Bell XV-3
| XV-3 | |
|---|---|
| |
| Bell XV-3 | |
| Role | Experimental VTOL aircraft |
| Manufacturer | Bell Helicopter |
| First flight | 11 August 1955 |
| Status | Display |
| Number built | 2 |
The Bell XV-3 (Bell 200) was a tiltrotor aircraft developed by Bell Helicopter for a joint research program between the United States Air Force and the United States Army, to explore convertiplane technologies. The XV-3 featured an engine mounted in the fuselage with drive shafts transferring power to, two-bladed rotor assemblies mounted on the wingtips. The wingtip rotor assemblies were mounted to tilt 90 degrees from vertical to horizontal, designed to allow the XV-3 to take off and land like a helicopter but fly at faster airspeeds, similar to a conventional fixed-wing aircraft.
The XV-3 was first flown on 11 August 1955. Although it was limited in performance, the aircraft successfully demonstrated the tiltrotor concept, accomplishing 110 transitions from helicopter to airplane mode between 18 December 1958 and July 1962. The XV-3 program ended when the remaining aircraft was severely damaged in a wind tunnel accident on 20 May 1966.[1] The data and experience from the XV-3 program were key elements used to successfully develop the Bell XV-15 which later paved the way for the V-22 Osprey.[2]
Design and development
In 1951, the Army and Air Force announced the Convertible Aircraft Program and released the Request for Proposals (RFP) to solicit designs from the aircraft industry. In October 1953, Bell Helicopter was awarded a development contract to produce two aircraft for testing purposes.[3] The original military designation was XH-33, classifying it as a helicopter, but its designation was changed to XV-3 in the convertiplane series. The designation was changed once again in 1962, to XV-3A when the V-prefix was changed to mean VTOL.[citation needed] The leading designers were Bob Lichten and Kenneth Wernicke.[2]
The first XV-3 (s/n 54-147) flew on 11 August 1955, with Bell Chief Test Pilot Floyd Carlson at the controls. On 18 August 1955, the aircraft experienced a hard landing when the rotor developed a dynamic instability. Bell attempted to remedy the situation and flight testing resumed on 29 March 1956, after additional ground runs. Bell continued to expand the flight envelope of the XV-3, but on 25 July 1956, the same rotor instability occurred again. Flight testing of the XV-3 resumed in late September 1956. Then, on 25 October 1956, the aircraft crashed when the test pilot blacked out due to extremely high cockpit vibrations. The vibrations resulted when the rotor shafts were moved 17 degrees forward from vertical. The test pilot, Dick Stansbury, was seriously injured, and the aircraft was damaged beyond repair.[citation needed][2]
Bell modified the second XV-3 (s/n 54-148) by replacing the three-bladed rotors with two-bladed rotors, and after taking extensive precautions, the second XV-3 began testing at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics' (NACA) Ames Aeronautical Laboratory wind tunnel facility on 18 July 1957. Flight testing for ship #2 began on 21 January 1958, at Bell's facility. By April, the aircraft had expanded the flight envelope to 127 mph (205 km/h), as well as demonstrating full autorotation landings, and 30-degrees forward transitions with the rotor pylons. On 6 May 1958, another instance of rotor instability occurred when the pylons were advanced to 40-degrees forward pylon angle, and the XV-3 was grounded once more. The XV-3 returned to the Ames wind tunnel in October 1958, to collect more data before it could be flown again.[4]
The XV-3 resumed flight testing at Bell's facility on 12 December 1958. On 18 December 1958, Bell test pilot Bill Quinlan accomplished the first, dynamically stable, full conversion to airplane mode, and on 6 January 1959, Air Force Captain Robert Ferry became the first military pilot to complete a tiltrotor conversion to airplane mode. Flight testing at the Bell facilities was completed on 24 April 1959, and the aircraft was shipped to Edwards Air Force Base. The military flight testing of the XV-3 began on 14 May 1959. Promoted to the rank of Major, Robert Ferry would coauthor the report on the military flight evaluations, conducted from May to July 1959, noting that despite the deficiencies of the design, the "fixed-wing tilt-prop," or tiltrotor, was a practical application for rotorcraft.[5]
Following the completion of the joint service testing, the aircraft was returned to the Ames facility, where on 12 August 1959, Fred Drinkwater became the first NASA test pilot to complete the full conversion of a tiltrotor to airplane mode. On 8 August 1961, Army Major E. E. Kluever became the first Army pilot to fly a tiltrotor aircraft.[citation needed][3] Testing would continue through July 1962, as NASA and Bell completed wind tunnel testing to study pitch-flap coupling exhibited by the tiltrotor in an effort to predict and eliminate the aeroelastic dynamic rotor instability (referred to simply as, pylon whirl) that had caused problems throughout the program.
In April 1966, Bell Helicopter aerodynamicist, Dr. Earl Hall, published an analysis of the XV-3 program data explaining the tiltrotor aircraft pylon whirl instability. In order to establish Hall's findings and develop a computer model, NASA agreed to conduct wind tunnel testing at the Ames 40 x 80 wind tunnel. As the engineers were completing the last planned test, a wing tip failure caused both rotors to fail, resulting in severe damage of the XV-3 and damage to the wind tunnel.[6] On 14 June 1966, NASA Ames Research Center announced the completion of XV-3 testing. The XV-3 had accomplished a total of 250 flights, accumulated 125 flight hours, and completed 110 full conversions.[7]
Survivors
In late 1966, the sole remaining XV-3, serial number 54-148, was moved to outside storage at Davis-Monthan AFB in Tucson, Arizona.[8] In 1984, the Bell XV-15 flight test team discovered the aircraft stored outside the Army's Aviation Museum during the XV-15 visit to Fort Rucker, Alabama as part of a demonstration tour.[9] 54-148 was repaired by December 1986, with Army support and the leadership of former Bell XV-3 engineer Claude Leibensberger, but the aircraft was disassembled and placed into indoor storage.[10] On 22 January 2004, the XV-3 was delivered to Bell Plant 6 in Arlington, Texas.[8][11] In 2005, Bell Helicopter employees began work to restore 54-148 to museum display condition, this time led by former XV-3 engineer Charles Davis.[8] Following a two year restoration, the XV-3 was transferred to the National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton, Ohio. It was placed on display in the Museum's Post-Cold War Gallery in June 2007,[12] and as of 2011 is on display in the Research & Development Gallery.[13]
Specifications (XV-3)
Data from NASA Monograph 17[14] and Aerophile, Vol. 2, No. 1.[15]
General characteristics
- Crew: 1
Performance
See also
Related development
Related lists
References
- Notes
- ^ Kiley, Don. "The Tiltrotor. Aviation's square peg?". Flight Safety Information Journal. Special Edition, July 2003. Accessed on 26 October 2008.
- ^ a b c Whittle, Richard. "The Dream Machine: The Untold History of the Notorious V-22 Osprey" pp36+41+48. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2010. ISBN 1-4165-6295-8. Retrieved: 11 August 2012.
- ^ a b Maisel et al., 2000, p. 4. Cite error: The named reference "NASA4" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ As a result of the wind tunnel testing, the rotor diameter was reduced, wing structure was increased and strengthened, and the rotor controls were stiffened.
- ^ Maisel et al., 2000, p. 14.
- ^ Markman and Holder, 2000
- ^ Maisel et al., 2000, p. 141.
- ^ a b c Miller, Jay. "World's First Tilt-Rotor Under Restoration". Flight Journal. November/December 2004. Accessed at findarticles.com on 26 October 2008.
- ^ The Bell XV-15 was flown over Fort Rucker's nap-of-the-earth (NOE) flight course from 10-13 September 1984. (Maisel et al., 2000, p. 145.)
- ^ Maisel et al. 2000, p. 17.
- ^ "XV-3, world’s first tiltrotor aircraft returns to Texas A half century after being built in Fort Worth". Press release from Bell Helicopter. 22 January 2004. Accessed at helis.com on 26 October 2008.
- ^ "BELL HELICOPTER TEXTRON XV-3". National Museum of the USAF. Accessed on 26 October 2008.
- ^ www.nationalmuseum.af.mil
- ^ Maisel et.al. 2000, pp. 121-2.
- ^ Miller, Jay. Aerophile. San Antonio, Texas, June 1979. Volume 2, Number 1. pages 13–14.
- Bibliography
- Markman, Steve, and William G. Holder. Straight Up: A History of Vertical Flight. Schiffer military/aviation history. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Pub, 2000.
- Maisel, Martin D., Demo J. Giulianetti and Daniel C. Dugan. "The History of the XV-15 Tilt Rotor Research Aircraft: From Concept to Flight". Washington, D.C.: NASA History Division, 2000.
External links
