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Tivoli City Park

Coordinates: 46°3′14″N 14°29′48″E / 46.05389°N 14.49667°E / 46.05389; 14.49667
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Tivoli City Park, Ljubljana. View from Tivoli Castle.

Tivoli City Park (Template:Lang-sl) or simply Tivoli Park ([Park Tivoli] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) is the largest park in Ljubljana,[1][2] the capital of Slovenia. It is located on the northern outskirts of the Center District, stretching to the Šiška District to the north, the Vič District to the south, and the Rožnik District to the west. Several notable buildings and art works stand in the park.[2] Since 1984, the park has been protected as part of Tivoli–Rožnik Hill–Šiška Hill Nature Park. It is home to a variety of bird species.[3]

Landmarks

Architecture

Tivoli Castle
Further information: Tivoli Castle
Tivoli Castle with the fountain Deček z ribo (Boy with a Fish), a 1989 reconstruction of a Baroque fountain from 1870. The castle is guarded by four cast iron dogs, created by Anton Dominik Fernkorn (1813–1878).

Tivoli Castle is a mansion and is the terminus of the Jakopič Promenade. Built in the 17th century atop the ruins of a previous Renaissance-period castle, the mansion was initially owned by the Jesuits. In the middle of the 19th century, it was renovated by Marshal Joseph Radetzky (1766–1858) in the Neoclassical style, giving it its present appearance. In 1864, the Austrian sculptor Anton Dominik Fernkorn (1813–1878) created four cast iron dogs that stand in front of the castle.[4] Because the dogs do not have tongues, it has been falsely rumoured that Fernkorn committed suicide by shooting himself due to this mistake.[5] An alpine-style building called the Švicarija ("Swissery", formerly the Hotel Tivoli) stands behind the mansion. The Jesenko nature trail leads past it.

Cekin Mansion
The Cekin Mansion
Further information: Cekin Mansion

Cekin Mansion is a mansion on the northern edge of Tivoli Park. It houses the Museum of Contemporary History of Slovenia ([Muzej novejše zgodovine Slovenije] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)).[6] The mansion was built in 1720, commissioned by Leopold Lamberg and based on plans by the Viennese Baroque architect Fischer von Erlach.[6] Since 1951, it has housed the national museum of contemporary history.[6]

Tivoli Hall
Further information: Tivoli Hall
Tivoli Hall

Tivoli Hall is a complex of two multipurpose indoor sport arenas next to the Cekin Mansion. The complex, based on plans by the architect Marjan Božič and the engineer Stanko Bloudek, was opened in 1965. The larger ice hockey arena has a seating capacity of 7,000 people.[7] When configured to host basketball games, the capacity is adjusted to 6,000. The smaller basketball hall has a seating capacity of 4,500 people. This hall hosted home games of the professional basketball team KK Union Olimpija until 2011, while the larger one is the home of HDD Olimpija Ljubljana professional ice hockey club.

Tivoli Pond
Further information: Tivoli Pond
Tivoli Pond in late spring. View towards the north, with Rožnik Hill in the background.

At the southwestern end of Tivoli Park is located Tivoli Pond (Template:Lang-sl). The pond is shaped like a rectangle and is shallow with a small volume.[8] In 2011, it was thoroughly renovated. It has been used for recreation, fishing, and as a flood-control reservoir.[9][10][11] It has served as a theme of visual artists and musicians.[12][13][14] There is a small bronze plastic named [Ribe] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) ("Fish") in the pond. It is a depiction of two vertically standing fish, created in 1935 by the expressionist sculptor France Kralj and erected in 1994.[15] On a lawn beside the pond, an open-air library operates in warm weather and a workshop on recycling books and other printed matter, called "The Read Ones."[16][17] During winter, the library moves into the nearby greenhouse.[18]

Greenhouse and rose garden

A greenhouse with tropical plants, operated by the Ljubljana Botanical Gardens, stands near the northwestern end of the pond.[11][19] Next to the greenhouse, there is a rose garden. It was created from 1993 to 1994 and renovated in 2007.[20] Over 160 types of roses, including the first Slovenian cultivar, "Prešeren", were added in 2010.[21] All of them have been designated with a plate.[20]

Playground

From February 1941 to July 1943,[22] during the Italian annexation of Ljubljana, the park near the pond was arranged based on plans by the architect Boris Kobe. He put a playground inside a circular design connected to the pond as the central landscape feature.[23] The playground, named Children's Paradise, was completed with the financial help of Emilio Grazioli, the first High Commissioner of the Province of Ljubljana.[22] It opened with a ceremony on 11 July 1943 that was attended by numerous residents of Ljubljana, the mayor of Ljubljana, Leon Rupnik, and the high commissioner, Giuseppe Lombrassa,[24] and included the blessing by the Ljubljana archbishop Gregorij Rožman.[25] The event happened during the "cultural silence" period, a halt to all cultural activities connected with the annexation, ordered by the Slovene Liberation Front.[26][27] The Communist Party and the Ljubljana Liberation Front secretary Vladimir Krivic characterised it as a "scandal" for their movement.[26]

Sculptures

Near the northern end of the pond,[28] at the top of a staircase leading towards Tivoli Castle, stands a bronze sculpture by Zdenko Kalin, named [Pastirček] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) ("Shepherd") or [Deček s piščalko] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) ("Boy with a Whistle").[29] It was created in 1942 and erected 1 May 1946.[30] It is a bucolic full-length statue of a marching boy with a whistle and represents one of the peaks of Slovene figurative art.[31][32]

In 2000, the Bosnian sculptor Slobodan Pejić transformed a 300-year-old oak tree that fell in a storm into a sculpture named Sožitje ("Coexistence"). With the act, he proposed the beginning of a sculpture garden in the park. The sculpture is a rare combination of oak and bronze. It is 4 metres (13 ft) high and it has been grown over by moss and by lichen. The wood embraces a bronze part named Čisto srce ("Pure Heart").[33]

In September 2004, on the occasion of the centenary of his birth, a sitting statue of the poet, writer, and translator Edvard Kocbek was ceremonially unveiled in the immediate vicinity of the pond on its southern side.[34] It is a bronze statue by the sculptor Boštjan Drinovec. The poet sits on a bank and looks at his 30 cm (12 in) double on a handhold of the bank.[35]

History

Tivoli Park area around 1850

Tivoli Park was laid out upon the plans by the engineer Jean Blanchard in 1813, when Ljubljana was the capital of the French Illyrian Provinces. He joined two existing parks, around Tivoli Castle (at that time called Podturn Manor) and around Cekin Mansion, and linked them to the Ljubljana downtown.[36] The park was named in the second half of the 19th century after a summer residence of the Casino Society with an amusement park, a pub and a cafe, which was opened in 1835 next to Podturn Manor.[37][38]

The pond was excavated in 1880. It was later used for boating and ice skating,[8] and for fishing.[39] A tree nursery was established in the park by the city municipality in 1894. It was led by the Czech gardener Vaclav Hejnic, who was the first professional gardener in Tivoli,[40] and who arranged parts of the park in the 1920s.[41] In the same time, the park was also renovated by the architect Jože Plečnik, who designed the Jakopič Promenade that runs through the park, creating a linear visual axis going from Tivoli Castle through Cankar Street and Čop Street to Prešeren Square, over the Triple Bridge, and ending at Ljubljana Castle.[2]

References

  1. ^ LjubljanaLife.com (2011). "Tivoli Park Ljubljana | Slovenia - Ljubljana Life". ljubljana-life.com. Retrieved 5 July 2011.
  2. ^ a b c Slovenia.Info (2011). "Ljubljana, Park Tivoli, Rožnik and Šišenski hill - Cultural and Historical Heritage - Slovenia - Official Travel Guide -". slovenia.info. Retrieved 5 July 2011.
  3. ^ Bojc, Saša (13 June 2012). "Opazovanje ptic v ljubljanskem Tivoliju". Delo.si (in Slovenian). ISSN 1854-6544. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ "Seznam kipov v Tivoliju in na Rožniku". Muzejske novice [Museum News] (in Slovenian). Museum of Modern History of Slovenia: 14–16. ISSN 1854-3510. Retrieved 14 February 2012. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ "Poklon je izvrstna samopromocija". Dnevnik.si (in Slovenian). 30 October 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ a b c Gams, Matija. "Cekinov grad". In Šmid Hribar, Mateja; Golež, Gregor; Podjed, Dan; Kladnik, Drago; Erhartič, Bojan; Pavlin, Primož; Ines, Jerele (eds.). Enciklopedija naravne in kulturne dediščine na Slovenskem – DEDI [Encyclopedia of Natural and Cultural Heritage in Slovenia] (in Slovenian). Retrieved 29 June 2012. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ Športni park Tivoli
  8. ^ a b Krelj, Živa (2007). Ekološki status ribnika Tivoli (PDF) (in Slovenian and English). Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ Krajinski park Tivoli, Rožnik in Šišenski hrib. ZRC Publishing House. 2011. p. 32. ISBN 978-961-254-291-7. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ Gazvoda, Davorin (21 June 2011). "Med varstvom in kaosom: Odnos Slovencev do prostora" (in Slovenian). Mladina. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ a b Habič, Marko (1997). "Tivolski ribnik". Prestolnica Ljubljana nekoč in danes. National Publishing House of Slovenia. ISBN 86-341-2007-4. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |trans_chapter= ignored (|trans-chapter= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ "Razglednice" (in Slovenian). Museum of Modern History. Retrieved 9 February 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ "Zgodovina". Slovenski tarok [Slovene Tarock] (in Slovenian). Eurotrade Commerce, d. o. o. Retrieved 9 February 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ "Muzikološki simpozij: Življenje in delo Emila Adamiča (1877–1936)" (in Slovenian). 2003. Retrieved 11 February 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ "Seznam kipov v Tivoliju in na Rožniku". Muzejske novice [Museum News] (in Slovenian). National Museum of Contemporary History: 14–16. ISSN 1854-3510. Retrieved 14 February 2012. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ "The Mobile Molehill – a library on wheels". Ljubljana – World Book Capital City. Department of Culture, City Municipality of Ljubljana. 11 June 2010.
  17. ^ "Wellness pod hrastom" (in Slovenian). Krtina Publishing House. Retrieved 9 February 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ "S knjigo pod drevesom tudi v mrzlih zimskih dneh". Dnevnik.si (in Slovenian). 4 February 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ "Mestni park Tivoli, Urbanistična/zunanja ureditev, Ljubljana, Jean Blanchard, 1813". Arhitekturni vodnik [Architectural Guide] (in Slovenian). Zavod Trajekt. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ a b Mastnak, Matjaž. "Rožni vrt v Ljubljanskem Tivoliju" (in Slovenian). Slovenian rose society. Retrieved 10 February 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ "Rožni vrt v Tivoliju". Planet Siol.net (in Slovenian). 24 June 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ a b "Udeležencem otvoritve otroškega igrišča". Slovenski narod [Slovene Nation] (in Slovenian). Vol. LXXV, no. 54. 10 July 1943. p. 2. ISSN 1408-2373. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ "V hišici Pod turnom št. 2". Slovenski narod [Slovene Nation] (in Slovenian). Narodna tiskarna. 12 November 1941. p. 2. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ Šorn, Mojca (2007). "Prosti čas". Življenje Ljubljančanov med drugo svetovno vojno (in Slovenian). Institute for Contemporary History. pp. 426–428, 431. ISBN 978-961-6386-12-8. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_chapter= ignored (|trans-chapter= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ Strgar, Jože (1994). "Tivolski ribnik". Tivoli: ljubljanski mestni park (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: Kmečki glas [Farmers' Voice]. pp. 78–81. ISBN 961-203-045-6. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_chapter= ignored (|trans-chapter= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ a b Adamič, Marjeta. Drnovšek, Darinka. Gombač, Metka. Oblak Čarni, Marija., ed. (2001) [July 1943]. "Pismo sekretarja poverjeništva Centralnega komiteja KPS za Ljubljano Vladimirja Krivica dne 20. julija 1943 članu centralnega komiteja KPS Borisu Kidriču". Dokumenti organov in organizacij Narodnoosvobodilnega gibanja v Sloveniji (in Slovenian). Vol. 8. Arhivi Slovenije [Archives of Slovenia]. p. 319. ISBN 961-6137-53-0. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_chapter= ignored (|trans-chapter= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  27. ^ "Histories of the Individual Yugoslav Nations". The former Yugoslavia's diverse peoples: a reference sourcebook. ABC-Clio, Inc. 2004. p. 180.
  28. ^ Burger, Betka (May 2003). "Park Tivoli: Kipi" (in Slovenian). {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  29. ^ Kopriva, Silvester (1989). Ljubljana skozi čas: ob latinskih in slovenskih napisih in zapisih (in Slovenian). Založba Borec [Fighter Publishing House]. p. 218. COBISS 14030080. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ "Seznam kipov v Tivoliju in na Rožniku" (in Slovenian). Modern Museum of Ljubljana. Retrieved 14 February 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ Šijanec, Franc (1961). Sodobna slovenska likovna umetnost (in Slovenian). Vol. 1. Založba Obzorja [Horizons Publishing House]. COBISS 829704. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ Slovenski slikarji, kiparji in arhitekti akademiki (in Slovenian and English). Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts. 2008. p. 163. ISBN 978-961-6242-97-4. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  33. ^ Vanda Mušič (ed). Bassin, Aleksander. Kokot, Staša. Slobodan Pejić. Self-published by Vanda Mušič Chapman. 2007. ISBN 978-961-245-325-1.
  34. ^ "Ob Kocbekovem Jubileju". MMC RTV Slovenija (in Slovenian). RTV Slovenija. 27 September 2004. ISSN 1581-372X. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  35. ^ Janežič, Rok (2001). "Tivoli urejen za slepe in slabovidne - a zgolj začasno" (PDF). Pika - Glasilo medobčinskega društva slepih in slabovidnih Ljubljana (in Slovenian). 5 (8). The Inter-Municipal Society of the Blind and Visually-Impaired Ljubljana. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  36. ^ "Mestni park Tivoli". Arhitekturni vodnik [Architectural Guide] (in Slovenian). Zavod Trajekt. Retrieved 28 June 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  37. ^ Smrekar, Aleš. Bojan Erhartič. Mateja Šmid Hribar (2011). Krajinski park Tivoli, Rožnik in Šišenski hrib. ZRC Publishing House. pp. 42–43. ISBN 978-961-254-291-7. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  38. ^ "Mednarodni grafični likovni center". Visitljubljana.si. Ljubljana Tourism. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  39. ^ "Novomeški ribiči: prvaki Slovenije". Dolenjski list (in Slovenian). Vol. 14, no. 30. 1 August 1963. p. 11. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  40. ^ Bałus, Wojciech. Österreichische Gesellschaft für Historische Gärten (2007). "Die Stadtparks in Slowenien 1864–1918". In Géza, Hajós (ed.). Stadtparks in der österreichischen Monarchie 1765–1918: Studien zur bürgerlichen Entwicklung des urbanen Grüns in Österreich, Ungarn, Kroatien, Slowenien und Krakau aus europäischer Perspektive (in German). Böhlau Verlag Wien. p. 198. ISBN 978-3-205-77638-3. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_chapter= ignored (|trans-chapter= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  41. ^ Bassin, Aleksander (9 April 2011). "Ohranimo vrednote" (in Slovenian). ISSN 1408-2373. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)

46°3′14″N 14°29′48″E / 46.05389°N 14.49667°E / 46.05389; 14.49667

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