Sulina
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Sulina | |
|---|---|
Town | |
 | |
 Coat of arms | |
 Location of Sulina | |
| Country |  Romania |
| County | Tulcea County |
| Status | Town |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Aurel Dimitriu (Social Democratic Party) |
| Area | |
• Total | 329.56 km2 (127.24 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
• Total | 3,541 |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
| Climate | BSk |
| Website | sulina |
Sulina (Romanian pronunciation: [suˈlina]) is a town and free port in Tulcea County, Romania, at the mouth of the Sulina branch of the Danube. It is the easternmost point of Romania.
History
During the mid-Byzantine period Sulina was a small cove and in the 14th century a Genoese port inhabited by a handful of sailors, pirates and fishermen. In 18th century the Ottomans built a lighthouse there in order to accommodate communication between Constantinople (Istanbul) and the Danubian Principalities, the main breadbaskets for the Ottoman capital.
Thanks to the signing of the Treaty of Adrianoupolis (Edirne), September 2, 1829, that unfettered the Danube grain trade, Sulina, by then under Russian control, became important. Great sailing boats could not sail fully loaded to Brăila and Galaţi, which were the main export centres of Wallachia and Moldavia, because of the shallow waters of the river; therefore, they had to tranship at least part of their cargoes to smaller riverboats (shleps). The owners and crew of these sleps were almost always Greek.
Even greater development, however, would occur after the signing of the Treaty of Paris (1856), which ended the Crimean War. One of the treaty’s terms determined the establishment of a certain committee, the Danube European Committee(C.E.D.), which would conduct infrastructure works on the mouth of the river in order to make it floatable for larger ships as well. The technical works allowed entrance to the Danube for a great number of “foreign”, i.e. non-Greek ships, leading to a higher level of competition. River faring, however, largely remained in Greek hands. Moreover, the declaration by the Ottoman administration of Sulina as a free port in 1870 also boosted its development.
The Russo-Ottoman war of 1877-1878 led to many changes as well. The city was initially put under Russian control and after the signing of the Berlin Treaty was annexed to Romania, as was the whole Dobrudja area.[1] During World War I the city served as base for the Romanian cruiser Elisabeta, whose actions kept the mouths of the Danube under Romanian control throughout the war.[2] In November 1916, German Type UC I submarine UC-15 of the Constantinople Flotilla was sent to lay 12 mines off Sulina and never returned, being most likely sunk by her own mines.[3][4][5] In World War II, the Soviet M-class submarine M-59 was sunk by mines laid by the Romanian minelayers Amiral Murgescu, Regele Carol I and Dacia.[6]
Demographics
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1900 | 5,612 | — |
| 1912 | 7,347 | +30.9% |
| 1930 | 6,399 | −12.9% |
| 1948 | 3,373 | −47.3% |
| 1956 | 3,622 | +7.4% |
| 1966 | 4,005 | +10.6% |
| 1977 | 4,911 | +22.6% |
| 1992 | 5,484 | +11.7% |
| 2002 | 5,140 | −6.3% |
| 2011 | 3,541 | −31.1% |
| Source: Census data | ||
According to the 2011 census, 82.82% of the population were Romanians, 11.43% Lipovans, 1.8% Greeks, 1.29% Ukrainians and 2.3% of other or undeclared ethnicity. At the 2002 census, 93.0% spoke Romanian and 5.7% Russian as their first language. 94.3% were Orthodox and 5.1% Old Believers.
Sightseeing
- The Lighthouse of the European Commission of the Danube
- The Church "Sf. Nicolae"
- The Cemetery
The waters of the Danube, which flow into the Black Sea, form the largest and best preserved of Europe's deltas. The Danube delta hosts over 300 species of birds as well as 45 freshwater fish species in its numerous lakes and marshes.[7]
Climate
| Climate data for Sulina | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 12.6 (54.7) |
17.0 (62.6) |
18.5 (65.3) |
22.4 (72.3) |
26.3 (79.3) |
32.0 (89.6) |
32.0 (89.6) |
31.7 (89.1) |
28.8 (83.8) |
26.2 (79.2) |
21.1 (70.0) |
16.4 (61.5) |
32.0 (89.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 2.8 (37.0) |
3.2 (37.8) |
6.2 (43.2) |
12.2 (54.0) |
18.2 (64.8) |
22.8 (73.0) |
25.0 (77.0) |
24.7 (76.5) |
21.0 (69.8) |
15.7 (60.3) |
10.3 (50.5) |
5.5 (41.9) |
14.0 (57.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.2 (32.4) |
0.8 (33.4) |
3.9 (39.0) |
9.7 (49.5) |
15.7 (60.3) |
20.1 (68.2) |
22.0 (71.6) |
21.9 (71.4) |
18.3 (64.9) |
13.1 (55.6) |
7.8 (46.0) |
3.0 (37.4) |
11.4 (52.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −2.1 (28.2) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
2.2 (36.0) |
8.0 (46.4) |
13.8 (56.8) |
17.9 (64.2) |
19.6 (67.3) |
19.4 (66.9) |
15.9 (60.6) |
10.8 (51.4) |
5.5 (41.9) |
0.8 (33.4) |
9.2 (48.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −16.7 (1.9) |
−17.8 (0.0) |
−15.6 (3.9) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
4.4 (39.9) |
9.3 (48.7) |
12.1 (53.8) |
10.5 (50.9) |
4.4 (39.9) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
−8.0 (17.6) |
−11.5 (11.3) |
−17.8 (0.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 19 (0.7) |
22 (0.9) |
15 (0.6) |
19 (0.7) |
26 (1.0) |
29 (1.1) |
26 (1.0) |
28 (1.1) |
33 (1.3) |
16 (0.6) |
22 (0.9) |
26 (1.0) |
281 (11.1) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 46 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 71.3 | 75.9 | 115.2 | 173.2 | 255.9 | 284.9 | 308.9 | 292.1 | 222.2 | 165.3 | 86.0 | 60.3 | 2,111.2 |
| Source: NOAA[8] | |||||||||||||
Gallery
-
The Palace of the Danube Commission. -
The Lighthouse.
References
- ^ Encyclopedia of Greater Hellenism, article "Sulina".
- ^ Warship International Volume 21, p. 166
- ^ René Greger, Anthony John Watts, The Russian fleet, 1914-1917, p. 59
- ^ R.H. Gibson,Maurice Prendergast, The German Submarine War 1914-1918, p. 135
- ^ H. P. Willmott, The Last Century of Sea Power: From Port Arthur to Chanak, 1894–1922, Volume 1, p. 404
- ^ Mikhail Monakov, Jurgen Rohwer, Stalin's Ocean-going Fleet: Soviet Naval Strategy and Shipbuilding Programs 1935-1953, p. 266
- ^ From the UNESCO website
- ^ "Sulina Climate Normals 1961-1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 9, 2015.
Bibliography
External links
- The Danube Delta Biosphere Reservation
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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