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For the band, see Foreign Born.
For broader coverage of this topic, see Nationality law.

Foreign-born (also non-native) people are those born outside of their country of residence. Foreign born are often non-citizens, but many are naturalized citizens of the country in which they live, and others are citizens by descent, typically through a parent.

The term foreign born encompasses both immigrants and expatriates but is not synonymous with either. Foreign born may, like immigrants, have committed to living in a country permanently or, like expatriates, live abroad for a significant period with the plan to return to their birth-country eventually.

The status of foreign born — particularly their access to citizenship — differs globally. The large groups of foreign-born guest workers in the Gulf Cooperation Council states, for example, have no right to citizenship no matter the length of their residence. In Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States, by contrast, foreign born are often citizens or in the process of becoming citizens. Certain countries have intermediary rules: in Germany and Japan it is often difficult but not impossible for the foreign born to become citizens.

Definition

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The adjective foreign-born has two potential meanings:

  • "born in a country other than that in which one resides."[1]
  • "foreign by birth."[2]

The United Nations uses the first definition to estimate the international migrant stock, whenever this information is available. In countries lacking data on place of birth, the UN uses the country of citizenship instead.[3]

On the other hand, the United States Census Bureau defines foreign-born as "anyone who is not a U.S. citizen at birth", which includes persons who have become U.S. citizens through naturalization but excludes persons born abroad to a U.S. citizen parent or parents.

According to the UN: "Equating international migrants with foreign citizens when estimating the migrant stock has important shortcomings. In countries where citizenship is conferred on the basis of jus sanguinis, people who were born in the country of residence may be included in the number of international migrants even though they may have never lived abroad. Conversely, persons who were born abroad and who naturalized in their country of residence are excluded from the stock of international migrants when using citizenship as the criterion to define international migrants."[3]

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See also: List of sovereign states and dependent territories by immigrant population
See also: Effects of immigration to the United States § Science and engineering
Share of migrants in all countries. Data from 2015.

The percentage of foreign born in a country is the product mostly of immigration rates, but is also affected by emigration rates and birth and death rates in the destination country. For example, the United Kingdom and Ireland are destination countries for migrants from Eastern Europe, Africa, and Asia, but are themselves source countries for immigration to other English-speaking countries.

The Holy See is unique in having 100% of its population foreign-born, while Cuba is unique in having 0% of its population foreign-born. The region with the highest rate is Oceania, with 21%, while Asia has less than 1%.

Countries with immigration rates above 25% tend to be wealthy countries with relatively open migration or labour laws, including Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, Switzerland and the Persian Gulf states.

The largest foreign-born population in the world is in the United States, which was home to 39 million foreign-born residents in 2012, or 12.6% of the population.[4]

Cities with largest foreign born populations

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Rank City Country Estimate source Foreign-born population Percentage
1 London United Kingdom ONS 2021 3,576,000[5] 40.6%
2 New York United States 2022 ACS 3,133,149[6] 36.3%
3 Sydney Australia 2021 Australian Census 2,260,410[7] 43.2%
4 Melbourne Australia 2021 Australian Census 1,970,614[8] 40.1%
5 Lima Peru 2023 United Nations Office of Peru 1,586,880[9] 17.5%
6 Toronto Canada Canada 2021 Census 1,431,380[10][a] 51.9%
7 Los Angeles United States 2022 ACS 1,395,920[11] 36.0%
8 Brisbane Australia 2021 Australian Census 799,645[12] 31.7%
9 Montréal Canada Canada 2021 Census 790,960[13][a] 40.9%
10 Berlin Germany Berlin-Brandenburg office of statistics, 2021 789,076[citation needed] 21%
11 Vienna Austria City of Vienna 2023 778,454[14] 31.3%
12 Madrid Spain 2019 Spain Census 726,669[citation needed] 22.2%
13 Auckland New Zealand Statistics New Zealand 2018 714,480[citation needed] 41.6%
14 Houston United States 2022 ACS 664,495[15] 28.9%
15 Chicago United States 2022 ACS 550,888[16] 20.2%
16 Calgary Canada Canada 2021 Census 457,665[17][a] 35.4%
17 San Jose United States 2022 ACS 410,543[18] 41.0%
18 Mississauga Canada Canada 2021 Census 406,455[19][a] 57%
19 Brampton Canada Canada 2021 Census 383,695[20][a] 59.1%
20 San Diego United States 2022 ACS 344,419[21] 24.9%
21 Bogotá Colombia 2019 352,431[citation needed] 5%
22 Edmonton Canada Canada 2021 Census 348,295[22][a] 34.9%
23 Hamburg Germany 2021 ACS 341,759[citation needed] 24.7%
24 Milan Italy Istat 2011 324,378[23] 10.7%
25 Vancouver Canada Canada 2021 Census 317,190[24][a] 48.8%
26 Birmingham United Kingdom ONS 2021 305,963[citation needed] 25.6%
27 Ottawa Canada Canada 2021 Census 288,835[25] 28.9%
28 San Francisco United States 2022 ACS 288,169[26] 33.9%
29 Surrey Canada Canada 2021 Census 285,620[27][a] 50.8%
30 Amsterdam Netherlands Statistics Netherlands 2019 277,431[citation needed] 32.1%
31 Miami United States 2022 ACS 256,805[28] 57.9%
32 Stockholm Sweden Statistics Sweden 2019 248,708[citation needed] 25.5%
33 Lyon France France Unité urbaine de Lyon, INSEE 2020 235,969[citation needed] 14%
34 Winnipeg Canada Canada 2021 Census 231,135[29][a] 31.4%
35 Santiago Chile 2017 Census 212,037[citation needed] 10.2%
36 Marseille France Unité urbaine de Marseille-Aix, INSEE 2020 193,740[citation needed] 12%
37 Rotterdam Netherlands Statistics Netherlands 2019 184,218[citation needed] 28.6%
38 The Hague Netherlands Statistics Netherlands 2019 176,183[citation needed] 32.8%
39 Manchester United Kingdom ONS 2021 173,208[citation needed] 31.4%
40 Oslo Norway Statistics Norway 2019 171,868[citation needed] 25.2%
41 Gothenburg Sweden Statistics Sweden 2019 159,342[citation needed] 27.5%
42 Hamilton Canada Canada 2021 Census 158,190[30][a] 28.2%
43 Copenhagen Denmark Statistics Denmark 2022 134,409[citation needed] 26.3%
44 Malmö Sweden Statistics Sweden 2019 118,323[citation needed] 34.4%
45 Helsinki Finland Statistics Finland 2021 102,016[citation needed] 15.5%

Metropolitan and urban regions with the largest foreign-born populations

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  1. Data for the cities listed below is from numerous sources.
Rank[31] Metropolitan region /
urban area 		Country Foreign-born population Sources of immigrants
1 New York metropolitan area United States 5,892,000[32] China, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Ecuador, Guyana, Philippines, South Korea, Mexico, Peru, Bangladesh, Trinidad and Tobago, Haiti, Italy, Colombia, Poland, Russia, India, Pakistan, Brazil, Cuba, Nigeria, Ghana, Greece
2 London and the home counties United Kingdom 5,623,701[5] India, Poland, Bangladesh, Romania, Pakistan, Italy, Turkey, Nigeria, Ireland, Sri Lanka, Jamaica, China, France, Ghana, Philippines, Portugal, South Africa, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, USA, Greece
3 Los Angeles Metropolitan Area United States 5,541,000[32] Mexico, Bangladesh, the Philippines, El Salvador, China, Vietnam, South Korea, Guatemala, Ethiopia, Armenia, Iran, India, Nigeria, Colombia
4 Toronto Greater Golden Horseshoe Canada 3,507,895[33] India, China, Philippines, Pakistan, Hong Kong, Sri Lanka, Jamaica, Italy, Iran, United Kingdom, Guyana, Portugal, Vietnam, Poland, South Korea, United States, Trinidad and Tobago, Bangladesh, Iraq, Russia, Ukraine, Afghanistan, Egypt, Nigeria, Greece, Romania
5 Paris metropolitan area France 3,041,148[34] Algeria, Portugal, Morocco, Tunisia, Spain, Romania, Turkey, China, Italy, Mali, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Democratic Republic of Congo, Senegal, Cameroon
6 Hong Kong (SAR) China 2,793,450 China, Indonesia, Philippines, Macau, Thailand, United Kingdom, France, India, Pakistan, Japan, United States, Canada
7 San Francisco Bay Area United States 2,634,270[35][36] Mexico, China, Philippines, Vietnam, India, El Salvador, Bangladesh, South Korea, Taiwan, Iran, Russia
8 Sydney Greater Capital City Statistical Area Australia 2,071,872[37] China, United Kingdom, India, New Zealand, Vietnam, Philippines, South Korea, Lebanon, Sri Lanka
9 Miami metropolitan area United States 1,949,629 Cuba, Haiti, Colombia, Canada, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Brazil, Panama, Peru, Bangladesh
10 Melbourne Greater Capital City Statistical Area Australia 1,801,139[38] India, China, Vietnam, New Zealand, United Kingdom, Italy, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Greece, Philippines, South Africa, Hong Kong
11 Chicago metropolitan area United States 1,625,649 Mexico, India, Poland, Philippines, China, Palestine, Ukraine, Italy, Guatemala, Lithuania, Ghana, Nigeria, Jamaica, Cuba, Colombia, Trinidad and Tobago
12 Brussels Urban Area Belgium 1,441,600 France, Romania, Morocco, Italy, Spain, Poland, Portugal, Bulgaria, Germany
13 Berlin Urban Area Germany 1,231,500 Turkey, Russia, Poland, Syria, Italy, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, France, Vietnam, United Kingdom
14 Singapore (city only) Singapore 1,305,011 Malaysia, China, India, Indonesia, Philippines, Bangladesh, Taiwan, Myanmar, South Korea
15 Montreal Urban Area Canada 1,184,620 Algeria, Morocco, Bangladesh, Romania, France, Haiti, Lebanon, Philippines, Vietnam, Italy, China
16 Vancouver Lower Mainland Canada 1,155,210 Hong Kong, China, India, South Korea, Taiwan, Philippines, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Japan, Iran, Pakistan, Poland, United Kingdom, Italy, United States
17 Moscow (city only) Russia 1,128,035 Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Moldova, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Armenia, Belarus
18 Houston metropolitan area United States 1,113,875 Mexico, El Salvador, Vietnam, India, Nigeria, China, Honduras, Philippines, Myanmar, Guatemala, Colombia
19 Metropolitan Dubai United Arab Emirates 1,056,000 India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Philippines, Iran, Sri Lanka, United Kingdom
20 Riyadh (city only) Saudi Arabia 1,054,000 Arab League, Pakistan, India, African Union, Bangladesh, Iran
21 Washington metropolitan area United States 1,017,432 El Salvador, China, Ethiopia, Mexico, South Korea, Nigeria, Philippines, Vietnam, Ghana, Bolivia
22 Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex United States 1,016,221 Mexico, India, Vietnam, El Salvador, China, South Korea, Bangladesh, Honduras, Philippines
23 Frankfurt Urban Area Germany 998,400 Turkey, Italy, Croatia, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Russia, North Macedonia
24 Santiago de Chile Chile 938,904 Venezuela, Peru, Colombia, Haiti, Argentina
Tokyo Urban Area Japan 978,172 China, South Korea, Philippines, Vietnam, United States, Brazil, Nepal, Taiwan, Peru, Thailand
Birmingham Urban Area United Kingdom 902,438 India, Pakistan, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Poland, Bangladesh, Romania, China, Italy, Albania, Nigeria, Somalia
25 Barcelona Urban Area Spain 862,200 Italy, Pakistan, China, Ecuador, Bolivia, Morocco, France
26 Atlanta metropolitan area United States 861,208 Mexico, India, Jamaica, South Korea, Bangladesh, China, Vietnam, Nigeria, Guatemala, El Salvador, Colombia
27 Brisbane Greater Capital City Statistical Area Australia 731,198 New Zealand, England, China, India, South Africa, Philippines, Vietnam, South Korea, Taiwan, Scotland, Malaysia
28 Auckland Urban Area New Zealand 662,298 United Kingdom, China, India, Fiji, Samoa, Philippines, South Korea, Sri Lanka
29 Stockholm County Sweden 660,302[39] Finland, Iraq, Poland, Syria, Iran, Turkey, Eritrea, Afghanistan
30 Muscat Oman 571,000 Philippines, Pakistan, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh
31 Amsterdam Metropolitan Area Netherlands 554,530 Morocco, Turkey, Suriname, Antilles, Poland, Ukraine, Syria, Afghanistan, Germany, India
32 Milan Urban Area Italy 475,000 Egypt, Philippines, China, Romania, Sri Lanka
33 Greater Calgary Canada 460,790 India, Pakistan, Philippines, United States, Nigeria, China, Lebanon, Vietnam, United Kingdom, Bangladesh, South Korea, Iran, Hong Kong, Ethiopia, Germany, European Union
34 Greater Edmonton Canada 363,825 China, Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, Somalia, Hong Kong, Philippines, Lebanon
35 Hamburg Metropolitan Region Germany 332,473[40] Turkey, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Italy, Spain, Ghana
36 Greater Manchester United Kingdom 302,000 Pakistan, China, Ireland, Bangladesh, Poland, Nigeria, India, Somalia, Jamaica, Iraq
37 Ottawa Canada 266,910 Italy, Bangladesh, Pakistan, India
38 Helsinki Finland 213,290[41] Russia, Estonia, Somalia, Iraq, Sweden, China, Yugoslavia, Vietnam, India, Turkey
39 Winnipeg Canada 207,915 China, United Kingdom, Lebanon, United States, India, Philippines, Vietnam, Pakistan, Syria, Haiti, Iran, Somalia, Egypt, Italy, Iraq, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Germany, Jamaica, Russia, Bangladesh, Hong Kong
40 Hannover–Braunschweig–Göttingen–Wolfsburg Metropolitan Region Germany 132,684 Turkey, Serbia, Ukraine, Greece, Russia, Italy, Spain
41 Geneva Switzerland 77,602 France, Spain, Germany

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Statistic includes all persons classified as 'Immigrants' and 'Non-permanent residents' on census.

    Statistics Canada defines 'Immigrants' as "persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category."

    Statistics Canada defines 'Non-permanent residents' as "persons from another country with a usual place of residence in Canada and who have a work or study permit or who have claimed refugee status (asylum claimants). Family members living with work or study permit holders are also included, unless these family members are already Canadian citizens, landed immigrants or permanent residents."

References

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  1. ^ foreign-born, Dictionary.com
  2. ^ Foreign-born, Merriam-Webster
  3. ^ a b "INTERNATIONAL MIGRANT STOCK 2019 DOCUMENTATION" (PDF).
  4. ^ United States Census Bureau. Current Population Survey - March 2012 Detailed Tables, Table 1.1. Accessed September 6, 2014.
  5. ^ a b "Population of the United Kingdom by Country of Birth and Nationality".
  6. ^ "DP02 Selected Social Characteristics in the United States". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  7. ^ "2021 Greater Sydney, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics". www.abs.gov.au. Retrieved 2024-10-20.
  8. ^ "2021 Greater Melbourne, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics". www.abs.gov.au. Retrieved 2024-10-20.
  9. ^ "2023 La migración venezolana y su impacto". United Nations Office of Peru. Retrieved August 25, 2023.
  10. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Toronto, City (C) Ontario [Census subdivision]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-12-05.
  11. ^ "DP02 Selected Social Characteristics in the United States". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  12. ^ "2021 Greater Brisbane, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics". www.abs.gov.au. Retrieved 2024-10-20.
  13. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Montréal, Ville (V) Quebec [Census subdivision]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-12-05.
  14. ^ "Vienna's population 2023 - facts and figures on migration and integration". City of Vienna. Retrieved April 10, 2024.
  15. ^ "DP02 Selected Social Characteristics in the United States". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  16. ^ "DP02 Selected Social Characteristics in the United States". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  17. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Calgary, City (CY) Alberta [Census subdivision]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-12-05.
  18. ^ "DP02 Selected Social Characteristics in the United States". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
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  21. ^ "DP02 Selected Social Characteristics in the United States". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
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  23. ^ "Statistiche Istat".
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  26. ^ "DP02 Selected Social Characteristics in the United States". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  27. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Surrey, City (CY) British Columbia [Census subdivision]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-12-05.
  28. ^ "DP02 Selected Social Characteristics in the United States". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  29. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Winnipeg, City (CY) Manitoba [Census subdivision]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-12-05.
  30. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Hamilton, City (C) Ontario [Census subdivision]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-12-05.
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  32. ^ a b Jie Zong and Jeanne Batalova (April 14, 2016). "U.S. Immigrant Population by Metropolitan Area". Migration Policy Institute. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
  33. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (February 8, 2017). Lang=E&Geo1=CMACA&Code1=535&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=Caledon+East&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Immigration+and+citizenship&TABID=1 "Census Profile, 2016 Census - Toronto [Census metropolitan area], Ontario and Ontario [Province]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
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  38. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics. "2016 Census QuickStats - Greater Melbourne". Retrieved 2017-06-09.
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  40. ^ INSEE. "Les immigrés par sexe, âge et pays de naissance – Département de Paris (75)" (in French). Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
  41. ^ "PX-Web - Valitse muuttuja ja arvot". Archived from the original on 2019-02-12. Retrieved 2018-12-21.
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