Sanjak of Scutari

Sanjak of Scutari / Sanjak of Shkodra İşkodra Sancağı Sanxhaku i Shkodrës Скадарски санџак
sanjak of the Ottoman Empire
1479–1913
Coat of arms
The sanjak highlighted, late 19th century.
Capital	Scutari (present-day Shkodër)
History
• Ottoman Empire captured Shkodra from Republic of Venice	1479
• Disestablished	30 May
Preceded by Succeeded by Republic of Venice File:Supposed Flag of the House of Crnojevic.svg Zeta under the Crnojevići Principality of Albania
Today part of	Albania Montenegro

The Sanjak of Scutari or Sanjak of Shkodra (Albanian: Sanxhaku i Shkodrës; Serbian: Скадарски санџак; Turkish: İskenderiye Sancağı or İşkodra Sancağı ) was one of the sanjaks of the Ottoman Empire. It was established after Ottoman Empire acquired Shkodra after the siege of Shkodra in 1478-9. It was part of Rumelia Eyalet until 1867, when it became a part, together with Sanjak of Skopje, of newly established Scutari Vilayet. In 1912 and beginning of 1913 it was occupied by members of Balkan League during the First Balkan War. In 1914 the territory of Sanjak of Scutari became a part of Principality of Albania, established on the basis of peace contract signed during London Conference in 1913.

History

Background and formation

With short interruptions, the territory of northern Albania, including what would become the Sanjak of Scutari, belonged to the Serbian medieval states for many centuries. The first Ottoman censuses (1431, 1467 and 1485) show substantial presence of Slavic toponyms.

The last Slavic dynasty that controlled Shkodra was Balšić noble family. At the end of the 14th century the city came under the control of the Republic of Venice and after Ottoman Empire acquired Shkodra from Venice after the siege of Shkodra in 1478-9, it became the centre of Sanjak of Scutari.

Acquisition of Zeta

Main article: Sanjak of Montenegro

Since he was appointed on the position of sanjakbey of the Scutari in 1496, Feriz Beg had intention to annex Zeta to Ottoman Empire. Đurađ Crnojević who controlled neighboring Principality of Zeta maintained frequent correspondence with other Christian feudal states with intention to establish an anti-Ottoman coalition. When his brother, Stefan, betrayed him to Ottomans in 1496, Đurađ proposed to accept the suzerainty of Ottoman Empire if Feruz Beg accept to recognize him as governor in Zeta. Feriz Beg refused this proposal and invited Đurađ to either come to Scutari to clarify his anti-Ottoman activities or to flee Zeta. When Firuz Beg attacked Zeta with strong forces in 1496 Đurađ decided to flee to Venice. In 1497 Firuz Beg captured Grbalj and put Zeta under his effective military control, although it was still part of the Zeta governed by Stefan II Crnojević. In 1499 Feriz Beg formally annexed Zeta to the territory of his Sanjak of Scutari, and Zeta lost its status as an independent state. In 1514, this territory was separated from the Sanjak of Scutari and established as a separate sanjak, under the rule of Skenderbeg Crnojević. When he died in 1528, the Sanjak of Montenegro was reincorporated into the Sanjak of Scutari as a unique administrative unit (vilayet) with certain degree of autonomy.

Late 16th and early 17th century

The census of 1582—1583 registered the "vilayet of the Black Mountain" (vilayet-i Kara Dağ) as separate administrative unit within Sanjak of Scutari. The vilayet consisted of the following nahiyah and villages: Grbavci with 13 villages, Župa 11, Malonšići 7, Plješivci 14, Cetinje 16, Rijeka 31, Crmnica 11, Paštrovići 36 and Grbalj 9 villages; a total of 148 villages.

Marino Bizzi, the Archbishop of Bar (Antivari), in his 1610 report stated that name of the sanjakbey of Sanjak of Scutari was Ali Pasha.

Pashalik of Scutari

Main article: Pashalik of Scutari

In the period between 1757 and 1831, the Sanjak of Scutari was elevated to the Pashalik of Scutari, a semi-autonomous pashalik under the Ottoman empire created by the Albanian Bushati family. Its territory encompassed parts of modern-day northern Albania and Montenegro, with its center in city of Shkodër. The weakening of Ottoman central authority and the timar system of land ownership brought anarchy to the West Balkans region of Ottoman Empire. In the late 18th century, two centers of power emerged in this region: Shkodër, under the Bushati family; and Janina, under Ali Pasha of Tepelenë. Both regions cooperated with and defied the Sublime Porte as their interests required.

Scutari Vilayet

Main article: Scutari Vilayet

Before 1867, Shkodër (İşkodra) was a sanjak within the Rumelia Eyalet. In 1867, the Sanjak of Scutari merged with the Sanjak of Üsküb (Skopje), forming the Scutari Vilayet. The vilayet was subsequently divided into three sanjaks: İșkodra (Scutari), Prizren and Dibra. In 1877, the Sanjak of Prizren was transferred to the Kosovo Vilayet, and the Sanjak of Dibra was transferred to the Monastir Vilayet. Following the territorial transfers, the Sanjak of Scutari was subsequently divided into two sanjaks: Sanjak of Scutari and Sanjak of Draç (Durrës).

Following the invasion of Montenegrin forces during the Montenegrin-Ottoman War between 1876 and 1878, ownership of the cities of Bar, Podgorica, and Ulcinj was transferred from the Sanjak of Scutari to the Principality of Montenegro.

The Sanjak of Shkodra (1907)

In 1900, the Vilayet of Scutari was disestablished, demerging into two separate sanjaks: Sanjak of Scutari and Sanjak of Durrës.

Disestablishment

Main articles: Siege of Scutari (1912–1913) and Treaty of London (1913)

In 1912 and beginning of 1913 it was occupied by members of Balkan League during the First Balkan War. In 1914 the territory of Sanjak of Scutari became a part of Principality of Albania, established on the basis of peace contract signed during London Conference in 1913.

Demographics

Based on the people names registered in the census, it may be concluded that population of Sanjak of Scutari was mainly composed of Serbs and Albanians (Orthodox, Catholic and Muslim). There was also certain number of Vlachs, Turks and other people present, mainly in towns.

1485 census

The first Ottoman census of the Sanjak of Scutari was organized in 1485. It was the third Ottoman census which was organized on the territory within modern Republic of Albania. The first census was organized in 1431 on the territory of Sanjak of Albania. The 1485 census shows that Sanjak of Scutari consisted of four kazas: İşkodra (Shkodër), Depedöğen (Podgorica), İpek (Peć), and Bihor. The kazas were divided into smaller administrative units, nahiyah.

1582—1583 census

Main article: 1582–83 defter of the Sanjak of Scutari

The census organized in period 1582—1583 shows that there were many nahiyah within Sanjak of Scutari with following number of villages:

• Shkodër with 128 villages
• Dušmen with 24 villages; majority had personal names with an Albanian character, minority with a Serbian character.
  • Toponyms show some South Slavic influence
  • Islamisation was slowly occurring within the nahiyah, based on the presence of characteristically Muslim names within its population
• Zabojana with 48 villages; majority had personal names with an Albanian character, minority with a Serbian character.
• Mrko with 9 villages; majority had personal names with a Serbian character, minority with an Albanian character.
• Krajina with 18 villages; majority had personal names with an Albanian character
  • Toponyms show an overwhelming South Slavic influence
• Gorje Šestan (Džebel-i Šestan) with 7 villages; majority had personal names with a Serbian character, minority with an Albanian character.
• Podgorica with 13 villages; majority had personal names with a Serbian character, minority with an Albanian character.
• Žabljak with 8 villages; majority had personal names with a Serbian character, minority with an Albanian character.
• Hoti with 8 villages; majority had personal names with an Albanian character, while a minority had with a Serbian character.
• Bjelopavlići with 6 villages; overwhelming majority had personal names with a Serbian character
• Vražegrmci with 16 villages; overwhelming majority had personal names with a Serbian character
• Pobor with 11 villages; overwhelming majority had personal names with a Serbian character
• Klemente with 2 villages; majority had personal names with an Albanian character, minority with a Serbian character.
• Kuči with 13 villages; majority had personal names with a Serbian character, minority with an Albanian character.
• Peć with 235 villages; overwhelming majority had personal names with a Serbian character; very few personal names with an Albanian character mentioned
  • Islamisation was common within the nahiyah, with many Serbs and Albanians converting to Islam
• Altin (Altun li) with 41 villages; relative majority had names with a Serbian character, minority with an Albanian character
• Petrišpan with 33 villages
• Budimlje with 31 villages; overwhelming majority had personal names with a Serbian character
  • Presence of Muslim inhabitants shown in one village within the nahiyah
• Komoran with 20 villages; overwhelming majority had personal names with a Serbian character
  • Presence of Muslim inhabitants shown in two villages within the nahiyah
• Plav with 18 villages; all inhabitants had personal names with a Serbian character
  • No Muslim inhabitants within the nahiyah
• Zla Rijeka with 12 villages

There was a total of 709 villages in the Sanjak of Scutari.

Additionally, a smaller part of Ottoman census from 1582—1583 dealt with Montenegro (Vilâyet-i Karaca-dağ) as separate administrative unit within Sanjak of Scutari. This part consisted of following nahiyah and villages: Grbavci with 13 villages, Župa with 11 villages, Malonšići with 7 villages, Plješivci with 14 villages, Cetinje with 16 villages, Rijeka with 31 villages, Cernica (Crmnica) with 11 villages, Paštrovići with 36 villages, Grbalj with 9 villages. There was a total of 148 villages belonging to the Montenegrin subdivision.

The 1582—1583 census shows 857 villages and several towns including Shkodër (İşkodra), Peć (İpek), Podgorica (Depedöğen), Bar (Bar) and Ulcinj (Ulçin).

1874 estimation

According to Russian consulate Ivan Yastrebov's estimations, there were 80.000 Catholic males, 20.000 Orthodox males, and 9.500 Muslim males. The majority of the population spoke the Albanian language. He asserted that the Orthodox, and a number of Catholics and Muslims spoke the Serbian language.

Governors

• Feriz Beg (fl. 1495–1512), served 1496–1502
• Ali Pasha (fl. 1610)
• Süleyman (fl. 1685–1692)
• Mehmed Bushati (1757–1775)
• Kara Mahmud Pasha (1775–1796)
• Ibrahim Pasha (1796–1810)
• Mustafa Pasha Bushatli (1810–1831)

See also

• Sanjak of Montenegro

Sources

• Goodwin, Godfrey (2 January 2013). The Janissaries. Saqi Essentials. ISBN 978-0-86356-781-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Preto, Paolo (January 2010). I servizi segreti di Venezia. Spionaggio e controspionaggio ai tempi della Serenissima. Il Saggiatore. ISBN 978-88-565-0164-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Ћоровић, Владимир; Петровић, Драгољуб С (2006). Историја Срба. Дом и школа. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Bojović, Boško I. (1998). Raguse (Dubrovnik) et l'Empire ottoman (1430-1520): les actes impériaux ottomans en vieux-serbe de Murad II à Sélim Ier. Eds. de l&Association "Pierre Belon". ISBN 978-2-910860-06-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Rizaj, Skënder (1982). Kosova gjatë shekujve XV, XVI dhe XVII: administrimi, ekonomia, shoqëria dhe lëvizja popullore. Rilindja. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Pavle S. Radusinović (1978). Stanovništvo Crne Gore do 1945. godine: opšta istorijsko-geografska i demografska razmatranja. Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Марковић, Томаш (1969). Историја школства и просвјете у Црној Гори. Завод за издавање уџбеника Социјалистичке Републике Србије. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Plavšić, Lazar (1959). Srpske štamparije: od kraja XV do sredine XIX veka. Udruženje grafičkih preduzeća Jugoslavije. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Press, Illinois (1948). Illinois Studies in the Social Sciences. University of Illinois Press. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Jovanović, Jagoš (1947). Stvaranje Crnogorske države i razvoj Crnogorske nacionalnosti: istorija Crne Gore od početka VIII vjeka do 1918 godine. Obod. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• društvo, Cetinjsko istorijsko (1935). Zapisi; Glasnik cetinjskog istorijskog društva. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Jireček, Konstantin (1923). Istorija Srba. Izdavačka knjižarnica G. Kona. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Further reading

• Bizzi, Marino (1610), Relatione della visita fatta da me, Marino Bizzi, Arcivescovo d'Antivari, nelle parti della Turchia, Antivari, Albania et Servia alla santità di nostro Signore papa Paolo V (Report of Marino Bizzi, Archbishop of Bar (Antivari), on his visit to Turkey, Bar, Albania and Serbia in the year 1610) {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |editorn=, |editorn-link=, |author-separator=, |editorn-first=, and |editorn-last= (help)
• Bolizza, Mariano (1614), Report and Description of the Sanjak of Shkodra, archived from the original on 24 April 2011, retrieved 24 April 2011 {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |editorn-link=, |editorn=, |editorn-first=, |author-separator=, and |editorn-last= (help)
• Đurđev, Branislav (1957), Kanuni i kanun-name za Bosanski, Hercegovački, Zvornički, Kliški, Crnogorski i Skadarski sandžak (in Serbo-Croatian and Turkish), Sarajevo: Orijentalni institut, OCLC 5221418
• Pulaha, Selami (1974), Defteri i regjistrimit të sanxhakut të Shkodrës i vitit 1485 (in Albanian), Tirana: Akademia e Shkencave e RP. të Shqipërisë, Instituti i Historisë, OCLC 500501246
• Folić, Milutin (1990), "Izveštaji ruskog konzula Ivana Stepanoviča Jastrebova iz Skadra o slovenskom življu i njihovim crkvama u Albaniji u drugoj polovini XIX veka (Reports from Skadar of Russian consul Ivan Stepanovič Jastrebov about Slavic population and their churches in Albania in the second half of the 19th century)", Stanovništvo slovenskog porijekla u Albaniji : zbornik radova sa međunarodnog naučnog skupa održanog u Cetinju 21, 22. i 23. juna 1990 (Population of Slavic origin in Albania: Publication from International Conference held in Cetinje on 21, 22 and 23 June 1990) (in Serbian), OCLC 29549273 {{citation}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
• Vasić, Milan (1991), "Etnički odnosi u jugoslovensko-albanskom graničnom području prema popisnom defteru sandžaka Skadar iz 1582/83. godine", Stanovništvo slovenskog porijekla u Albaniji : zbornik radova sa međunarodnog naučnog skupa održanog u Cetinju 21, 22. i 23. juna 1990 (Population of Slavic origin in Albania: Publication from International Conference held in Cetinje on 21, 22 and 23 June 1990) (in Serbo-Croatian), OCLC 29549273 {{citation}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)