Prison rape
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Prison rape or jail rape is rape occurring in prison. It has come into common usage to refer to rape of inmates by other inmates, and less commonly to the rape of inmates by staff, and even less commonly rape of staff by inmates.
United States
Public awareness of common prison rape is a relatively recent development and estimates of its prevalence have varied widely for decades. In 1974 Carl Weiss and David James Friar wrote that 46 million Americans would one day be incarcerated; of that number, they claimed, 10 million would be raped.[1]
A United States Department of Justice report, Sexual Victimization in Prisons and Jails Reported by Inmates, states that "In 2011-12, an estimated 5.0% of state and federal prison inmates and 3.2% of jail inmates reported experiencing one or more incidents of sexual victimization by another inmate or facility staff in the past 12 months or since admission to the facility, if less than 12 months." [2] However, advocates dispute the accuracy of the numbers, saying they seem to under-report the real numbers of sexual assaults in prison, especially among juveniles.[3]
A 1992 estimate from the Federal Bureau of Prisons conjectured that between 9 and 20 percent of inmates had been sexually assaulted.[1] Studies in 1982 and 1996 both concluded that the rate was somewhere between 12 and 14 percent. A 1986 study by Daniel Lockwood put the number at around 23 percent[1] for maximum security prisons in New York. In contrast, Christine Saum's 1994 survey of 101 inmates showed 5 had been sexually assaulted.[1]
The Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003 was the first United States federal law passed specifically dealing with the sexual assault of prisoners. The bill was signed into law on September 4, 2003.[4]
See also
- Physical and sexual abuse of LGBT prisoners
- Sexual abuse of women in American prisons
- Prisoner abuse
- Prison sexuality
- Types of rape
- Criminal transmission of HIV, a criminal offense that is punished by imprisonment in some jurisdictions
References
- ^ a b c d Peek, Christine (2003). "Breaking Out of the Prison Hierarchy: Transgendered Prisoners, Rape, and the Eighth Amendment" (PDF). Santa Clara Law Review. 44 (Entire Paragraph citation). Santa Clara University School of Law: 1211–48. ISSN 0146-0315. OCLC 2842601. Retrieved 2008-06-07.
- ^ Beck, Allen J.; et al. (2013). "Sexual Victimization in Prisons and Jails Reported by Inmates" (PDF). US Department of Justice. p. 6. Retrieved 2013-05-17.
- ^ Swift, James (2013). "Advocates Dispute Agency Finding on Sex Abuse of Juvenile Inmates". Juvenile Justice Information Exchange. p. [1]. Retrieved 2013-05-17.
- ^ Smith, Brenda V. (Spring 2008). "The Prison Rape Elimination Act: Implementation and Unresolved Issues". Criminal Law Brief (WCL Research Paper No. 2008–49). Washington College of Law. OCLC 63521701. Retrieved 2008-06-07.
External links
- Just Detention International Organization campaigning against prison rape
- National Prison Rape Elimination Commission
- "No Escape: Male Rape in U.S. Prisons - Human Rights Watch at Google Books
- "Gender Violence in Prison & Hyper-Masculinities in the 'Hood: Cycles of Destructive Masculinity by SpearIt : : SSRN". Papers.ssrn.com. Retrieved 2012-11-05.
- Goodmark, Leigh and Flores, Juanita and Goldscheid, Julie and Ritchie, Andrea and SpearIt, Plenary 2 -- Redefining Gender Violence—Transcripts from Converge! Reimagining the Movement to End Gender Violence (July 9, 2015). University of Miami Race & Social Justice Law Review, Vol. 5, p. 289, 2015. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2628984
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