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Paraphilic infantilism

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Paraphilic infantilism, also known as autonepiophilia[1] and adult baby syndrome[2] can be a sexual fetish for some that involves role-playing a regression to an infant-like state.[3][4] Behaviors may include drinking from a bottle or wearing diapers.[2][5] Individuals may engage in gentle and nurturing experiences[6] (an adult who only engages in infantilistic play is known as an adult baby[7]) or be attracted to masochistic, coercive, punishing or humiliating experiences.[6] Diaper fetishism involves "diaper lovers" wearing diapers for sexual or erotic reasons but may not involve infant-like behavior.[8] Individuals who experience both of these things are referred to as adult baby/diaper lovers (AB/DL).[9][10] When wearing diapers, infantilists may urinate or defecate in them.[4]

There is no recognized etiology for infantilism and little research on the subject. It has been linked to masochism and a variety of other paraphilias. Though commonly confused with pedophilia, the two conditions are distinct and infantilists do not seek children as sexual partners.[11][12] A variety of causes has been proposed, including altered lovemaps, imprinting gone awry and errors in erotic targets, though there is no consensus. A variety of organizations exist to promote infantilism or meet with other practitioners throughout the world.

Characteristics and behaviors

The infantilist community is described by one practitioner as made up of two main types - adult babies (adults who role play infants) and sissy babies (who tend to wear typically feminine clothing, and use female pronouns). There are also individuals who wear diapers but do not act as infants, either diaper lovers who eroticize diaper wearing, or sadomasochists who use diapers as a way of enforcing dominance and submission. Though the categories are discrete, in practice the behaviors found in each group often overlap.[10] Adult babies roleplaying as a baby or small child for erotic stimulation is considered the signature expression of paraphilic infantilism.[5][13] This may involve the use of adult-sized diapers and baby clothes or toys and furniture such as a crib to lend reality to the infantilist fantasy,[14][15] crawling on the floor,[15] and some individuals may urinate or defecate in their diapers.[4][13][15] If a partner is willing, adult babies may engage in parent-baby roleplay including being bathed, powdered and changed into diapers by one's partner, before being put to bed with a baby bottle.[15][5][13] Some may also simulate lactation with a willing partner.[13] Thereafter the adult baby may be comforted by their partner in the role of the parent and their diapers might be changed if wet or dirty.[5] For some infantilists, the ritual might instead involve being scolded, spanked or chastised for having wet or dirtied their diapers. In this latter instance the mode of arousal is masochistic.[5] Others may only desire gentle or nurturing treatment, based on the desire to be cared for or to "surrender the responsibilities of adult life".[16] Some infantilists may involve masturbation and ejaculation[15][16] while others may choose not to engage in sex since it is not babylike.[17] The erotic pleasure derived from either of these forms of infantilism may replace the need for sexual intercourse in reaching orgasm.[5]

In one study of AB/DL website participants, 93% of the sample was male (excluding transgender individuals). 58% of the men and 34% of the women were heterosexual. Males first became interested in AB/DL at a mean age of 11, and started practicing it at 13, compared to 12 and 16 for females, respectively. The most frequent activities were wearing diapers, wetting, and using other baby items. 87% of the men and 91% of the women reported that their AB/DL had not caused any significant problems or distress.[18]

Research

Meaningful information on the incidence or prevalence of any of the paraphilias are lacking due to the often clandestine nature of such practices.[15] Similarly, it has been observed that infantilism is a closeted activity and it is not well documented in the medical literature.[7][19] If exceptional behaviors do not cause functional impairment, personal distress or distress to others, or have legal implications they can escape the purview of psychiatric awareness and knowledge.[7] Additionally, infantilists may not consider themselves as suffering from a medical condition and may not want to change their behavior, a common occurrence among individuals with paraphilias.[7][17] Individuals with paraphilic infantilism may only seek therapy for other issues, or be encouraged or coerced to seek treatment if discovered by others.[20] Given these issues the potential of anonymous internet surveys for data collection on infantilist communities has been noted.[19]

Relation to other conditions

Infantilism is a diffuse phenomenon and different authorities have taken varied approaches to the question of its medical and sexological classification.

Definitions

The conventional definition of infantilism means the persistence of childlike traits in adults and medically the failure to attain sexual maturity,[21] and "sexual infantilism" is also used medically as a synonym for delayed puberty.[3][22] The term "psychosexual infantilism" was used in Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development to refer to individuals who had not matured through its hypothetical stages into heterosexuality.[15] Psychologist Wilhelm Stekel used "psychosexual infantilism" as a category similar to paraphilia, including paraphilic infantilism[17] and other paraphilias and sexual orientations.[23]

Masochism

Main article: Sadomasochism

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) states that along with other behaviors, sexual masochists "...may have a desire to be treated as a helpless infant and clothed in diapers ('infantilism')"[24] and this association is repeated by others.[25][26][27] Masochism appears to be particularly important for female infantilists.[18]

Psychologists D. Richard Laws and William O'Donohue state that "Although infantilism is classified as a sexual masochism in the DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR, it is questionable whether the criteria for sexual masochism are always met. For example, if the infantile role playing does not involve feelings of humiliation and suffering, then the diagnosis of sexual masochism would not be appropriate and a diagnosis of infantilism as a paraphilia [not otherwise specified] is warranted."[28] Sexologist John Money, in his book Lovemaps describes paraphilic infantilism as a possible "...adjunctive to masochistic discipline and humiliation."[29] Sexologist William B. Arndt considers paraphilic infantilism to combine forms of fetishism, tranvestism and masochism.[11] Wilhelm Stekel considered sado-masochistic practices to be variant behavior arising from psychosexual infantilism.[30]

Pedophilia

Main article: Pedophilia

Confusing infantilism with pedophilia is a common misunderstanding[11] but infantilism involves role-playing exclusively with other adults;[12] infantilism is not related to pedophilia, or any other form of child sexual abuse.[13] Sexologist Gloria Brame states that "...infantilists who recognize and accept their sexuality - and its possible roots in infantile trauma - tend to be acutely protective of real children."[6]

John Money states that diaper fetishists may be sexually attracted to diaper-wearing babies, a condition he calls nepiophilia, but describes infantilism as autonepiophilia in which the individual desires to be and impersonate a baby and does not desire an infant as a sexual partner.[31]

In 1993, sexologists Ray Blanchard and Kurt Freund published and discussed a series of case studies involving infantilists[15] and noted a distinction between them and pedophiles. While pedophiles were attracted to children (and objects related to childhood) due to the desire for a child sexual partner, infantilists imagined themselves as children and adopted the objects of childhood or infancy to increase the power difference between themselves and their preferred sexual partners of adult women, with whom they acted out masochistic fantasies.[32]

Other conditions

In the limited number of extant medical case reports some clinicians have attempted to explain the behaviors associated with infantilism in terms of obsessive compulsive disorder,[33] as "a concurrent cluster of symptoms found in a variety of psychiatric disorders",[34] or as a form of autoeroticism analogous to Ray Blanchard's concept of autogynephilia as applied in certain cases of gender identity disorder.[15][32][35] Psychiatrist Jay Feierman considers infantilism a form of chronophilia in which the infantilist desires a sexual partner of the same biological age, but their own "sexuoerotic age" does not match his or her own biological age (i.e. the adult infantilist wishes an adult sexual partner who treats them as a baby).[36] A 2011 letter to the editor in the Archives of Sexual Behavior reviewed several case studies and noted a common history of sexual abuse.[8]

Diaper fetishism

Individuals with diaper fetishism typically do not imagine themselves as babies. Rather, they more often see themselves as adults who are drawn to wearing diapers.[37]

John Money distinguishes between infantilism or autonepiophilia and paraphilic diaper-wearing, stating that the latter is a paraphilic fetish that manifests as an erotic attraction to an article of clothing while the former is a non-fetishistic paraphilia directed at a change of status in terms of age identity.[38]

Cross-dressing

Infantilists, usually male, may also engage in cross-dressing and wear clothes stereotypically associated with young girls. This type of behavior is referred to as being a "sissy baby". Masochistic infantilists may wish to be forcibly cross-dressed.[10][39]

Causes

To date no broad-based scientific studies have been made on the cause, incidence and general impact of paraphilic infantilism on society at large. This may be due to both the relative rarity of the condition and because few paraphilic infantilists appear to seek professional mental health counseling,[7][17] and that even fewer appear to require any type of pro-active mental health intervention.[20] A 2002 case report by psychiatrists Jennifer Pate and Glen Goddard found little research on the topic, and they suggested the DSM lacked a category that captured their patient's disorder.[7] Research on the etiology of paraphilias in general is minimal and as of 2008 had essentially come to a standstill; it is not clear whether the development of infantilism shares a common cause with other paraphilias.[40] Criminologists Stephen and Ronald Holmes believe that while there is no simple answer to the origins of infantilism, the practices may involve an element of stress reduction similar to that of transvestism.[13]

Lovemap theory

John Money developed the theory of a lovemap,

"a developmental representation or template in the mind and in the brain depicting the idealized lover and the idealized program of sexual and erotic activity projected in imagery or actually engaged in".

Money thought that the lovemap was normally fully developed by the age of 8, serving as a kind of sexual template through to the end of one's adult life.[41] Money believed all paraphilias were caused by the formation of abnormal lovemaps during the preadolescent years and that such abnormal lovemaps can be formed by any number of contributing factors or stressors during this developmental period.[42] Money also coined the term "autonepiophilia" meaning a "diaperism" or diaper fetishism in 1984 to describe the condition.[43] Nepon is Greek for infant.[44][45]

Imprinting

It has been hypothesized that, among other possible causes, sexual templates are established by a process akin to imprinting where lack of availability of female genitals during a critical period of development causes the imprinting mechanism to instead associate with the nearest visual or olfactory approximation. In the case of infantilism, the discipline of the mother or wearing diapers may create associations between pain, humiliation and sexuality.[46]

Erotic location target error

An additional theory is that infantilism is an erotic identity disorder where the erotic fantasy is centered on the self rather than on a sexual partner and results from an erotic targeting location error where the erotic target was children yet becomes inverted. According to this model, proposed by Ray Blanchard and Kurt Freund in 1993, infantilism is a sexual attraction to the idea of the self being a child.[15]

History

The first public event for adult babies was "Baby Week", occurring in San Francisco in the early 1990s. Subsequently the internet became a major forum, with numerous websites offering books, magazines, audio and video tapes and related paraphernalia, as well as a 24-hour hotline. Paraphilic infantilism has appeared as an alternative lifestyle in numerous Western countries including the United States, England, Germany and Australia.[47] The organization "Diaper Pail Friends" was established in San Francisco, growing to approximately 3,000 members in 1995 through magazine articles, books, talk shows and the internet. The organization was studied in 1995 by a group of sexologists, though the results were not published.[48] In 2001 the New York organization "Still in Diapers" was founded for diaper fetishists.[10] In 2008 the Diaper Pail Friends had expanded to a national organization and claimed a membership of 15,000.[13]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Corsini, Raymond J. (2002). The Dictionary of Psychology. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-1-58391-328-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  2. ^ a b Russell, J (2008). Exploring Psychology for AS Level AQA 'A'. Folens Limited. pp. 200. ISBN 1-85008-258-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  3. ^ a b Hickey, Eric W. (2006). Sex Crimes and Paraphilia. Pearson Education. p. 355. ISBN 978-0-13-170350-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  4. ^ a b c Speaker, TJ, Psychosexual Infantilism in Adults: The Eroticization of Regression, Sausalito, CA: Columbia Pacific University, p. 93
  5. ^ a b c d e f Money 1986, p. 70.
  6. ^ a b c Brame, GG (1996). Different Loving: An Exploration of the World of Sexual Dominance and Submission. Random House of Canada. pp. 137–40. ISBN 0-679-76956-0. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ a b c d e f Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 14594737 , please use {{cite journal}} with |pmid= 14594737 instead.
  8. ^ a b Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1007/s10508-011-9783-8, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1007/s10508-011-9783-8 instead.
  9. ^ Watson, J (2005-06-09). "Baby Man". Phoenix New Times. Retrieved 2011-02-28.
  10. ^ a b c d Taormino, T (2002-08-13). "Still in Diapers". The Village Voice. Retrieved 2007-05-08.
  11. ^ a b c Arndt, William B. (1991). Gender Disorders and Paraphilias. International Universities Press. p. 394. ISBN 978-0-8236-2150-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  12. ^ a b Tiefenwerth, Thomas J. (2007). Criminal Sexuality and Psychopathology: Pornography as a Contributory Risk Factor in the Psycho-Social Development of Violent Sex Offenders. ProQuest. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-549-14928-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  13. ^ a b c d e f g Holmes, Ronald M.; Holmes, Stephen T. (2008). Sex Crimes: Patterns and Behavior. SAGE Publications. pp. 81. ISBN 1-4129-5298-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  14. ^ Baumeister, RF (1989). Masochism and Self. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. p. 159. ISBN 0-8058-0486-2.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Cantor J (2009). "Sexual Disorders". In Blaney PH & Millon T (ed.). Oxford Textbook of Psychopathology (2nd ed.). New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 530–7. ISBN 978-0-19-537421-6. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ a b Ditmore, MH (2006). Encyclopedia of prostitution and sex work, Volume 1. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 238. ISBN 0-313-32968-0.
  17. ^ a b c d Stekel 1952, pp. 143–144.
  18. ^ a b Hawkinson, K., & Zamboni, B. D. (2014). "Adult Baby/Diaper Lovers: An Exploratory Study of an Online Community Sample". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 43 (5): 863–877.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ a b Pretlow, Robert A (2002). "The internet can reveal previously unknown causes of medical conditions, such as attraction to diapers as a cause of enuresis and incontinence". Mednet.
  20. ^ a b Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 2279218, please use {{cite journal}} with |pmid=2279218 instead.
  21. ^ "Infantilism". dictionary.com. Retrieved 2011-08-24.
  22. ^ Greenspan, FS; Gardner DG (2004). "Puberty". Basic & Clinical Endocrinology. pp. 617–627. ISBN 0-07-140297-7.
  23. ^ Stekel 1952, p. vii.
  24. ^ American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association. p. 572. ISBN 0-89042-024-6.
  25. ^ Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (2009). Catherine Harold (ed.). Professional Guide to Diseases (9th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1341. ISBN 978-0-7817-7899-2.
  26. ^ Kring, Ann; Johnson, Sheri; Davison, Gerald C.; Neale, John M. (2009). Abnormal Psychology (11th ed.). John Wiley and Sons. p. 719. ISBN 978-0-470-57712-7.
  27. ^ Becker, Judith V.; Stinson, Jill D. (2008). "Human sexuality and sexual dysfunctions". In Robert E. Hales, Stuart C. Yudofsky & Glen O. Gabbard (ed.). The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Psychiatry (5th ed.). Arlington VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 738. ISBN 978-1-58562-257-3.
  28. ^ Laws, D. Richard; O'Donohue, William T. (2008). Sexual Deviance: Theory, Assessment, Treatment. Guilford Press. pp. 407. ISBN 978-1-59385-605-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  29. ^ Money 1986, p. 259.
  30. ^ Dailey, Dennis M. (1989). The Sexually Unusual: A Guide to Understanding and Helping. pp. 44. ISBN 0-86656-786-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  31. ^ Money, John (1997). Principles of Developmental Sexology. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 255. ISBN 978-0-8264-1026-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  32. ^ a b Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 8481752 , please use {{cite journal}} with |pmid= 8481752 instead.
  33. ^ Croarkin, Paul; Nam, Theodore; Waldrep, Douglas (2004). "Comment on Adult Baby Syndrome (letter to the editor)". American Journal of Psychiatry. 161 (11): 2141. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.11.2141-a. PMID 15514436.
  34. ^ Evcimen, Harun; Gratz, Silvia (2006). "Adult Baby Syndrome (letter to the editor)". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 35 (2): 116. doi:10.1007/s10508-005-9002-6.
  35. ^ Dickey, Robert (2007). "Commentary on "Adult Baby Syndrome" by Evcimen and Gratz (2006) (letter to the editor)". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 36: 131–2. doi:10.1007/s10508-006-9148-x.
  36. ^ Feierman, Jay R. (1990). Pedophilia: biosocial dimensions. Springer-Verlag. p. 455. ISBN 0-387-97243-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  37. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 5929499 , please use {{cite journal}} with |pmid= 5929499 instead.
  38. ^ Money 1986, p. 96.
  39. ^ Marx, E (2009). 101 Things You Didn't Know about Sex. Adams Media. pp. 145. ISBN 1-60550-106-9.
  40. ^ Rowland, DL; Incrocci L (2008). Handbook of Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 522. ISBN 0-470-25721-0.
  41. ^ Money 1986, p. 290.
  42. ^ Money 1986, p. 34.
  43. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 6234812 , please use {{cite journal}} with |pmid= 6234812 instead.
  44. ^ Money 1986, p. 70.
  45. ^ Money, John (1985). The Destroying Angel: Sex, Fitness and Food in the Legacy of Degeneracy Theory, Graham Crackers, Kellogg's Corn Flakes and American Health History. Prometheus Books. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-87975-277-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  46. ^ Wilson, Glen Daniel (1987). Variant Sexuality: Research and Theory. Taylor and Francis. pp. 107–11. ISBN 0-7099-3698-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  47. ^ Kaufman, F (1997). "Our Binkies, Our Selves: The adult baby boom". Spin. 13 (7). SPIN Media LLC: 55. ISSN 0886-3032.
  48. ^ The Continuum Complete International Encyclopedia of Sexuality (pdf). The Continuum International Publishing Group Inc. 2004. pp. 1248–9. ISBN 0-8264-1488-5. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)

References

Further reading

  • Love, B (1992). Encyclopedia of Unusual Sex Practices. Barricade Books. ISBN 0-942637-64-X.
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