1978 (Detroit, Toronto and Boston), and 1979 (Toronto, Boston and New York), and the 1992 Pittsburgh Penguins are the only ones to also win the Cup after beating three of the Six (New York and Boston in the Eastern playoffs, Chicago in the finals). Twice the Eastern champion beat two Original Six teams before being defeated by one in the Western Conference, the 2002 Carolina Hurricanes (beat Montreal and Toronto, lost to Detroit) and 2010 Philadelphia Flyers (beat Boston and Montreal, lost to Chicago). In 2015, the Tampa Bay Lightning became the first team to face only Original Six franchises in the four-round playoff era, beating Detroit, Montreal and New York in the Eastern playoffs before the finals against Chicago, which Tampa Bay wound up losing.^[17]

The last active player from the Original Six era was Wayne Cashman who retired with the Boston Bruins in 1983.

Original Six head-to-head records

Records current as of January 16, 2016^[update].

Team	GP	W	L	T	OL	GF	GA	Pts	Ref
Montreal Canadiens	3,220	1,620	1,094	484	22	10,146	8,443	3,746	^[18]
Toronto Maple Leafs	3,293	1,409	1,380	470	34	9,703	9,623	3,322	^[19]
Detroit Red Wings	3,133	1,368	1,268	471	26	7,367	9,010	3,233	^[20]
Boston Bruins	3,204	1,362	1,335	472	35	9,497	9,560	3,231	^[21]
Chicago Blackhawks	3,099	1,181	1,439	460	19	8,715	9,540	2,841	^[22]
New York Rangers	3,297	1,126	1,397	487	17	8,454	9,478	2,756	^[23]

References

^ Tom Fitzgerald (9 June 1967). "NHL Adopts $10,000 Minimum For Players". Boston Globe. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
^ Neil Isaacs (1977). Checking Back. W.W. Norton & Co. p. 129.
^ Gerald Eskenazi (1976). A Thinking Man's Guide To Pro Hockey. Dutton Publishing.
^ Sears, Thom (2012). Straight Shooter: The Brad Park Story. John Wiley & Sons. p. 23.
^ Diamond, Dan (ed.) (1998). Total Hockey. Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 59. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
^ Diamond, Dan (ed.) (1998). Total Hockey. Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 285. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
^ Klein, Jeff Z. (1986). The Klein and Reif Hockey Compendium. McClelland and Stewart.
^ Vogl, John (September 30, 2012). Prospects Game proof America's got hockey talent. The Buffalo News. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
^ Swift, E.M. (2001-06-11). "Going Out With A Shout". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 2011-06-20.
^ "Swede Ulf Sterner - the first European in the NHL". IIHF. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
^ Coleman, Charles L. (1964). Trail of the Stanley Cup. Vol. I. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. ISBN 0-8403-2941-5.
^ McFarlane, Brian (1969). 50 Years of Hockey. Greywood Publishing Ltd.
^ ^a ^b Boyle, Robert H. (1959-02-02). "Black Hawks On The Wing". CNN. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
^ Diamond, Dan (ed.) (1998). Total Hockey. Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 59. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
^ Diamond, Dan (ed.) (1998). Total Hockey. Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 59. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
^ "Blackhawks join Bruins for Original 6 Cup finals," from The Score, 6/9/2013
^ Gretz, Adam (May 31, 2015). "The Tampa Bay Lightning's playoff journey through the Original Six". CBS Sports. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
^ "Montreal Canadiens Head-to-Head Results". Hockey-Reference.com. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
^ "Toronto Maple Leafs Head-to-Head Results". Hockey-Reference.com. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
^ "Detroit Red Wings Head-to-Head Results". Hockey-Reference.com. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
^ "Boston Bruins Head-to-Head Results". Hockey-Reference.com. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
^ "Chicago Blackhawks Head-to-Head Results". Hockey-Reference.com. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
^ "New York Rangers Head-to-Head Results". Hockey-Reference.com. Retrieved January 16, 2016.