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Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom

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See also: United Kingdom–Crown Dependencies Customs Union
Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom
  United Kingdom
  Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories
  Active agreements
  Renegotiating active agreements
  Agreement in principle
  Negotiations ongoing
  Trade bloc applicants
  Discussions ongoing

Following its withdrawal from the European Union on 31 January 2020, the United Kingdom began negotiations on several free trade agreements to remove or reduce tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade, both to establish new agreements and to replace previous EU trade agreements. Withdrawal ended 47 years of membership during which all its trading agreements were negotiated by the European Commission on behalf of the bloc. The UK did not actually withdraw from the European Single Market and the European Union Customs Union (and its trade agreements) until 31 December 2020.

These treaties are divided into two types of free trade agreements: continuity agreements and 'new' agreements. Continuity agreements, also named rollover agreements, make use of a mutatis mutandis concept in order to quickly replicate the existing EU agreements, only having to call out those minor areas of differentiation. Most continuity treaties were provisionally applied, or through a "bridging mechanism", thus continuity was achieved.[1] Trade agreements negotiated after Brexit are termed 'new', or enhanced agreements: these agreements have been negotiated from scratch or have been renegotiated to expand the deal since Brexit.[2]

As of December 2024, the United Kingdom has 39 active free trade agreements with nations and trade blocs, covering 102 countries and territories.[3][1] Five of these are 'new' trade agreements, such as with Australia and New Zealand.[4] The UK is also a member of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership. The remaining 33 are continuity agreements. Furthermore, the UK has a customs union with its three Crown Dependencies.[5] The UK has further arrangements covering free trade with its 14 British Overseas Territories.[6]

The United Kingdom has suspended negotiations for a free trade agreement on two occasions; it suspended free trade negotiations with Canada in January 2024, and Israel in May 2025.[7][8]

Competence and ratification

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According to UK law the United Kingdom Parliament has the power to pass law in all policy areas.[9]

The UK's negotiating team will consult with its Strategic Trade Advisory Group throughout the negotiations.[10]

Ratification

[edit]

The responsibility for concluding treaties involving the UK lies with the Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs. This remains the case even when the negotiation of the treaty is led by another government department.[11]

The Foreign & Commonwealth Office's legal advisers and Treaty Section:

  • must be given the opportunity to comment on the drafts of all treaties under negotiation
  • will advise on the form and substance of the treaty, though not substance which is technical and of which the other government department is the expert
  • will advise on related matters such as the production of Full Powers and Instruments of Ratification
  • will produce original signature copies of treaties and advise on the treaty signing ceremony
  • will arrange for the treaty to be published and laid before Parliament
  • is responsible for the registration of these treaties with the United Nations, allowing their subsequent publication in the United Nations Treaty Series
  • will transfer of the treaties to the National Archives for preservation[11]

Unless expressly authorised to do so by the United Kingdom government, Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories do not have the authority to contract treaties in their own right. The UK must extend the territorial scope of its ratification of treaties to include them. This may be done either at the time of ratification, or at some later date.[11]

Active agreements

[edit]
Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom
  United Kingdom
  Active free trade areas

The following free trade agreements are currently in effect. The following lists include three types of trade agreements as classified by the World Trade Organization. include: free trade agreements (FTA), economic integration agreements (EIA), and customs unions (CU). Signature and entry into force dates are as listed by the World Trade Organization.[3]

Independent Agreements

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The following bilateral and plurilateral free trade agreements are currently active independently from a trade bloc:

Nation(s) No. of
nations
represented 		Agreement[1] Signed Effective Coverage Type WTO Mechanism[1] Trade value
(2023)[1][12] 		Ref.
Albania 1 Albania–UK Partnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement 5 February 2021 3 May 2021 Goods & Services Continuity FTA & EIA Full ratification £362m [13][14]
Andean Countries
Colombia
Ecuador
Peru 		3 Andean Countries–UK Trade Agreement 15 May 2019 1 January 2021[a] Goods & Services Continuity FTA & EIA Full ratification £4,051m [16][17]
Australia 1 Australia–UK Free Trade Agreement 16 December 2021 31 May 2023 Goods & Services New FTA & EIA Full ratification £20,036m [18][19]
Cameroon 1 Cameroon–UK Economic Partnership Agreement 28 December 2020 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity FTA Full ratification £1,029m [20][21]
Canada 1 Canada–UK Trade Continuity Agreement 22 December 2020 1 January 2021 Goods & Services[b] Continuity FTA & EIA Full ratification £26,287m [23][24]
CARIFORUM
Antigua and Barbuda
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Grenada
Guyana
Jamaica
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago 		14 CARIFORUM–UK Economic Partnership Agreement 22 March 2019[c] 1 January 2021[d] Goods & Services Continuity FTA & EIA Provisional application £5,537m [27][28]
Central America
Costa Rica
El Salvador
Guatemala
Honduras
Nicaragua
Panama 		6 Central America–UK Association Agreement 18 July 2019 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Continuity FTA & EIA Full ratification £2,478m [29][30]
Chile 1 Chile–UK Association Agreement 30 January 2019 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Continuity FTA & EIA Full ratification £1,804m [31][32]
Eastern and Southern Africa
Madagascar
Mauritius
Seychelles
Zimbabwe 		4 Eastern and Southern Africa–UK Economic Partnership Agreement 31 January 2019[e] 1 January 2021[f] Goods Continuity FTA Full ratification £2,027m[g] [34][35]
Egypt 1 Egypt–UK Association Agreement 5 December 2020 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity FTA Full ratification £4,659m [36][37]
European Union
31[l] EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement 30 December 2020 1 January 2021 Goods & Services New FTA & EIA Full ratification £805,000m [38][39]
Faroe Islands 1 Faroe Islands–UK Free Trade Agreement 31 January 2019 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity FTA Full ratification £1,108m [40][41]
Georgia 1 Georgia–UK Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Agreement 21 October 2019 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Continuity FTA & EIA Full ratification £500m [42][43]
Ghana 1 Ghana–UK Interim Trade Partnership Agreement 2 March 2021 5 March 2021 Goods Continuity FTA Provisional application £1,188m [44][45]
Iceland
Liechtenstein[m]
Norway 		3 Iceland–Liechtenstein–Norway–UK Free Trade Agreement 8 July 2021 1 December 2021 Goods & Services New FTA & EIA Full ratification £41,537m[n] [46][47]
Israel 1 Israel–UK Trade and Partnership Agreement 18 February 2019 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity FTA Full ratification £6,137m [48][49]
Ivory Coast 1 Ivory Coast–UK Stepping Stone Economic Partnership Agreement 15 October 2020 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity FTA Full ratification £841m [50][51]
Japan 1 Japan–UK Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement 23 October 2020 1 January 2021 Goods & Services New FTA & EIA Full ratification £27,575m [52][53]
Jordan 1 Jordan–UK Association Agreement 5 November 2019 1 May 2021 Goods Continuity FTA Full ratification £1,313m [54][55]
Kenya 1 Kenya–UK Economic Partnership Agreement 8 December 2020 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity FTA Full ratification £1,427m [56][57]
Kosovo 1 Kosovo–UK Partnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement 3 December 2019 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Continuity FTA & EIA Full ratification £12m [58][41]
Lebanon 1 Lebanon–UK Association Agreement 19 September 2019 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity FTA Full ratification £1,131m [59][60]
Liechtenstein[o]
Switzerland 		2 Switzerland–Liechtenstein–UK Trade Agreement 11 February 2019 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity FTA Full ratification £50,817m[p] [62][63]
Mexico 1 Mexico–UK Trade Continuity Agreement 15 December 2020 1 June 2021 Goods & Services Continuity FTA & EIA Full ratification £6,599m [64][65]
Moldova 1 Moldova–UK Strategic Partnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement 24 December 2020 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Continuity FTA & EIA Full ratification £1,478m [66][67]
Morocco 1 Morocco–UK Association Agreement 26 October 2019 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity FTA Provisional application £3,524m [68][69]
New Zealand 1 New Zealand–UK Free Trade Agreement 28 February 2022 31 May 2023 Goods & Services New FTA & EIA Full ratification £3,100m [70][71]
North Macedonia 1 North Macedonia–UK Partnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement 3 December 2020 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Continuity FTA & EIA Provisional application £2,507m [72][73]
Pacific States
Fiji
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands 		4 Pacific States–UK Economic Partnership Agreement 14 March 2019[q] 1 January 2021[r] Goods Continuity FTA Provisional application £390m [77][78]
Palestinian Authority 1 Palestinian Authority–UK Political, Trade and Partnership Agreement 18 February 2019 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity FTA Full ratification £38m [79][80]
Serbia 1 Serbia–UK Partnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement 16 April 2021 20 May 2021 Goods & Services Continuity FTA & EIA Full ratification £1,018m [81][82]
Singapore 1 Singapore–UK Free Trade Agreement 10 December 2020 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Continuity[s] FTA & EIA Full ratification £22,327m [85][86]
South Korea 1 South Korea–UK Trade Agreement 22 August 2019 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Continuity FTA & EIA Full ratification £16,331m [87][88]
Southern Africa Customs Union and Mozambique
Botswana
Eswatini
Lesotho
Mozambique
Namibia
South Africa 		6 SACUM–UK Economic Partnership Agreement 9 October 2019[t] 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity FTA Full ratification £11,420m [90][91]
Tunisia 1 Tunisia–UK Association Agreement 4 October 2019 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity FTA & EIA Full ratification £693m [92][93]
Turkey 1 Turkey–UK Trade Agreement 29 December 2020 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity FTA Provisional application £25,817m [94][95]
Ukraine 1 Ukraine–UK Political, Free Trade and Strategic Partnership Agreement 8 October 2020 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Continuity[u] FTA & EIA Full ratification £1,523m [98][99]
Vietnam 1 UK–Vietnam Free Trade Agreement 29 December 2020 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Continuity FTA & EIA Provisional application £5,859m [100][101]

Trade bloc membership

[edit]
Main article: Accession of the United Kingdom to CPTPP
  CPTPP Signatories
  United Kingdom
  Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories


The United Kingdom is currently a member of one trade bloc, which covers multilateral free trade with fellow members.

Trade bloc No. of nations
represented 		Signed Effective Coverage WTO Trade value[1] Ref.
Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership
Australia
Brunei
Canada[v]
Chile
Japan
Malaysia
Mexico[v]
New Zealand
Peru
Singapore
Vietnam 		11 16 July 2023 15 December 2024[w] Goods & Services FTA & EIA £120,851m[x] [102][103]

Dependencies

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The following agreements govern the United Kingdom's free trade with British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies.

Nation(s) No. of nations
represented 		Signed Effective Coverage Treaty Trade value
(2023)[104] 		Comment Ref.
Akrotiri and Dhekelia 31 30 December 2020 1 January 2021 Goods & Services New £823,100m Trade with the UK is governed within the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement, due to Akrotiri and Dhekelia remaining a part of the European Union customs union. [105][106]
Crown Dependencies Customs Union
Guernsey
Isle of Man
Jersey 		3 26 November 2018 9 December 2020 Goods & Services New £13,153m The United Kingdom and the Crown Dependencies established a customs union which created a free trade area between the territories, and creates a common external tariff with other countries. [107][5]
Gibraltar 1 24 October 2019 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Continuity £7,236m Trade with Gibraltar is governed under the 'Financial Services and Markets Act 2000', Gibraltar and the UK amended this act in order to continue the agreement they had in the European Economic Area. [108]
Overseas Territories
Anguilla
Bermuda
British Antarctic Territory
British Indian Ocean Territory
British Virgin Islands
Cayman Islands
Falkland Islands
Montserrat
Pitcairn Islands
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Turks and Caicos Islands 		12 9 November 2020 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity £10,591m This arrangement acts as a continuity free trade agreement between 12 Overseas Territories and the UK. [6][109]

Negotiations

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The United Kingdom is currently pursuing free trade agreements with new countries using three methods. The first of which is negotiating completely new trade agreements with a country. The second is through a country applying and acceding to a trade bloc of which the United Kingdom is currently a member of. The third way is through encouraging countries to join existing plurilateral trade agreements.

Ongoing negotiations

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The United Kingdom is currently negotiating free trade agreements with the following countries and trade blocs:[4]

Nation (s) No of nations
represented 		Agreement Coverage Type Trade value (2023)[1][104] Status Progress Ref.
Algeria 1 Algeria–UK Association Agreement Goods Continuity £2,303m Negotiations stagnated A continuity trade agreement has been offered to Algeria; neither party has signed the agreement. [110]
Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 Bosnia and Herzegovina–UK Partnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement Goods & Services Continuity £255m Negotiations stagnated A continuity trade agreement has been offered to Bosnia and Herzegovina; neither party has signed the agreement. [111][110]
Canada 1 Canada–UK Free Trade Agreement Goods & Services New £26,287m Negotiations suspended Negotiations suspended on 25 January 2024 by the United Kingdom; the two sides have completed eight rounds of talks since 2022. [112][113]
Greenland 1 Greenland–UK Free Trade Agreement Goods New £12m Negotiations stagnated Negotiations opened on 27 January 2022. [114][115]
Gulf Cooperation Council
Bahrain
Kuwait
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
United Arab Emirates 		6 Gulf Cooperation Council–UK Free Trade Agreement Goods & Services New £57,433m Negotiations ongoing Sixth round of negotiations concluded on 9 February 2024. [116][117]
India 1 India–UK Free Trade Agreement Goods & Services New £38,978m Negotiations concluded Agreement in principle reached on 6 May 2025. [118][119]
Israel 1 Israel–UK Free Trade Agreement Goods & Services New £6,137m Negotiations suspended Negotiations suspended on 20 May 2025 by the United Kingdom; the two sides have completed five rounds of talks since 2022. [120][121]
Maldives 1 Maldives–UK Free Trade Agreement Goods New £492m Discussions ongoing Trade consultation closed on 2 August 2023. [122][123]
Mexico 1 Mexico–UK Free Trade Agreement Goods & Services New £6,599m Negotiations ongoing Third round of negotiations concluded on 19 May 2023. [124][125]
Montenegro 1 Montenegro–UK Partnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement Goods & Services Continuity £156m Negotiations stagnated A continuity trade agreement has been offered to Montenegro; neither party has signed the agreement. [111][110]
South Korea 1 South Korea–UK Free Trade Agreement Goods & Services New £18,349m Negotiations ongoing Fourth round of negotiations concluded on 21 March 2025. [126][127]
Switzerland 1 Switzerland–UK Free Trade Agreement Goods & Services New £50,817m Negotiations ongoing Seventh round of negotiations concluded on 13 June 2025. [128][129]
Thailand 1 Thailand–UK Free Trade Agreement Goods & Services New £6,026m Discussions ongoing Enhanced Trade Partnership signed on 18 September 2024; exploratory FTA talks ongoing. [130][131]
Turkey 1 Turkey–UK Free Trade Agreement Goods & Services New £25,817m Negotiations ongoing First round of negotiations concluded on 2 July 2025. [132][133]
United States 1 UK–United States Free Trade Agreement Goods & Services New £310,840m Negotiations stagnated Fifth round of negotiations concluded on 30 October 2020. [134][135]

Trade bloc applicants

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The following countries have applied to join the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, a trade bloc of which the United Kingdom is a member of.

Country Application Negotiations opened Status Bilateral trade value (2023)[1][104] Existing FTA Ref.
China 16 September 2021 pending Formal application submitted £90,243m none [136][137]
Costa Rica 11 August 2022 29 November 2024 Invitation to join received £1,143m Central America–UK Association Agreement [138][139]
Ecuador 29 December 2021 pending Formal application submitted £475m Andean Countries–UK Trade Agreement [140][141]
Indonesia 19 September 2024 pending Formal application submitted £2,999m none [142][143]
Taiwan 22 September 2021 pending Formal application submitted
under the name of "The Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu (TPKM)." 		£7,433m none [144][145]
Ukraine 5 May 2023 pending Formal application submitted £1,523m Ukraine–UK Political, Free Trade and Strategic Partnership Agreement [146][147]
Uruguay 1 December 2022 pending Formal application submitted £409m none [148][149]

Potential enlargement

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The following countries can accede to an existing plurilateral Economic Partnership Agreement with the United Kingdom.

Nation(s) Trade agreement
being joined 		Status Ref.
Haiti CARIFORUM–United Kingdom Economic Partnership Agreement Haiti will be covered by the CARIFORUM–United Kingdom Economic Partnership Agreement if they sign it and bring it into effect. [150]
Comoros
Zambia 		Eastern and Southern Africa–United Kingdom Economic Partnership Agreement Out of the remaining COMESA members, Comoros, and Zambia have agreements in place allowing them to join the ESA–UK Economic Partnership Agreement:
  • Comoros signed the agreement on 12 April 2022 and will be covered by the EPA when they bring it into effect.
  • Zambia will be covered by the EPA if they sign it and bring it into effect.
 [151][33]
East African Community
Burundi
DR Congo
Rwanda
Somalia
South Sudan
Tanzania
Uganda 		Kenya–United Kingdom Economic Partnership Agreement Article 143 of the UK–Kenya Economic Partnership Agreement enables any other East African Community member to make an accession request to the UK–Kenya EPA Council. [152][153]
Cook Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Federated States of Micronesia
Nauru
Niue
Palau
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu 		Pacific States–United Kingdom Economic Partnership Agreement The Pacific States–United Kingdom Economic Partnership Agreement states that 10 other Pacific nations are currently eligible to apply for accession.
  • Tonga has shown interest in acceding to the EPA.
 [154]

Obsolete agreements

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The following free trade agreements were previously active, however they have since been superseded or terminated. Signature, entry into force and obsolete dates are as listed by the World Trade Organization.[3]

Former Independent Agreements

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The following bilateral and plurilateral free trade agreements were previously active independently from a trade bloc:

Nation(s) No of nations
represented 		Agreement Signed Effective Obsolete Coverage WTO Information Superseded by Ref.
Ireland 1 Ireland–United Kingdom Free Trade Area 19 December 1965 1 July 1966 1 January 1973 Goods FTA The Free Trade Area was agreed to after both nations' bids to join the European Economic Community were rejected. This agreement was superseded upon both parties' accession to the EEC. European Economic Community [155][156]
Colombia 1 Colombia–UK Trade Continuity Agreement 18 October 2019 1 January 2021 28 June 2022 Goods & Services FTA & EIA The Trade Continuity Agreement was a provisionally applied FTA. It existed following Brexit but prior to Colombia's ratification of the Andean Countries–UK Trade Agreement, which went on to supersede this agreement. Andean Countries–UK Trade Agreement [157]
Iceland
Norway 		2 Iceland–Norway–UK Trade Agreement 8 December 2020 1 January 2021 1 September 2022 Goods FTA The Iceland–Norway–UK Trade Agreement was a continuity trade agreement that plurilaterally covered both Iceland–UK trade as well as Norway–UK trade. The agreement was superseded by a new plurilateral FTA which expanded the coverage to include services, additionally covering Liechtenstein–UK trade. Free Trade Agreement between Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and the UK [158][159][160]

Former trade bloc memberships

[edit]

The United Kingdom was previously a member of the following trade blocs, which covered multilateral free trade with fellow members.

Nation(s) No. of nations
represented 		Signed Effective Obsolete Coverage WTO Note Superseded by Ref.
European Free Trade Association
Austria
Denmark
Iceland
Norway
Portugal
Sweden
 Switzerland 		7 4 January 1960[y] 3 May 1960[z] 31 December 1972 Goods & Services[aa] FTA & EIA The UK was a founding member of the European Free Trade Association, but left the organisation to join the European Economic Community, along with Denmark. European Economic Community [162][163]
European Economic Community
Belgium
Denmark
France
Greece
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Portugal
Spain
West Germany/Germany[ab] 		11 22 January 1972[ac] 1 January 1973[ad] 1 November 1993 Goods & Services CU The UK joined the European Economic Community, along with Denmark and Ireland. The EEC was superseded by the European Union. European Union [166][167]
European Union
 27 7 February 1992[ae] 1 November 1993[af] 1 January 2021 Goods & Services CU & EIA Following the result of the Brexit referendum, the UK invoked Article 50 on 27 March 2017; the UK officially withdrew from the EU on the 1 January 2021. Trade between the EU and the UK was superceded by the Trade and Cooperation following the withdrawal of the UK from the EU. Trade and Cooperation Agreement [172][173][166]
European Economic Area
 30 2 May 1992[ae] 1 January 1994[af] 1 January 2021 Services EIA The UK and the European Union agreed that Services trade would be covered by the Trade and Cooperation Agreement. [174]

European Union agreements

[edit]
See also: Free trade agreements of the European Union

The following agreements are European Economic Community/European Union free trade agreements with third nations of which the UK was a part of during its membership of the European Union.

Nation (s) No of nations
represented 		Agreement Signed Effective Obsolete Coverage WTO Note Superceded by Ref.
Bulgaria 1 Bulgaria–European Economic Community Interim Agreement 8 March 1993 31 December 1993 1 February 1995 Goods FTA The agreement was superceded by a more comprehensive FTA with Bulgaria. Europe Association Agreement [175]
Czech and Slovak Federative Republic/Czech Republic[ag] 1 Czech and Slovak Federal Republic–European Communities Europe Association Agreement 16 December 1991 1 March 1992 1 February 1995 Goods FTA The agreement was superceded by a more comprehensive Association Agreement with the Czech Republic. Europe Association Agreement [176][177]
Turkey 1 European Economic Community–Turkey Association Agreement 30 June 1973 1 January 1974 1 January 1996 Goods FTA The agreement was superceded by a customs union with Turkey. Customs Union [178]
Slovenia 1 European Economic Community–Slovenia Cooperation Agreement 5 April 1993 19 July 1993 1 January 1997 Goods FTA The agreement was superceded by a more comprehensive FTA with Slovenia. Interim Agreement [179]
Faroe Islands 1 European Economic Community–Faroe Islands Agreement 2 December 1991 1 January 1992 1 January 1997 Goods FTA The agreement was superceded by a more comprehensive FTA with the Faroe Islands. Agreement [180]
Tunisia 1 European Economic Community–Tunisia Cooperation Agreement 25 April 1976 1 November 1978 1 March 1998 Goods FTA The agreement was superceded by an Association Agreement with Tunisia. Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreement [181][182]
Morocco 1 European Economic Community–Morocco Cooperation Agreement 27 April 1976 1 November 1978 1 March 2000 Goods FTA The agreement was superceded by an Association Agreement with Morocco. Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreement [183][184]
Israel 1 European Economic Community–Israel Agreement 11 May 1975 1 July 1975 1 June 2000 Goods FTA The agreement was superceded by an Association Agreement with Israel. Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreement [185][186]
Jordan 1 European Economic Community–Jordan Cooperation Agreement 18 January 1977 1 November 1978 1 May 2002 Goods FTA The agreement was superceded by an Association Agreement with Jordan. Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreement [187][188]
Lebanon 1 European Economic Community–Lebanon Cooperation Agreement 3 May 1977 1 November 1978 1 March 2003 Goods FTA The agreement was superceded by an Association Agreement with Lebanon. Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreement [189][190]
Cyprus 1 Cyprus–European Economic Community Association Agreement 19 December 1972 1 June 1973 1 May 2004 Goods CU The agreement was terminated due to the Cyprus's accession to the European Union. European Union [191][192]
Czech Republic 1 Czech Republic–European Communities Europe Association Agreement 4 October 1993 1 February 1995 1 May 2004 Goods & Services FTA & EIA The agreement was terminated due to the Czech Republic's accession to the European Union. [193][194]
Estonia 1 Estonia–European Communities Europe Association Agreement 18 July 1994 1 January 1995 1 May 2004 Goods & Services FTA & EIA The agreement was terminated due to Estonia's accession to the European Union. [195][196]
Hungary 1 European Communities–Hungary Europe Association Agreement 16 December 1991 1 February 1994 1 May 2004 Goods & Services FTA & EIA The agreement was terminated due to the Hungary's accession to the European Union. [197]
Latvia 1 European Communities–Latvia Europe Association Agreement 18 July 1994 1 January 1995 1 May 2004 Goods & Services FTA & EIA The agreement was terminated due to Latvia's accession to the European Union. [198][199]
Lithuania 1 European Communities–Lithuania Europe Association Agreement 18 July 1994 1 January 1995 1 May 2004 Goods & Services FTA & EIA The agreement was terminated due to Lithuania's accession to the European Union. [200][201]
Malta 1 European Communities–Malta Europe Association Agreement N/A 1 January 1973 1 May 2004 Goods CU The UK's accession to the European Economic Community coincided with the UK joining this agreement.
The agreement was terminated due to Malta's accession to the European Union. 		[202][203]
Poland 1 European Communities–Poland Europe Association Agreement 16 December 1991 1 February 1994 1 May 2004 Goods & Services FTA & EIA The agreement was terminated due to Poland's accession to the European Union. [204]
Slovenia 1 European Communities–Slovenia Interim Agreement 11 November 1996 1 January 1997 1 May 2004 Goods FTA The agreement was terminated due to Slovenia's accession to the European Union. [205]
1 European Communities–Slovenia Europe Association Agreement 10 June 1996 1 February 1999 1 May 2004 Services EIA The agreement was terminated due to Slovenia's accession to the European Union. [206][207]
Slovakia 1 European Communities–Slovakia Europe Association Agreement 4 October 1993 1 February 1995 1 May 2004 Goods & Services FTA & EIA The agreement was terminated due to Slovakia's accession to the European Union. [208][209]
Egypt 1 Egypt–European Economic Community Cooperation Agreement 18 January 1977 1 November 1978 1 June 2004 Goods FTA The agreement was superceded by an Association Agreement with Egypt. Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreement [210][211]
Algeria 1 Algeria–European Economic Community Cooperation Agreement 26 April 1976 1 July 1976 1 September 2005 Goods FTA The agreement was superceded by an Association Agreement with Algeria. Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreement [212][213]
Bulgaria 1 Bulgaria–European Communities Europe Association Agreement 8 March 1993 1 February 1995 1 January 2007 Goods & Services FTA & EIA The agreement was terminated due to Bulgaria's accession to the European Union. European Union [214][215]
Romania 1 European Communities–Romania Europe Association Agreement 1 February 1993 1 February 1995 1 January 2007 Goods & Services FTA & EIA The agreement was terminated due to Romania's accession to the European Union. [216][217]
Croatia 1 Croatia–European Communities Stabilisation and Association Agreement 29 October 2001 1 March 2002 1 July 2013 Goods & Services[ah] FTA & EIA The agreement was terminated due to Croatia's accession to the European Union. [218][219]
Albania 1 Albania–European Communities Stabilisation and Association Agreement 12 June 2006 1 April 2009 1 January 2021 Goods & Services FTA & EIA The UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Albania on 5 February 2021. Partnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement [220][221]
Algeria 1 Algeria–European Community Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreement 22 April 2002 1 September 2005 1 January 2021 Goods FTA The UK has no free trade agreement with Algeria. none [222][223]
Andorra 1 Andorra–European Economic Community Agreement N/A 1 July 1991 1 January 2021 Goods CU The UK and the European Union agreed that Andorra–UK trade would be covered by the Trade and Cooperation Agreement. Trade and Cooperation Agreement [224][225]
Armenia 1 Armenia–European Union Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement 24 November 2017 1 June 2018 1 January 2021 Services EIA The UK has no free trade agreement with Armenia. none [226][227]
Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 Bosnia and Herzegovina–European Communities Stabilisation and Association Agreement 16 June 2008 1 June 2015 1 January 2021 Goods & Services FTA & EIA The UK has no free trade agreement with Bosnia and Herzegovina. none [228][229][111]
Cameroon 1 Central Africa Party–European Community Economic Partnership Agreement 15 January 2009 4 August 2014 1 January 2021 Goods & Services FTA & EIA The UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Cameroon on 28 December 2020. Economic Partnership Agreement [230][231]
Canada 1 Canada–European Union Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement 30 October 2016 21 September 2017 1 January 2021 Goods & Services FTA & EIA The UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Canada on 8 December 2020. Trade Continuity Agreement [232][233]
CARIFORUM
Antigua and Barbuda
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Grenada
Guyana
Jamaica
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago 		14 CARIFORUM–European Community Economic Partnership Agreement 15 October 2008 29 December 2008 1 January 2021 Goods & Services FTA & EIA The UK signed a trade continuity agreement with the CARIFORUM states on 22 March 2019. CARIFORUM–United Kingdom Economic Partnership Agreement [234][235]
Central America
Costa Rica
El Salvador
Guatemala
Honduras
Nicaragua
Panama 		6 Central America–European Union Association Agreement 29 June 2012 1 August 2013[ai] 1 January 2021 Goods & Services FTA & EIA The UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Central America on 18 July 2019. Central America–UK Association Agreement [236][237]
Chile 1 Chile–European Community Association Agreement 18 November 2002 1 February 2003 1 January 2021 Goods & Services[aj] FTA & EIA The UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Chile on 30 January 2019. Association Agreement [238][239]
Colombia
Ecuador
Peru 		3 Colombia, Ecuador and Peru–European Union Trade Agreement 26 June 2012[ak] 1 March 2013[al] 1 January 2021 Goods & Services FTA & EIA The UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Colombia, Ecuador and Peru states on 15 May 2019. Andean Countries–UK Trade Agreement [240][241]
Eastern and Southern Africa
Comoros
Madagascar
Mauritius
Seychelles
Zimbabwe 		5 Eastern and Southern Africa–European Community Economic Partnership Agreement 29 August 2009 14 May 2012 1 January 2021 Goods FTA The UK signed a trade continuity agreement with the Eastern and Southern Africa states on 31 January 2019. Eastern and Southern Africa–UK Economic Partnership Agreement [242][243]
Egypt 1 European Communities–Egypt Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreement 25 June 2001 1 June 2004 1 January 2021 Goods FTA The UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Egypt on 5 December 2020. Association Agreement [244][245]
Faroe Islands 1 European Community–Faroe Islands Agreement 6 December 1996 1 January 1997 1 January 2021 Goods FTA The UK signed a trade continuity agreement with the Faroe Islands on 31 January 2019. Free Trade Agreement [246][247]
Georgia 1 European Union–Georgia Association Agreement 27 June 2014 1 September 2014 1 January 2021 Goods & Services FTA & EIA The UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Georgia on 21 October 2019. Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Agreement [248][249]
Ghana 1 European Community–Ghana Stepping Stone Economic Partnership Agreement 28 July 2016 15 December 2016 1 January 2021 Goods FTA The UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Ghana on 2 March 2021. Interim Trade Partnership Agreement [250][251]
Iceland 1 European Economic Community–Iceland Agreement 19 December 1972 1 April 1973 1 January 2021 Goods FTA The UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Iceland on 8 December 2020. Iceland–Norway–UK Trade Agreement [252]
Israel 1 European Communities–Israel Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreement 20 November 1995 1 June 2000 1 January 2021 Goods FTA The UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Israel on 18 February 2019. Trade and Partnership Agreement [253][254]
Ivory Coast 1 European Community–Ivory Coast Stepping Stone Economic Partnership Agreement 26 November 2008 3 September 2016 1 January 2021 Goods FTA The UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Ivory Coast on 15 October 2020. Stepping Stone Economic Partnership Agreement [255][256]
Japan 1 European Union–Japan Economic Partnership Agreement 17 July 2018 1 February 2019 1 January 2021 Goods & Services FTA & EIA The UK signed a new free trade agreement with Japan on 23 October 2020. Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement [257][258]
Jordan 1 European Communities–Jordan Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreement 24 November 1997 1 May 2002 1 January 2021 Goods FTA The UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Jordan on 5 November 2019. Association Agreement [259][260]
Kosovo 1 European Union–Kosovo Stabilisation and Association Agreement 27 October 2015 1 April 2016 1 January 2021 Goods & Services FTA The UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Kosovo on 3 December 2019. Partnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement [261][262]
Lebanon 1 European Community–Lebanon Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreement 17 June 2002 1 March 2003 1 January 2021 Goods FTA The UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Lebanon on 19 September 2019. Association Agreement [263][264]
Liechtenstein
 Switzerland 		2 European Economic Community–Switzerland Agreement N/A 1 January 1973 1 January 2021 Goods FTA The UK's accession to the European Economic Community coincided with the UK joining this agreement.
The UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Liechtenstein and Switzerland on 8 December 2020. 		Switzerland–Liechtenstein–United Kingdom Trade Agreement [265][266]
Mexico 1 European Community–Mexico Economic Partnership, Political Coordination and Cooperation Agreement 8 December 1997 1 July 2000 1 January 2021 Goods & Services FTA & EIA The UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Mexico on 15 December 2020. Trade Continuity Agreement [267][268]
Moldova 1 European Union–Moldova Association Agreement 27 June 2014 1 September 2014 1 January 2021 Goods & Services FTA & EIA The UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Moldova on 24 December 2020. Strategic Partnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement [269][270]
Montenegro 1 European Communities–Montenegro Stabilisation and Association Agreement 15 October 2007 1 May 2010 1 January 2021 Goods & Services FTA & EIA The UK has no free trade agreement with Montenegro. none [271][272][111]
Morocco 1 European Community–Morocco Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreement 26 February 1996 1 March 2000 1 January 2021 Goods FTA The UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Morocco on 26 October 2019. Association Agreement [273][274]
North Macedonia 1 European Communities–Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Stabilisation and Association Agreement 9 April 2001 1 June 2001 1 January 2021 Goods & Services FTA & EIA The UK signed a trade continuity agreement with North Macedonia on 3 December 2020. Partnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement [275][276]
Norway 1 European Economic Community–Norway Agreement N/A 1 January 1973 1 January 2021 Goods FTA The UK's accession to the European Economic Community coincided with the UK joining this agreement.
The UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Norway on 8 December 2020. 		Iceland–Norway–UK Trade Agreement [277][278]
Overseas Countries and Territories
Anguilla
Aruba
Bermuda
Bonaire
British Antarctic Territory
British Indian Ocean Territory
British Virgin Islands
Cayman Islands
Curaçao
Falkland Islands
French Polynesia
French Southern and Antarctic Lands
Greenland
Montserrat
New Caledonia
Pitcairn Islands
Saba
Saint Barthélemy
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Sint Eustatius
Sint Maarten
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Wallis and Futuna 		24 European Union–Overseas Countries and Territories Free Trade Agreement 27 November 2001 2 December 2001 1 January 2021 Goods FTA The UK has no free trade agreement with any of the EU Overseas Countries and Territories. none [279][280][281]
Pacific States
Fiji
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands 		4 European Community–Pacific States Interim Partnership Agreement 30 July 2009[am] 20 December 2009[an] 1 January 2021 Goods FTA The UK signed a trade continuity agreement with the Pacific States on 14 March 2019. Pacific States–United Kingdom Economic Partnership Agreement [282][283]
Palestinian Authority 1 European Community–Palestinian Authority Euro-Mediterranean Interim Association Agreement 24 February 1997 1 July 1997 1 January 2021 Goods FTA The UK signed a trade continuity agreement with the Palestinian Authority on 18 February 2019. Political, Trade and Partnership Agreement [284][285]
San Marino 1 European Economic Community–San Marino Cooperation and Customs Union Agreement 16 December 1991 1 April 2002 1 January 2021 Goods CU The UK and the European Union agreed that San Marino–UK trade would be covered by the Trade and Cooperation Agreement. Trade and Cooperation Agreement [286][287]
Serbia 1 European Communities–Serbia Stabilisation and Association Agreement 29 April 2008 1 February 2010 1 January 2021 Goods & Services FTA & EIA The UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Serbia on 16 April 2021. Partnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement [288][289]
Singapore 1 European Union–Singapore Free Trade Agreement 19 October 2018 21 November 2019 1 January 2021 Goods & Services FTA & EIA The UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Singapore on 10 December 2020. Free Trade Agreement [290][291]
South Africa 1 European Community–South Africa Trade, Development and Cooperation Agreement 11 October 1999 1 January 2000 1 January 2021 Goods FTA The UK signed a trade continuity agreement with South Africa on 16 October 2019. Southern Africa Customs Union and Mozambique–UK Economic Partnership Agreement [292][293]
South Korea 1 European Union–South Korea Free Trade Agreement 6 October 2010 1 July 2011 1 January 2021 Goods & Services FTA & EIA The UK signed a trade continuity agreement with South Korea on 22 August 2019. Trade Agreement [294][295]
Southern African Development Community
Botswana
Eswatini
Lesotho
Mozambique
Namibia
South Africa 		6 European Union–Southern African Development Community Economic Partnership Agreement 10 June 2016 10 October 2016[ao] 1 January 2021 Goods FTA The UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Mozambique and the Southern African Customs Union on 9 October 2019. Southern Africa Customs Union and Mozambique–UK Economic Partnership Agreement [296][297]
Syria 1 European Economic Community–Syria Cooperation Agreement 18 January 1977 1 July 1977 1 January 2021 Goods FTA The UK has no free trade agreement with Syria. none [298][299]
Tunisia 1 European Communities–Tunisia Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreement 7 July 1995 1 March 1998 1 January 2021 Goods FTA The UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Tunisia on 4 October 2019. Association Agreement [300][301]
Turkey 1 European Economic Community–Turkey Customs Union 6 March 1995 1 January 1996 1 January 2021 Goods CU The UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Turkey on 29 December 2020. Trade Agreement [302][303]
Ukraine 1 European Union–Ukraine Association Agreement 27 June 2014 23 April 2014 1 January 2021 Goods & Services FTA & EIA The UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Ukraine on 8 October 2020. Political, Free Trade and Strategic Partnership Agreement [304][305]
Vietnam 1 European Union–Vietnam Free Trade Agreement 30 June 2019 1 August 2020 1 January 2021 Goods & Services FTA & EIA The UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Vietnam on 29 December 2020. Free Trade Agreement [306][307]

Largest trading partners

[edit]
Export and import markets for goods and services in 2023, seasonally adjusted
Figures in £billions sterling
Exports Imports
Rank Trade Partner £billions % of Total Rank Trade Partner £billions % of Total
European Union 356.3 41.4% European Union 450.9 51.5%
1. United States[ap] 186.7 21.7% 1. United States 115.4 13.2%
2. Germany (EU member) 63.0 7.3% 2. Germany (EU member) 87.6 10.0%
3. Ireland (EU member) 57.7 6.7% 3. Netherlands (EU member) 64.3 7.3%
4. Netherlands (EU member) 52.5 6.1% 4. France (EU member) 60.2 6.9%
5. France (EU member) 44.6 5.2% 5. China 59.4 6.8%
6. China 33.3 3.9% 6. Spain (EU member) 41.2 4.7%
7. Switzerland (EFTA) 30.2 3.5% 7. Belgium (EU member) 31.7 3.6%
8. Italy (EU member) 31.6 3.6% 8. Italy (EU member) 31.6 3.6%
9. Spain (EU member) 19.7 2.3% 9. Ireland (EU member) 30.3 3.5%
10. Italy (EU member) 18.9 2.2% 10. Norway (EFTA) 30.2 3.4%
EU 356.3 41.4% EU 450.9 51.5%
Non EU 505.0 58.6% Non EU 425.4 48.5%
World 861.2 100% World 876.3 100%

Historically, WTO imports and exports are based on the rule of origin, while EU imports/exports are based on single market statistics.

The figures above are for 2023[308]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Trade with Colombia entered into force on 28 June 2022.[15]
  2. ^ The agreement only covered goods until 1 April 2021 when it expanded to cover services.[22]
  3. ^ Trinidad and Tobago signed on 1 April 2019.
    Dominican Republic signed on 4 April 2019.
    Antigua and Barbuda signed on 6 June 2019.
    The Bahamas signed on 27 November 2019.
    Suriname signed on 4 March 2021.[25]
  4. ^ Trade with Suriname entered into force on 5 March 2021.[26]
  5. ^ Madagascar signed the agreement on 4 November 2021.[33]
  6. ^ Trade with Madagascar entered into force on 1 August 2024.[33]
  7. ^ This figure was published prior to Madagascar's accession to the Economic Partnership Agreement; thus excludes trade with Madagascar.
  8. ^ As an integral part of the EU Customs Union, Akrotiri and Dhekelia-UK trade is covered by this agreement.
  9. ^ Under the UK-EU Trade and Cooperation Agreement, the UK and the EU have agreed that Andorra be treated as a member of the EUCU. Therefore, Andorra-UK trade is covered by this agreement.[1]
  10. ^ As an integral part of the EU Customs Union, Monaco-UK trade is covered by this agreement.
  11. ^ Under the UK-EU Trade and Cooperation Agreement, the UK and the EU have agreed that San Marino be treated as a member of the EUCU. Therefore, San Marino-UK trade is covered by this agreement.[1]
  12. ^ This agreement covers the 27 EU members, additionally it governs UK trade with Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, as well as the British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia.[1]
  13. ^ Due to the Swiss-Liechtenstein customs union, goods from Liechtenstein are governed in the Switzerland–Liechtenstein–UK FTA.
  14. ^ This figure only represents trade value between the UK and the cumulative value of Iceland and Norway. Liechtenstein trade accounts for 168m but is divided between two agreements.[1]
  15. ^ This treaty only governs Liechtenstein's goods due to the Swiss-Liechtenstein customs union. Liechtenstein–UK trade is governed by the Iceland–Liechtenstein–Norway–UK FTA.[61]
  16. ^ This figure only represents trade value between the UK and Switzerland. Liechtenstein trade accounts for 168m but is divided between two agreements.[1]
  17. ^ Samoa signed the agreement on 11 January 2021[74]
    The Solomon Islands signed the agreement on 5 January 2021[75]
  18. ^ Trade with Samoa and the Solomon Islands entered into force on 31 March 2022.[76]
  19. ^ Expanded upon by the Singapore–UK Digital Economy Agreement to cover digital trade, after entering into force on 14 June 2022.[83][84]
  20. ^ South Africa signed the agreement on 16 October 2019.[89]
  21. ^ Expanded upon by the Ukraine–UK Digital Trade Agreement to cover digital trade, after entering into force on 1 September 2024.[96][97]
  22. ^ a b Has not yet ratified the UK’s accession to CPTPP.
  23. ^ Trade with Australia entered into force on 24 December 2024.
  24. ^ This figure only accounts for UK trade with the 7 CPTPP member states currently covered by the treaty, thus excludes Canada and Mexico.
  25. ^ Iceland signed the agreement on 4 December 1969.[161]
  26. ^ Trade with Iceland entered into force on 1 March 1970.[161]
    Trade with Liechtenstein entered into force on 1 September 1991.
  27. ^ The agreement only covered goods until 1 June 2002 when it expanded to cover services.
  28. ^ German reunification took place in 1990
  29. ^ Greece signed the agreement on 28 May 1979.[164]
    Portugal and Spain signed the agreement on 12 June 1985.[165]
  30. ^ Greece acceded to the European Economic Community on 1 January 1981.[164]
    Portugal and Spain acceded to the European Economic Community on 1 January 1986.[165]
  31. ^ a b Austria, Finland, and Sweden signed the agreement on 24 June 1994.[168]
    Cyprus, Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia signed the agreement on 16 April 2003.[169]
    Bulgaria and Romania signed the agreement on 25 April 2005.[170]
    Croatia signed the agreement on 9 December 2011.[171]
  32. ^ a b Austria, Finland, and Sweden acceded to the European Union on 1 January 1995.[168]
    Cyprus, Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia acceded to the European Union on 1 May 2004.[169]
    Bulgaria and Romania acceded to the European Union on 1 January 2007.[170]
    Croatia acceded to the European Union on 1 July 2013.[171]
  33. ^ Dissolution of Czechoslovakia took place in 1993.
  34. ^ The agreement only covered goods until 1 February 2005 when it expanded to cover services.
  35. ^ Trade with Costa Rica and El Salvador entered into force on 1 October 2013.
    Trade with Guatemala entered into force on 1 December 2013.
  36. ^ The agreement only covered goods until 1 March 2005 when it expanded to cover services.
  37. ^ Ecuador signed the agreement on 1 January 2017.
  38. ^ Trade with Ecuador entered into force on 11 November 2016.
  39. ^ Fiji signed the agreement on 11 December 2009.
  40. ^ Trade with Fiji entered into force on 28 July 2014.
    Trade with Samoa entered into force on 31 December 2018.
    Trade with the Solomon Islands entered into force on 17 May 2020.
  41. ^ Trade with Mozambique entered into force on 4 February 2018.
  42. ^ including Puerto Rico

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[edit]
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