2016 South Korean legislative election

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South Korean legislative election, 2016
← 2012 13 April 2016 2020 →
All 300 seats of the National Assembly of South Korea
151 seats needed for a majority
Turnout58.0%
  First party Second party
  File:Kim Moosung and Moon Jaein in 2015 (cropped to Kim, upright).jpg
Leader Kim Chong-in Kim Moo-sung
Party Democratic Saenuri
Leader since 27 January 2016 14 July 2014
Leader's seat Proportional representation Busan Jung–Yeongdo
Last election 127 seats, 36.5%
(as DUP) 		152 seats, 42.8%
(LFP: 5 seats, 3.2%)
Seats before 102 146
Seats won 123 122
Seat change Increase 21 Decrease 24
Popular vote 6,069,744 7,960,272
Percentage 25.5% (PR) 33.5% (PR)
Swing Decrease 11.0% Decrease 12.5%
  Third party Fourth party
  File:Sim Sangjung and Moon Jaein in 2015 (cropped to Sim).jpg
Leader Ahn Cheol-soo (pictured)
Chun Jung-bae 		Sim Sang-jung
Party People's Party (South Korea) Justice
Leader since 2 February 2016 18 July 2015
Leader's seat Seoul Nowon C
Gwangju Seo B 		Gyeonggi Goyang A
Last election New party 13 seats, 10.3%
(as UPP)
Seats before 20 5
Seats won 38 6
Seat change Increase 18 Increase 1
Popular vote 6,355,572 1,719,891
Percentage 26.7% (PR) 7.2% (PR)
Swing New party Decrease 3.1%
Popular vote totals given are direct votes for the parties' national lists.
Speaker before election

Chung Ui-hwa
Saenuri

Elected Speaker

Chung Sye-kyun
Democratic

Politics of South Korea
Government
Legislature
Executive


Prime Minister of South Korea
Han Duck-soo (I)

Judiciary

Constitutional Court of Korea
President Lee Jong-seok
Elections
Political parties
Korean conflict
flag South Korea portal

South Korea's 20th legislative elections were held on 13 April 2016. All 300 members of the National Assembly were elected, 253 from first-past-the-post constituencies and 47 from proportional party lists. The election was an upset victory for the liberal Minjoo Party of Korea, which defied opinion polling by winning a plurality of seats in the election and defeating the ruling conservative Saenuri Party by one seat. In votes for party lists, however, the Minjoo Party came third, behind the Saenuri Party in first place and the new People's Party in second.

The election marked an upheaval in the South Korean party system, installing a hung parliament for the first time since 2000 and a three-party system for the first time since 1996.[1] The People's Party attained a kingmaker position in the new Assembly, while the leadership of the Saenuri Party including chairman Kim Moo-sung resigned en masse following their defeat, relinquishing control of the party to an emergency response commission.

The 2016 legislative election was the first to be held in South Korea following the formation of the People's Party and the enforcement of controversial Constitutional Court rulings dissolving the left-wing Unified Progressive Party and mandating the redistricting of the Assembly's constituencies.

Background

In the 2012 legislative election, the ruling conservative Saenuri Party won a slim majority of 152 seats out of 300.[2] The party also retained control of the presidency, as Saenuri candidate Park Geun-hye won the presidential election that year. By the time of the 2016 legislative election, the Saenuri delegation had fallen to 146 out of 292 filled Assembly seats, exactly 50%.[3] The 2016 election was seen as an important stepping stone to the next presidential election, which will be held in December 2017.[4]

Redistricting

In 2014, the Constitutional Court of Korea mandated that because the population disparities between the Assembly constituencies were resulting in unequal representation, the constituencies must be redistricted for the 2016 elections. The Court held that the largest and smallest constituencies by population must not differ from each other by more than 2:1, and that the number of constituents in any given constituency must not differ from the average number of constituents by more than one third.[5]

A deadline of 31 December 2015 was set for the redistricting to take place. Nonetheless, by the end of 2015 the National Assembly had not approved a new electoral map. Viewing the situation as an emergency, the National Election Commission was forced to allow registered candidates to campaign without a set map of constituencies.[6] The crisis was ultimately resolved in February 2016 with an agreement between the two major parties that allowed a new electoral map to be passed by the National Assembly. The new set of provisions raised the number of districts from 246 to 253, while decreasing the number of list-selected seats from 54 to 47.[7]

Region Number of seats changed Region Number of seats changed Region Number of seats changed
Seoul 48 → 49 +1 Ulsan 6 → 6 0 South Jeolla 11 → 10 −1
Busan 18 → 18 0 Gyeonggi 52 → 60 +8 North Gyeongsang 15 → 13 −2
Daegu 12 → 12 0 Gangwon 9 → 8 −1 South Gyeongsang 16 → 16 0
Incheon 12 → 13 +1 North Chungcheong 8 → 8 0 Jeju 3 → 3 0
Gwangju 8 → 8 0 South Chungcheong 10 → 11 +1 Sejong 1 → 1 0
Daejeon 6 → 7 +1 North Jeolla 11 → 10 −1 Proportional representation 54 → 47 −7

Reordering of the opposition

In the aftermath of the 2013 South Korean sabotage plot, another controversial Constitutional Court ruling enforced the dissolution of the Unified Progressive Party due to the party's alleged ideological affinity to North Korea. The dissolution of the UPP left the Justice Party as the sole left-wing democratic socialist party in the National Assembly. The Korean Confederation of Trade Unions, the most influential democratic trade union organisation in Korea that had originally supported the UPP, now endorsed the Justice Party. The Justice Party's candidates and Assembly members were considered to have similar political views as the left-wing members of the main opposition Minjoo Party, and many votes from the Justice Party shifted to the Minjoo Party.[8]

The opposition was further fragmented when Ahn Cheol-soo defected from the main opposition Minjoo Party and established a new People's Party in early 2016. Due to South Korea's largely first-past-the-post electoral system, the division between the liberal Minjoo and People's parties had led to projections of a sweeping victory for the ruling Saenuri Party in the elections.[2][9] The two opposition parties considered an electoral alliance but by April 5 the idea was abandoned, with interim Minjoo leader Kim Chong-in stating that his party "will hold the elections whether the People’s Party is there or not".[10]

Legislative gridlock

The outgoing 19th National Assembly was marked by political gridlock. In February 2016, Minjoo lawmakers undertook the world's longest filibuster to stall an anti-terrorism bill, and the Assembly passed less than a third of the bills introduced in its term. The Saenuri Party aimed to win a supermajority of 180 seats in the 2016 election so that it could ease the gridlock by repealing the existing requirement for three-fifths of the Assembly to agree to the introduction of each bill.[11]

Electoral system

See also: Elections in South Korea

300 members of the National Assembly were elected in the 2016 elections, of whom 253 (84%) were elected from single-member constituencies on a first-past-the-post basis, and 47 (16%) from closed party lists through proportional representation by the Hare quota largest remainder method, in accordance with South Korea's Public Official Election Act.[7][12] In order to win seats through proportional representation, parties needed to pass an election threshold of either 5 single-member districts or 3% of the total list vote.[13]

Restrictions on candidates

Candidates for the National Assembly were required to pay a fee of Template:Currency/new (US$13,000 as of April 2016), and under the National Security Act the Constitutional Court may block the registration of "left-wing", "pro–North Korean" parties, though this provision had not affected the previous election in 2012.[14]

Date and process

The 2016 election for the National Assembly was held on April 13, in accordance with Article 34 of the Public Official Election Act, which specifies that Election Day for legislative elections is held on "the first Wednesday from the 50th day before the expiration of the [National Assembly members'] term of office".[15] Eligible voters were required to be registered and at least 19 years old on the day of the election,[14] and needed to show an approved form of identification at the polling place. Polls on Election Day were open from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. Korea Standard Time (21:00–09:00 UTC, April 12–13).[16]

Since 2009, voters have been able to vote overseas,[14] and the election began with registered overseas voters casting ballots between March 30 and April 4.[17] For the first time in a national election, the National Election Commission also allowed early votes to be cast at polling stations in Korea without notice.[18] This early voting period lasted from April 8 to 9,[19] in which time the NEC reported a high turnout of 12.2%.[20]

Parties and candidates

See also: List of political parties in South Korea

Four major parties contested the 2016 election:[21]

Two other parties had one member in the outgoing National Assembly: the religious conservative Christian Liberal Party,[26] and another center-left party known as the Minjoo Party.[27][n 1]

Candidate nominations

The Saenuri Party's candidate nomination process proved contentious. Several members of the Saenuri nominations committee accused party chairman Kim Moo-sung of becoming unduly involved in the process, and the party deselected a number of candidates who were seen as being opposed to the party leadership and President Park Geun-hye.[28] Many of the deselected candidates defected from the party and announced that they would run as independents. On April 4, a spokesman for the party said that "during the candidate selection process, we upset our people and [the number of] our supporters who may not vote is worse [than we expected]."[29] The party published a theme song apologizing for the nominations controversy.[30] It also is thought by many that it was the main reason that caused the Saenuri Party to lose.

Campaign

Campaigning for the election officially began on March 30, lasting until April 12. Under South Korean law, candidates were only permitted to campaign in a limited fashion before the beginning of the designated period, including sending a maximum of five text messages publicizing themselves to each voter.[31]

National security issues

National security issues were a topic of contention in the campaign between the Saenuri and Minjoo parties, though the People's Party focused on other policy areas.[32]

The Saenuri Party argued for a hard-line approach to North Korea, and Saenuri chairman Kim Moo-sung accused the main opposition Minjoo Party of pro–North Korean activity due to its support for the reopening of the Kaesong Industrial Complex,[30] an industrial park operated collaboratively by North and South Korea that had been closed down in February 2016.[33] The Minjoo Party sought to portray the reopening of the complex as an economic rather than a political issue.[32]

The South Korean government announced a series of defections from the North in early April, with critics viewing the announcements as an electoral strategy on behalf of the ruling party.[34] A local media report quoted an unnamed government official as saying that the Blue House had overruled the Ministry of Unification's objections to publicizing the defections.[35] The Ministry of Unification denied any connection between the announcements and the election campaign.[36]

Candidates from both the opposition and the ruling party also pledged to push for the relocation of U.S. military bases from their constituencies.[37]

Economic issues

The Korean economy was a dominant area of debate,[38] as the governing Saenuri Party promoted business-friendly economic reforms while opposition parties attacked the government for presiding over a historically high youth unemployment rate and declining economic growth.[39] The Saenuri Party sought to gain support for labor reforms initiated by President Park, which aimed to cut unemployment by increasing contract flexibility. Trade unions attacked the plans, arguing that the new laws would strip away necessary protections from workers.[40] The Minjoo Party accused the ruling party of economic mismanagement,[41] and used the campaign to push for "economic democratization" and a shift from larger conglomerates to small business;[42] the party also promised to raise pensions and the minimum wage, to sponsor public housing development,[39] and to expand mandatory youth employment quotas.[43] Critics argued that Minjoo plans would have a distortionary effect on the labor market.[43] Sim Sang-jung, chairwoman of the left-wing Justice Party, argued that the Saenuri, Minjoo, and People's parties had all failed to articulate distinctive economic policies.[44]

Social issues

Speaking in Seoul during the campaign, Saenuri chairman Kim Moo-sung described homosexuality as "an outrage against humanity",[41] urging voters to reject candidates who supported LGBTQ rights.[45] He described Minjoo assemblywoman Nam In-soon as a pro-gay advocate for supporting the revision of a military criminal law in 2013 to include men as well as women as potential victims of sexual assault.[41] The Christian Liberal Party also rallied vociferously against LGBTQ rights and stoked Islamophobia, calling on voters to "protect our families from homosexuality and Islam".[26]

Opinion polls

Graph of selected opinion polls for the 2016 legislative election, beginning at the end of 2015 with the first polls accounting for the new People's Party. The moving average is calculated from the last three polls.
2
(      Poll embargo period)

Opinion polls from prior to the election had suggested the Saenuri Party would win the election outright, and were confounded by Saenuri underperformance in constituencies and the comparative success of the Minjoo and People's parties.[46][47] The KBS exit poll on April 13 showed the Saenuri Party winning a plurality with between 121 and 143 seats, and the Minjoo Party taking 101–123; other exit polls projected similar results.[48] South Korean law had prohibited the publication of opinion polls in the week before the elections, beginning on April 7.[49]

Date Polling firm Saenuri Minjoo[n 2] People's Justice Oth. Lead
style="background:Template:Saenuri Party/meta/color;"| style="background:Template:The Minjoo Party of Korea/meta/color;"| style="background:Template:People's Party (South Korea)/meta/color;"| style="background:Template:Justice Party (South Korea)/meta/color"|
13 Apr 2016 Election (PR) 33.5 25.5 26.7 7.2 6.9 style="background:Template:Saenuri Party/meta/color; color:white;"| 8.0
5–7 Apr 2016 Hankook Research 28.4 21.7 16.9 4.4 5.1 style="background:Template:Saenuri Party/meta/color; color:white;"| 6.7
4–6 Apr 2016 Gallup Korea 39 21 14 5 – style="background:Template:Saenuri Party/meta/color; color:white;"| 18
4–6 Apr 2016 Realmeter 34.4 27.3 16.8 8.3 4.4 style="background:Template:Saenuri Party/meta/color; color:white;"| 7.1
28 Mar – 1 Apr 2016 Realmeter 37.1 26.2 14.8 8.5 3.8 style="background:Template:Saenuri Party/meta/color; color:white;"| 10.9
29–31 Mar 2016 Gallup Korea 37 21 12 5 – style="background:Template:Saenuri Party/meta/color; color:white;"| 16
29–31 Mar 2016 Hankook Research 30.9 22.7 11.8 5.7 3.3 style="background:Template:Saenuri Party/meta/color; color:white;"| 8.2
27–29 Mar 2016 R&Search 35.8 22.4 11.5 8.0 – style="background:Template:Saenuri Party/meta/color; color:white;"| 13.4
21–25 Mar 2016 Realmeter 38.3 24.9 14.0 8.5 4.0 style="background:Template:Saenuri Party/meta/color; color:white;"| 13.4
22–24 Mar 2016 Gallup Korea 39 21 8 5 – style="background:Template:Saenuri Party/meta/color; color:white;"| 18
21–22 Mar 2016 R&Search 39.0 21.5 11.2 6.9 – style="background:Template:Saenuri Party/meta/color; color:white;"| 17.5
14–18 Mar 2016 Realmeter 41.5 28.3 12.3 6.9 3.8 style="background:Template:Saenuri Party/meta/color; color:white;"| 13.2
15–17 Mar 2016 Gallup Korea 41 20 8 7 – style="background:Template:Saenuri Party/meta/color; color:white;"| 21
13–15 Mar 2016 R&Search 39.0 22.7 11.7 6.8 – style="background:Template:Saenuri Party/meta/color; color:white;"| 16.3
7–11 Mar 2016 Realmeter 44.1 27.8 11.1 5.7 2.2 style="background:Template:Saenuri Party/meta/color; color:white;"| 16.3
8–10 Mar 2016 Gallup Korea 39 23 8 4 – style="background:Template:Saenuri Party/meta/color; color:white;"| 16
6–8 Mar 2016 R&Search 40.1 26.0 10.6 4.1 – style="background:Template:Saenuri Party/meta/color; color:white;"| 14.1
29 Feb, 2–4 Mar 2016 Realmeter 43.7 28.0 11.5 4.5 3.6 style="background:Template:Saenuri Party/meta/color; color:white;"| 15.7
2–3 Mar 2016 Gallup Korea 38 23 9 4 – style="background:Template:Saenuri Party/meta/color; color:white;"| 15
28–29 Feb 2016 R&Search 37.5 24.5 8.9 5.3 – style="background:Template:Saenuri Party/meta/color; color:white;"| 13.0
22–26 Feb 2016 Realmeter 43.5 26.7 12.1 4.7 3.1 style="background:Template:Saenuri Party/meta/color; color:white;"| 16.8
23–25 Feb 2016 Gallup Korea 42 19 8 3 – style="background:Template:Saenuri Party/meta/color; color:white;"| 23
21–22 Feb 2016 Hankook Research 38.3 15.9 7.1 2.4 3.2 style="background:Template:Saenuri Party/meta/color; color:white;"| 22.4
15–19 Feb 2016 Realmeter 41.7 26.7 11.7 3.5 3.3 style="background:Template:Saenuri Party/meta/color; color:white;"| 15.0
16–18 Feb 2016 Gallup Korea 42 20 10 2 – style="background:Template:Saenuri Party/meta/color; color:white;"| 22
10–12 Feb 2016 Realmeter 39.7 25.9 12.9 5.7 3.4 style="background:Template:Saenuri Party/meta/color; color:white;"| 13.8
1–5 Feb 2016 Realmeter 40.2 27.0 15.0 4.4 3.5 style="background:Template:Saenuri Party/meta/color; color:white;"| 13.2
2–4 Feb 2016 Gallup Korea 39 20 12 3 – style="background:Template:Saenuri Party/meta/color; color:white;"| 19
25–29 Jan 2016 Realmeter 40.6 26.9 13.1 3.4 3.8 style="background:Template:Saenuri Party/meta/color; color:white;"| 13.7
26–28 Jan 2016 Gallup Korea 39 20 12 3 – style="background:Template:Saenuri Party/meta/color; color:white;"| 19
18–22 Jan 2016 Realmeter 39.2 25.0 17.1 4.6 3.9 style="background:Template:Saenuri Party/meta/color; color:white;"| 14.2
19–21 Jan 2016 Gallup Korea 38 19 13 3 – style="background:Template:Saenuri Party/meta/color; color:white;"| 19
11–15 Jan 2016 Realmeter 36.1 22.5 20.7 3.7 4.8 style="background:Template:Saenuri Party/meta/color; color:white;"| 13.6
4–8 Jan 2016 Realmeter 36.1 20.3 18.7 3.8 5.8 style="background:Template:Saenuri Party/meta/color; color:white;"| 15.8
28–31 Dec 2015 Realmeter 35.2 23.6 17.3[n 3] 5.8 5.0 style="background:Template:Saenuri Party/meta/color; color:white;"| 11.6
21–24 Dec 2015 Realmeter 37.2 22.4 19.0[n 3] 6.1 3.0 style="background:Template:Saenuri Party/meta/color; color:white;"| 14.8
11 Apr 2012 Last election (PR) 42.8 36.5[n 4] – 10.3[n 5] 12.9 style="background:Template:Saenuri Party/meta/color; color:white;"| 6.3
General notes
  • Gallup Korea provides poll results only to the nearest whole number.

Results

Prior to the election, it was widely expected that the Saenuri Party would emerge victorious due to divisions in the opposition and an intensified national security climate.[50] Speculation had focused on whether the party would be able to attain a three-fifths majority.[51] In contrast to expectations, however, the Saenuri Party was delivered a decisive defeat, losing not only its majority but also its status as largest party in the Assembly.[52] The Minjoo Party took a one-seat plurality, and the opposition outnumbered the governing party for the first time in 16 years,[1] while the centrist People's Party also emerged as a new force in South Korean politics, holding the balance of power in the elected Assembly.[1] The result was seen as posing significant problems for President Park,[52] who will be unable to press forward with her legislative agenda without opposition support.[53] News sources labelled Park a "lame duck" president,[54] with the Chosun Ilbo saying that her "lame duck period has started earlier than any other administration in the past".[55]

Eleven independents were elected, of whom seven were former Saenuri members who had been deselected by the party in the nominations process prior to the election: Yoo Seong-min, Joo Ho-young, Ahn Sang-soo, Yoon Sang-hyun, Kang Ghil-boo, Chang Je-won, and Lee Chul-gyu.[56] Meanwhile, a number of high-profile Saenuri figures were defeated in the constituency elections, including Oh Se-hoon, former Mayor of Seoul, who had been positioning himself for the 2017 presidential race; senior lawmaker and former presidential candidate Lee Jae-oh; and Deputy Prime Minister and former party chairman Hwang Woo-yea.[57]

Summary of results

↓
style="background:Template:Justice Party (South Korea)/meta/color; text-align:center; width:2%;"|6 style="background:Template:Minjoo Party of Korea/meta/color; text-align:center; width:41%;"|123 style="background:Template:People's Party (South Korea)/meta/color; text-align:center; width:12.7%;"|38 11 style="background:Template:Saenuri Party/meta/color; text-align:center; width:40.7%;"|122
J
P 		Minjoo People's Ind. Saenuri
Diagram of the elected 20th National Assembly

Diagram of party-list vote

  Saenuri Party (33.50%)
  People's Party (26.75%)
  Minjoo Party of Korea (25.55%)
  Justice Party (7.24%)
  Other parties (6.97%)

Template:South Korean legislative election, 2016

Results by region

The table below lists constituency totals and list vote percentages in each region. Since the election was run under a parallel voting system, electors could choose to vote for one party in their constituencies while voting for another party's national list. Exit polls indicated that 12.9% of those who had voted for the Saenuri Party in their constituencies and 20.8% of those for the Minjoo Party supported the People's Party list.[58]

Constituency and party list results by region[59]
Region Saenuri Minjoo People's Justice Other Ind. Total
seats
Seats Vote % Seats Vote % Seats Vote % Seats Vote % Seats Vote % Seats
colspan="2" style="background:Template:Saenuri Party/meta/color;"| colspan="2" style="background:Template:The Minjoo Party of Korea/meta/color;"| colspan="2" style="background:Template:People's Party (South Korea)/meta/color;"| colspan="2" style="background:Template:Justice Party (South Korea)/meta/color"|
Seoul 12 33.5% 35 25.5% 2 26.7% 0 7.2% 0 7.1% 0 49
Busan 12 41.2% 5 26.6% 0 20.3% 0 6.0% 0 5.9% 1 18
Incheon 4 33.4% 7 25.4% 0 26.9% 0 7.5% 0 6.8% 2 13
Daegu 8 53.6% 1 16.3% 0 17.4% 0 6.1% 0 6.6% 3 12
Gwangju 0 2.9% 0 28.6% Template:Party shading/People's Party (South Korea) | 8 Template:Party shading/People's Party (South Korea) | 53.3% 0 7.3% 0 7.9% 0 8
Daejeon 3 31.0% 4 28.2% 0 27.1% 0 7.6% 0 6.1% 0 7
Ulsan 3 36.7% 0 22.8% 0 21.1% 0 8.7% 0 10.7% 3 6
Sejong 0 28.6% 0 28.5% 0 26.6% 0 8.9% 0 7.4% 1 1
Gyeonggi 19 32.3% 40 26.8% 0 27.0% 1 7.8% 0 6.1% 0 60
Gangwon 6 43.4% 1 23.9% 0 19.3% 0 5.7% 0 7.7% 1 8
North Chungcheong 5 38.6% 3 27.6% 0 21.4% 0 5.6% 0 6.8% 0 8
South Chungcheong 6 37.0% 5 27.1% 0 22.5% 0 5.6% 0 7.8% 0 11
North Jeolla 1 7.6% 2 32.3% Template:Party shading/People's Party (South Korea) | 7 Template:Party shading/People's Party (South Korea) | 42.8% 0 8.1% 0 9.2% 0 10
South Jeolla 1 5.7% 1 30.0% Template:Party shading/People's Party (South Korea) | 8 Template:Party shading/People's Party (South Korea) | 47.8% 0 5.8% 0 10.7% 0 10
North Gyeongsang 13 58.1% 0 12.9% 0 14.8% 0 5.2% 0 9.0% 0 13
South Gyeongsang 12 44.0% 3 24.4% 0 17.4% 1 6.5% 0 7.7% 0 16
Jeju 0 35.0% 3 29.6% 0 22.4% 0 7.0% 0 6.0% 0 3
Constituency total 105 110 25 2 0 11 253
PR list 17 33.5% 13 25.5% 13 26.7% 4 7.2% 0 7.0% — 47
Overall total 122 123 38 6 0 11 300
Maps of regional party-list vote by party performance
  • Minjoo
    Minjoo
  • Saenuri
    Saenuri
  • People's
    People's
  • Justice
    Justice

Aftermath

The day after the election, Saenuri chairman Kim Moo-sung tendered his resignation over his party's defeat, saying that he would "take responsibility for the resounding defeat in the general elections"; Kim Tae-ho, a member of the party's Supreme Council, and secretary-general Hwang Jin-ha also announced their resignation.[60] After the mass resignation of the party leadership, the party established an emergency committee led by floor leader Won Yoo-chul to lead the party on an interim basis.[61] In order to regain the party's plurality in the Assembly, Won announced that Saenuri would receive independent lawmakers who had previously been deselected by the party back into its ranks. Ahn Sang-soo, one of the deselected candidates who had re-entered the Assembly as an independent, declared his desire to rejoin the party, while another, Yoo Seong-min, stated that he would rejoin at an appropriate time.[56]

President Park stated on April 18 that she "humbly accepted" the election result, and would "closely cooperate with the new National Assembly".[62][63] A survey conducted in the two days following the election showed Park's approval rating falling to 31.5 percent, her lowest ratings in office yet and 8.1 percentage points down from the week before the election.[62]

The election was seen to have a limited effect on the Korean stock market, since the prospect of a hung parliament appeared to diminish the chance of ambitious economic policies being implemented.[64] Nonetheless, on a more limited scale, the performance of companies tied to prominent figures reflected the election results: shares in AhnLab, Inc., whose founder and largest stakeholder is People's Party co-chairman Ahn Cheol-soo, had risen 5.2% by 2 p.m. KST on April 14 following Ahn's election success, while textile company Chonbang, chaired by Kim Moo-sung's brother, fell 19.2% in the same time frame.[64]

Notes

  1. ^ Unless otherwise specified, "Minjoo" or "Minjoo Party" refers to the main opposition Minjoo Party of Korea, not the minor party.
  2. ^ Known as the New Politics Alliance for Democracy until 28 December 2015.
  3. ^ a b Speculative support for "Ahn Cheol-soo's new party".
  4. ^ Democratic United Party result.
  5. ^ Unified Progressive Party result.

References

  1. ^ a b c "Minority People's Party steals show: Ahn's Party holds balance of power as three party system dawns". The Korea Herald. 13 April 2016. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
  2. ^ a b "Can Saenuri Party take 180 seats?". The Korea Herald. 10 January 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
  3. ^ "Parliamentary candidates launch official campaigning". Yonhap News. 31 March 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
  4. ^ "South Korea's ruling party set to regain majority". The Straits Times. 9 April 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
  5. ^ "공직선거법제25조 제2항 별표1위헌확인". Constitutional Court of Korea (in Korean). 30 October 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ "NEC allows campaigning without new electoral map". Korea JoongAng Daily. 31 December 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
  7. ^ a b Kim, Hyo-jin (23 February 2016). "Parties agree on electoral map". The Korea Times. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
  8. ^ "[19대 국회 이념분석] 與野 이념 간극, 김무성·문재인(여야 당 대표) 멀고 유승민·우윤근(여야 원내 대표) 가까워". Chosun Ilbo (in Korean). 18 February 2015. Retrieved 16 May 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ Ramirez, Elaine (5 April 2016). "History Repeats in South Korea's Crumbling Opposition: At the center of controversy is fallen rebel Ahn Cheol-soo". The Diplomat. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
  10. ^ "Minjoo, People's Party abandon alliance idea". Korea JoongAng Daily. 6 April 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
  11. ^ "No walk in the Park: South Koreans are fed up with politicians squabbling". The Economist. 9 April 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
  12. ^ Article 189, subsection (3), Public Official Election Act, "Legislation & Judicial Decision". Republic of Korea National Election Commission. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
  13. ^ "Election Districts and Representation System". Republic of Korea National Election Commission. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
  14. ^ a b c "South Korea". Sustainable Governance Indicators. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
  15. ^ Article 34, Public Official Election Act, "Legislation & Judicial Decision". Republic of Korea National Election Commission. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
  16. ^ "National Assembly elections: April 13, 2016". Republic of Korea National Election Commission. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
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