Joseph Schumpeter: Difference between revisions
Srich32977 (talk | contribs) m Changing short description from "Austrian-born political economist" to "Austrian-born political economist (1883–1950)" (Shortdesc helper) |
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| doctoral_advisor = [[Eugen Böhm von Bawerk]] |
| doctoral_advisor = [[Eugen Böhm von Bawerk]] |
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| academic_advisors = |
| academic_advisors = |
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| doctoral_students = [[Ferdinand A. Hermens]]<br/>[[Paul Samuelson]]<br/>[[James Tobin]]<ref>{{cite book |first=James |last=Tobin |chapter=James Tobin |title=Lives of the Laureates, Seven Nobel Economists |editor-first=William |editor-last=Breit |editor2-first=Roger W. |editor2-last=Spencer |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England |year=1986 |chapter-url= http://cowles.econ.yale.edu/archive/reprints/tobin_86_laureate.htm |archive-date=August 26, 2003 |url= http://cowles.econ.yale.edu/archive/reprints/tobin_86_laureate.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20030826020431/http://cowles.econ.yale.edu/archive/reprints/tobin_86_laureate.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><br/>[[Anne Carter (economist)|Anne Carter]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aeaweb.org/content/file?id=566 |title=Interview with Anne Carter |first=Rachel |last=McCulloch |author-link=Rachel McCulloch }}</ref> |
| doctoral_students = [[Ferdinand A. Hermens]]<br />[[Paul Samuelson]]<br />[[James Tobin]]<ref>{{cite book |first=James |last=Tobin |chapter=James Tobin |title=Lives of the Laureates, Seven Nobel Economists |editor-first=William |editor-last=Breit |editor2-first=Roger W. |editor2-last=Spencer |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England |year=1986 |chapter-url= http://cowles.econ.yale.edu/archive/reprints/tobin_86_laureate.htm |archive-date=August 26, 2003 |url= http://cowles.econ.yale.edu/archive/reprints/tobin_86_laureate.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20030826020431/http://cowles.econ.yale.edu/archive/reprints/tobin_86_laureate.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />[[Anne Carter (economist)|Anne Carter]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aeaweb.org/content/file?id=566 |title=Interview with Anne Carter |first=Rachel |last=McCulloch |author-link=Rachel McCulloch }}</ref> |
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| notable_students = [[Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen]]<br/>[[Paul Sweezy]]<br/>[[Hyman Minsky]] |
| notable_students = [[Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen]]<br />[[Paul Sweezy]]<br />[[Hyman Minsky]] |
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| influences = [[Bastiat]] · [[Léon Walras|Walras]] · [[Gustav von Schmoller|Schmoller]] · [[Vilfredo Pareto|Pareto]] · [[Carl Menger|Menger]] · [[Max Weber|Weber]] · [[Werner Sombart|Sombart]] |
| influences = [[Bastiat]] · [[Léon Walras|Walras]] · [[Gustav von Schmoller|Schmoller]] · [[Vilfredo Pareto|Pareto]] · [[Carl Menger|Menger]] · [[Max Weber|Weber]] · [[Werner Sombart|Sombart]] |
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| influenced = [[Heiner Flassbeck]], [[Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen]], [[Frederic M. Scherer]], [[Christopher Freeman]], [[Carlota Perez]], [[Mariana Mazzucato]], [[Edith Penrose]], [[Jack Downie]], [[Hyman Minsky]], [[Paul Sweezy]], [[Kenneth Arrow]], [[Ronald Coase]], [[Douglas North]], [[Robert Solow]], [[William Baumol]], [[Peter Howitt]], [[Philippe Aghion]], [[Paul Romer]], [[Trevor Swan]], [[Finn E. Kydland]], [[Edward C. Prescott]], [[Ha-Joon Chang]], [[Immanuel Wallerstein]] |
| influenced = [[Heiner Flassbeck]], [[Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen]], [[Frederic M. Scherer]], [[Christopher Freeman]], [[Carlota Perez]], [[Mariana Mazzucato]], [[Edith Penrose]], [[Jack Downie]], [[Hyman Minsky]], [[Paul Sweezy]], [[Kenneth Arrow]], [[Ronald Coase]], [[Douglas North]], [[Robert Solow]], [[William Baumol]], [[Peter Howitt]], [[Philippe Aghion]], [[Paul Romer]], [[Trevor Swan]], [[Finn E. Kydland]], [[Edward C. Prescott]], [[Ha-Joon Chang]], [[Immanuel Wallerstein]] |
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'''Joseph Alois Schumpeter''' ({{IPA-de|ˈʃʊmpeːtɐ|lang}}; February 8, 1883 – January 8, 1950)<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url= http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Schumpeter.html |chapter=Joseph Alois Schumpeter: Biography |title=Library of Economics and Liberty |publisher=Econlib.org |access-date=December 19, 2019}}</ref> was an Austrian-born [[political economy|political economist]]. He served briefly as [[Ministry of Finance (Austria)|Finance Minister of German-Austria]] in 1919. In 1932, he emigrated to the United States to become a professor at [[Harvard University]], where he remained until the end of his career, and in 1939 obtained American citizenship. |
'''Joseph Alois Schumpeter''' ({{IPA-de|ˈʃʊmpeːtɐ|lang}}; February 8, 1883 – January 8, 1950)<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url= http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Schumpeter.html |chapter=Joseph Alois Schumpeter: Biography |title=Library of Economics and Liberty |publisher=Econlib.org |access-date=December 19, 2019}}</ref> was an Austrian-born [[political economy|political economist]]. He served briefly as [[Ministry of Finance (Austria)|Finance Minister of German-Austria]] in 1919. In 1932, he emigrated to the United States to become a professor at [[Harvard University]], where he remained until the end of his career, and in 1939 obtained American citizenship. |
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Schumpeter was one of the most influential economists of the early 20th century, and popularized the term "[[creative destruction]]", which was coined by [[Werner Sombart]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Westland |first=J. Christopher |title=Global Innovation Management |date=2016 |publisher=Macmillan International |isbn= |
Schumpeter was one of the most influential economists of the early 20th century, and popularized the term "[[creative destruction]]", which was coined by [[Werner Sombart]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Westland |first=J. Christopher |title=Global Innovation Management |date=2016 |publisher=Macmillan International |isbn=978-1137520197 |page=192 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yTfbDgAAQBAJ&q=popularized+the+term+creative+destruction&pg=PA192 |access-date=December 19, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Topol |first=Eric |title=The Creative Destruction of Medicine: How the Digital Revolution Will Create Better Health Care |date=2012 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0465025503 |page=[https://archive.org/details/creativedestruct0000topo/page/ v] |url=https://archive.org/details/creativedestruct0000topo/page/ |url-access=registration |quote=popularized the term creative destruction. |access-date=December 19, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first1=Brad | last1=Stone | first2=Ashlee | last2=Vance |title=$200 Laptops Break a Business Model |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/26/technology/26spend.html?partner=rss&emc=rss |quote=Indeed, Silicon Valley may be one of the few places where businesses are still aware of the ideas of Josephine Schumpeter, an economist from Austria who wrote about business cycles during the first half of the last century. He said the lifeblood of capitalism was 'creative destruction.' Companies rising and falling would unleash innovation and in the end make the economy stronger. |newspaper= New York Times |date=January 25, 2009 |access-date=September 21, 2010 }}</ref> |
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==Early life and education== |
==Early life and education== |
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Schumpeter was born in Triesch, [[Habsburg Moravia]] (now [[Třešť]] in the Czech Republic, then part of [[Austria-Hungary]]) in 1883 to [[Catholic]] [[German-speaking]] parents. Both of his grandmothers were [[Czechs|Czech]].<ref name=origin1>{{cite book|title=Opening Doors: the Life and Work of Joseph Schumpeter: Europe (Volume 1)|first=Robert Loring |last=Allen|year=1991|asin=B00ZY8X8D4}}</ref> Schumpeter did not acknowledge his Czech ancestry; he considered himself an [[ethnic German]].<ref name=origin1 /> His father owned a factory, but he died when Joseph was only four years old.<ref>{{cite book |last= Reisman |first= David A. |year=2004 |title= Schumpeter's Market: Enterprise and Evolution |location= Cheltenham |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |page=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd5-_TCGx4YC&pg=PA4 |access-date=December 19, 2019|isbn= |
Schumpeter was born in Triesch, [[Habsburg Moravia]] (now [[Třešť]] in the Czech Republic, then part of [[Austria-Hungary]]) in 1883 to [[Catholic]] [[German-speaking]] parents. Both of his grandmothers were [[Czechs|Czech]].<ref name=origin1>{{cite book|title=Opening Doors: the Life and Work of Joseph Schumpeter: Europe (Volume 1)|first=Robert Loring |last=Allen|year=1991|asin=B00ZY8X8D4}}</ref> Schumpeter did not acknowledge his Czech ancestry; he considered himself an [[ethnic German]].<ref name=origin1 /> His father owned a factory, but he died when Joseph was only four years old.<ref>{{cite book |last= Reisman |first= David A. |year=2004 |title= Schumpeter's Market: Enterprise and Evolution |location= Cheltenham |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |page=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd5-_TCGx4YC&pg=PA4 |access-date=December 19, 2019|isbn= 978-1845420857 }}</ref> In 1893, Joseph and his mother moved to [[Vienna]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Shionoya |first=Yuichi |year=2007 |title= Schumpeter and the Idea of Social Science: A Metatheoretical Study |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4tpDcLNE1OsC&pg=PA14 |page=14 |access-date=December 19, 2019|isbn=978-0521037969 }}</ref> Schumpeter was a loyal supporter of [[Franz Joseph I of Austria]].<ref name=origin1 /> |
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After attending school at the [[Theresianum]], Schumpeter began his career studying law at the [[University of Vienna]] under the [[Austrian School|Austrian]] capital theorist [[Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk]], taking his PhD in 1906. In 1909, after some study trips, he became a professor of economics and government at the [[Chernivtsi University|University of Czernowitz]] in modern-day [[Ukraine]]. In 1911, he joined the [[University of Graz]], where he remained until [[World War I]]. |
After attending school at the [[Theresianum]], Schumpeter began his career studying law at the [[University of Vienna]] under the [[Austrian School|Austrian]] capital theorist [[Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk]], taking his PhD in 1906. In 1909, after some study trips, he became a professor of economics and government at the [[Chernivtsi University|University of Czernowitz]] in modern-day [[Ukraine]]. In 1911, he joined the [[University of Graz]], where he remained until [[World War I]]. |
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In 1918, Schumpeter was a member of the Socialization Commission established by the [[Council of the People's Deputies]] in Germany. In March 1919, he was invited to take office as Minister of Finance in the [[Republic of German-Austria]]. He proposed a capital levy as a way to tackle the war debt and opposed the socialization of the Alpine Mountain plant.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Seidl |first=Christian |date=1994 |title=The Bauer-Schumpeter Controversy on Socialisation |journal=History of Economic Ideas |publisher=Accademia Editoriale |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=54–67 |jstor=23722217}}</ref> In 1921, he became president of the private Biedermann Bank. He was also a board member at the Kaufmann Bank. Problems at those banks left Schumpeter in debt. His resignation was a condition of the takeover of the Biedermann Bank in September 1924.<ref>{{cite book|last=Allen|first=Robert Loring|title=Opening Doors: The Life and Work of Joseph Schumpeter|url= https://archive.org/details/openingdoorslife0000alle |url-access=registration|quote=Schumpeter Biedermann Bank.|year=1991 |publisher=Transaction |pages=[https://archive.org/details/openingdoorslife0000alle/page/186 186] |
In 1918, Schumpeter was a member of the Socialization Commission established by the [[Council of the People's Deputies]] in Germany. In March 1919, he was invited to take office as Minister of Finance in the [[Republic of German-Austria]]. He proposed a capital levy as a way to tackle the war debt and opposed the socialization of the Alpine Mountain plant.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Seidl |first=Christian |date=1994 |title=The Bauer-Schumpeter Controversy on Socialisation |journal=History of Economic Ideas |publisher=Accademia Editoriale |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=54–67 |jstor=23722217}}</ref> In 1921, he became president of the private Biedermann Bank. He was also a board member at the Kaufmann Bank. Problems at those banks left Schumpeter in debt. His resignation was a condition of the takeover of the Biedermann Bank in September 1924.<ref>{{cite book|last=Allen|first=Robert Loring|title=Opening Doors: The Life and Work of Joseph Schumpeter|url= https://archive.org/details/openingdoorslife0000alle |url-access=registration|quote=Schumpeter Biedermann Bank.|year=1991 |publisher=Transaction |pages=[https://archive.org/details/openingdoorslife0000alle/page/186 186]–189 |isbn=978-1412815611 |access-date=December 19, 2019}}</ref> |
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From 1925 to 1932, Schumpeter held a chair at the [[University of Bonn]], Germany. He lectured at [[Harvard]] in 1927–1928 and 1930. In 1931, he was a visiting professor at [[The Tokyo College of Commerce]]. In 1932, Schumpeter moved to the United States, and soon began what would become extensive efforts to help central European economist colleagues displaced by [[Nazism]].<ref>McCraw, Prophet of Innovation, pp. |
From 1925 to 1932, Schumpeter held a chair at the [[University of Bonn]], Germany. He lectured at [[Harvard]] in 1927–1928 and 1930. In 1931, he was a visiting professor at [[The Tokyo College of Commerce]]. In 1932, Schumpeter moved to the United States, and soon began what would become extensive efforts to help central European economist colleagues displaced by [[Nazism]].<ref>McCraw, Prophet of Innovation, pp. 231–232.</ref> Schumpeter also became known for his opposition to [[Marxism]] and socialism that he thought would lead to dictatorship, and even criticized President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Franklin Roosevelt's]] [[New Deal]].<ref>McCraw, pp. 317–321</ref> In 1939, Schumpeter became a US citizen. In the beginning of [[World War II]], the [[FBI]] investigated him and his wife, Elizabeth Boody (a prominent scholar of Japanese economics) for pro-Nazi leanings, but found no evidence of Nazi sympathies.<ref name="Entrepreneurship 2007, p. 5">Entrepreneurship, Competitiveness and Local Development. (Iandoli, Landström and Raffa, 2007, p. 5)</ref><ref>McCraw, pp. 337–343</ref> |
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At Harvard, Schumpeter was considered a memorable character, erudite and even showy in the classroom. He became known for his heavy teaching load and his personal and painstaking interest in his students. He served as the faculty advisor of the Graduate Economics Club and organized private seminars and discussion groups.<ref>McCraw, Prophet of Innovation, pp. |
At Harvard, Schumpeter was considered a memorable character, erudite and even showy in the classroom. He became known for his heavy teaching load and his personal and painstaking interest in his students. He served as the faculty advisor of the Graduate Economics Club and organized private seminars and discussion groups.<ref>McCraw, Prophet of Innovation, pp. 210–217.</ref> Some colleagues thought his views outdated by [[Keynesianism]] which was fashionable; others resented his criticisms, particularly of their failure to offer an assistant professorship to [[Paul Samuelson]], but recanted when they thought him likely to accept a position at [[Yale University]].<ref>McCraw, pp. 273–278, 306–3311.</ref> This period of his life was characterized by hard work and comparatively little recognition of his massive 2-volume book ''Business Cycles.'' However, Schumpeter persevered, and in 1942 published what became the most popular of all his works, ''[[Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy]]'', reprinted many times and in many languages in the following decades, as well as cited thousands of times.<ref>McCraw pp. 347 et seq.</ref> |
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==Career== |
==Career== |
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===Influences=== |
===Influences=== |
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The source of Schumpeter's dynamic, change-oriented, and innovation-based economics was the [[Historical school of economics]]. Although his writings could be critical of the School, Schumpeter's work on the role of innovation and [[entrepreneurship]] can be seen as a continuation of ideas originated by the Historical School, especially the work of [[Gustav von Schmoller]] and [[Werner Sombart]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://users.ntua.gr/jmilios/MichaelidesMiliosEAEPE2005.pdf|title=PG Michaelides, The Influence of the German Historical School on Schumpeter, 17th International Conference of the European Association for. Evolutionary Political Economy, Bremen/Germany, November 2005.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Michaelides|first=Panayotis G.|year=2009|title=Joseph Schumpeter and the German Historical School|journal=Cambridge Journal of Economics|volume=33|issue=3|pages=495–516|doi=10.1093/cje/ben052|citeseerx=10.1.1.903.6952}}</ref> Despite being born in Austria and having trained with many of the same economists, some argue he cannot be categorized with the heterodox [[Austrian School]] of economics without major qualifications<ref>{{cite book |first=D. | last=Simpson |title=Neoclassical Economic Theory, 1870 to 1930. Recent Economic Thought Series, vol 20. |date=1990 |publisher= Springer |isbn= |
The source of Schumpeter's dynamic, change-oriented, and innovation-based economics was the [[Historical school of economics]]. Although his writings could be critical of the School, Schumpeter's work on the role of innovation and [[entrepreneurship]] can be seen as a continuation of ideas originated by the Historical School, especially the work of [[Gustav von Schmoller]] and [[Werner Sombart]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://users.ntua.gr/jmilios/MichaelidesMiliosEAEPE2005.pdf|title=PG Michaelides, The Influence of the German Historical School on Schumpeter, 17th International Conference of the European Association for. Evolutionary Political Economy, Bremen/Germany, November 2005.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Michaelides|first=Panayotis G.|year=2009|title=Joseph Schumpeter and the German Historical School|journal=Cambridge Journal of Economics|volume=33|issue=3|pages=495–516|doi=10.1093/cje/ben052|citeseerx=10.1.1.903.6952}}</ref> Despite being born in Austria and having trained with many of the same economists, some argue he cannot be categorized with the heterodox [[Austrian School]] of economics without major qualifications<ref>{{cite book |first=D. | last=Simpson |title=Neoclassical Economic Theory, 1870 to 1930. Recent Economic Thought Series, vol 20. |date=1990 |publisher= Springer |isbn=978-9400921818 |pages=201-249 |url= https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-009-2181-8_6 |access-date=January 23, 2022}}</ref> while others maintain the opposite.<ref>{{cite journal |first=S. |last=Boehm |title=Joseph Schumpeter and the Austrian School of Economics |date=1987 |publisher=Journal of Economic Studies |issn= 01443585 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=18-28 |url= https://doi.org/10.1108/eb002567 |access-date=January 23, 2022}}</ref> |
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The Austrian sociologist [[Rudolf Goldscheid]]'s concept of fiscal sociology influenced Schumpeter's analysis of the tax state.<ref>{{cite book|last=Swedberg|first=Richard|author-link=Richard Swedberg|year=1991|chapter=Introduction: The Man and His Work|title=The Economics and Sociology of Capitalism|place=Princeton|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn= |
The Austrian sociologist [[Rudolf Goldscheid]]'s concept of fiscal sociology influenced Schumpeter's analysis of the tax state.<ref>{{cite book|last=Swedberg|first=Richard|author-link=Richard Swedberg|year=1991|chapter=Introduction: The Man and His Work|title=The Economics and Sociology of Capitalism|place=Princeton|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0691042534|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Economics_and_Sociology_of_Capitalis/t61SJFv39XcC?hl=en&pg=PA48|page=48}}</ref> In a 2012 paper, [[Fabrice Dannequin]] showed that Schumpeter's writings displayed the influence of [[Francis Galton]]'s work.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=&sl=fr&tl=en&u=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Finterventionseconomiques%2F1753%23text|title=Fabrice Dennequin, 2012, "L'influence de l'eugénisme galtonien dans la pensée de Joseph Alois Schumpeter." Papers in Political Economy 46.}}</ref> |
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===Evolutionary economics=== |
===Evolutionary economics=== |
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In the same book, Schumpeter expounded a theory of democracy which sought to challenge what he called the "classical doctrine". He disputed the idea that democracy was a process by which the electorate identified the common good, and politicians carried this out for them. He argued this was unrealistic, and that people's ignorance and superficiality meant that in fact they were largely manipulated by politicians, who set the agenda. Furthermore, he claimed that even if the common good was possible to find, it would still not make clear the means needed to reach its end, since citizens do not have the requisite knowledge to design government policy.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schumpeter|first1=Joseph|title=Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.190072|date=1942|publisher=Harper and Brothers|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.190072/page/n259 252]|edition=1st}}</ref> This made a 'rule by the people' concept both unlikely and undesirable. Instead he advocated a minimalist model, much influenced by [[Max Weber]], whereby democracy is the mechanism for competition between leaders, much like a market structure. Although periodic votes by the general public legitimize governments and keep them accountable, the policy program is very much seen as their own and not that of the people, and the participatory role for individuals is usually severely limited. |
In the same book, Schumpeter expounded a theory of democracy which sought to challenge what he called the "classical doctrine". He disputed the idea that democracy was a process by which the electorate identified the common good, and politicians carried this out for them. He argued this was unrealistic, and that people's ignorance and superficiality meant that in fact they were largely manipulated by politicians, who set the agenda. Furthermore, he claimed that even if the common good was possible to find, it would still not make clear the means needed to reach its end, since citizens do not have the requisite knowledge to design government policy.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schumpeter|first1=Joseph|title=Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.190072|date=1942|publisher=Harper and Brothers|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.190072/page/n259 252]|edition=1st}}</ref> This made a 'rule by the people' concept both unlikely and undesirable. Instead he advocated a minimalist model, much influenced by [[Max Weber]], whereby democracy is the mechanism for competition between leaders, much like a market structure. Although periodic votes by the general public legitimize governments and keep them accountable, the policy program is very much seen as their own and not that of the people, and the participatory role for individuals is usually severely limited. |
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Schumpeter defined democracy as the method by which people elect representatives in competitive elections to carry out their will.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Minimalist Conception of Democracy: A Defense|last=Przeworski|first=Adam|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1999}}</ref> This definition has been described as simple, elegant and parsimonious, making it clearer to distinguish political systems that either fulfill or fail these characteristics.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f482bYQM9xgC&q=schumpeter+enfranchisement&pg=PA219|title=Russian Politics: Challenges of Democratization|last1=Barany|first1=Professor Zoltan|last2=Barany|first2=Zoltan|last3=Moser|first3=Robert G.|date=August 27, 2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn= |
Schumpeter defined democracy as the method by which people elect representatives in competitive elections to carry out their will.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Minimalist Conception of Democracy: A Defense|last=Przeworski|first=Adam|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1999}}</ref> This definition has been described as simple, elegant and parsimonious, making it clearer to distinguish political systems that either fulfill or fail these characteristics.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f482bYQM9xgC&q=schumpeter+enfranchisement&pg=PA219|title=Russian Politics: Challenges of Democratization|last1=Barany|first1=Professor Zoltan|last2=Barany|first2=Zoltan|last3=Moser|first3=Robert G.|date=August 27, 2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521805124|language=en}}</ref> This minimalist definition stands in contrast to broader definitions of democracy, which may emphasize aspects such as "representation, accountability, equality, participation, justice, dignity, rationality, security, freedom".<ref name=":0" /> Within such a minimalist definition, states which other scholars say have experienced [[democratic backsliding]] and which lack civil liberties, a free press, the rule of law and a constrained executive, would still be considered democracies.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bidner|first1=Chris|last2=Francois|first2=Patrick|last3=Trebbi|first3=Francesco|date=2014|title=A Theory of Minimalist Democracy|url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/20552.html|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/elections-without-democracy-thinking-about-hybrid-regimes/|title=Elections Without Democracy: Thinking About Hybrid Regimes|website=Journal of Democracy|language=en-US|access-date=October 20, 2019}}</ref> For Schumpeter, the formation of a government is the endpoint of the democratic process, which means that for the purposes of his democratic theory, he has no comment on what kinds of decisions that the government can take to be a democracy.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/3406|title=Measuring Democracy: A Bridge between Scholarship and Politics|last=Munck|first=Gerardo L.|date=2009|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-0801896507|language=en}}</ref> Schumpeter faced pushback on his theory from other democratic theorists, such as [[Robert Dahl]], who argued that there is more to democracy than simply the formation of government through competitive elections.<ref name=":2" /> |
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Schumpeter's view of democracy has been described as "elitist", as he criticizes the rationality and knowledge of voters, and expresses a preference for politicians making decisions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Piano|first=Natasha|date=January 16, 2019|title=Revisiting Democratic Elitism: The Italian School of Elitism, American Political Science, and the Problem of Plutocracy|journal=The Journal of Politics|volume=81|issue=2|pages=524–538|doi=10.1086/701636|s2cid=159423921|issn=0022-3816}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8UITDAAAQBAJ&q=schumpeter+dahl+democracy&pg=PA27|title=Regimes and Democracy in Latin America: Theories and Methods|last1=Munck|first1=Gerardo Luis|last2=Munck|first2=Professor Gerardo L.|date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn= |
Schumpeter's view of democracy has been described as "elitist", as he criticizes the rationality and knowledge of voters, and expresses a preference for politicians making decisions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Piano|first=Natasha|date=January 16, 2019|title=Revisiting Democratic Elitism: The Italian School of Elitism, American Political Science, and the Problem of Plutocracy|journal=The Journal of Politics|volume=81|issue=2|pages=524–538|doi=10.1086/701636|s2cid=159423921|issn=0022-3816}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8UITDAAAQBAJ&q=schumpeter+dahl+democracy&pg=PA27|title=Regimes and Democracy in Latin America: Theories and Methods|last1=Munck|first1=Gerardo Luis|last2=Munck|first2=Professor Gerardo L.|date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199219902|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Law, Pragmatism, and Democracy|last=Posner|first=Richard|publisher=Harvard University Press|pages=183–184}}</ref> Democracy is therefore in a sense a means to ensure circulation among elites.<ref name=":3" /> However, studies by Natasha Piano (of the University of Chicago) emphasize that Schumpeter had substantial disdain for elites as well.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Piano|first=Natasha|date=April 1, 2019|title=Revisiting Democratic Elitism: The Italian School of Elitism, American Political Science, and the Problem of Plutocracy|journal=The Journal of Politics|volume=81|issue=2|pages=524–538|doi=10.1086/701636|s2cid=159423921|issn=0022-3816}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Piano|first=Natasha|date=October 2, 2017|title="Schumpeterianism" Revised: The Critique of Elites in Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy|journal=Critical Review|volume=29|issue=4|pages=505–529|doi=10.1080/08913811.2017.1458501|s2cid=150201729|issn=0891-3811}}</ref> |
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===Entrepreneurship=== |
===Entrepreneurship=== |
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Schumpeter was probably the first scholar to theorize about [[entrepreneurship]], and the field owed much to his contributions. His fundamental theories are often referred to<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fontana | first1 = Roberto |display-authors=et al. | year = 2012 | title = Schumpeterian patterns of innovation and the sources of breakthrough inventions: Evidence from a Data-Set of R&D Awards | url = https://pascal.iseg.utl.pt/~depeco/wp/wp242012.pdf| journal = School of Economics and Management, Technical University of Lisbon, Department of Economics | volume = WP 24/2012/DE/UECE |
Schumpeter was probably the first scholar to theorize about [[entrepreneurship]], and the field owed much to his contributions. His fundamental theories are often referred to<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fontana | first1 = Roberto |display-authors=et al. | year = 2012 | title = Schumpeterian patterns of innovation and the sources of breakthrough inventions: Evidence from a Data-Set of R&D Awards | url = https://pascal.iseg.utl.pt/~depeco/wp/wp242012.pdf| journal = School of Economics and Management, Technical University of Lisbon, Department of Economics | volume = WP 24/2012/DE/UECE Working Papers|issn= 0874-4548 | pages = 2–37 }}</ref> as Mark I and Mark II. In Mark I, Schumpeter argued that the innovation and technological change of a nation come from the entrepreneurs, or wild spirits. He coined the word ''Unternehmergeist'', German for "entrepreneur-spirit", and asserted that "... the doing of new things or the doing of things that are already being done in a new way"<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Schumpeter | first1 = J. A. | year = 1947 | title = The Creative Response in Economic History | journal = Journal of Economic History | volume = 7 | issue = 2| pages = 149–159 | doi=10.1017/s0022050700054279}}</ref> stemmed directly from the efforts of entrepreneurs. |
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Schumpeter developed Mark II while a professor at [[Harvard]]. Many social economists and popular authors of the day argued that large businesses had a negative effect on the standard of living of ordinary people. Contrary to this prevailing opinion, Schumpeter argued that the agents that drive innovation and the economy are large companies which have the capital to invest in [[research and development]] of new products and services and to deliver them to customers more cheaply, thus raising their standard of living. In one of his seminal works, ''Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy'', Schumpeter wrote: |
Schumpeter developed Mark II while a professor at [[Harvard]]. Many social economists and popular authors of the day argued that large businesses had a negative effect on the standard of living of ordinary people. Contrary to this prevailing opinion, Schumpeter argued that the agents that drive innovation and the economy are large companies which have the capital to invest in [[research and development]] of new products and services and to deliver them to customers more cheaply, thus raising their standard of living. In one of his seminal works, ''Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy'', Schumpeter wrote: |
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</ref>}} |
</ref>}} |
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{{As of | 2017}} Mark I and Mark II arguments are considered complementary.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fontana | first1 = Roberto |display-authors=et al. | year = 2012 | title = Schumpeterian patterns of innovation and the sources of breakthrough inventions: Evidence from a Data-Set of R&D Awards | url = https://pascal.iseg.utl.pt/~depeco/wp/wp242012.pdf| journal = School of Economics and Management, Technical University of Lisbon, Department of Economics | volume = WP 24/2012/DE/UECE |
{{As of | 2017}} Mark I and Mark II arguments are considered complementary.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fontana | first1 = Roberto |display-authors=et al. | year = 2012 | title = Schumpeterian patterns of innovation and the sources of breakthrough inventions: Evidence from a Data-Set of R&D Awards | url = https://pascal.iseg.utl.pt/~depeco/wp/wp242012.pdf| journal = School of Economics and Management, Technical University of Lisbon, Department of Economics | volume = WP 24/2012/DE/UECE Working Papers|issn= 0874-4548 | pages = 2–37 }}</ref> |
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===Cycles and long wave theory=== |
===Cycles and long wave theory=== |
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In Schumpeter's view, technological innovation is at the cause of both cyclical instability and economic growth. Fluctuations in innovation cause fluctuation in investment and those cause cycles in economic growth. Schumpeter sees innovations as clustering around certain points in time periods that he refers to as "neighborhoods of equilibrium", when entrepreneurs perceive that risk and returns warrant innovative commitments. These clusters lead to long cycles by generating periods of acceleration in aggregate growth.<ref>Rosenberg, Nathan. "Technological Innovation and Long Waves." In Exploring the Black Box: Technology, Economics, and History, 62–84. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1994.</ref> |
In Schumpeter's view, technological innovation is at the cause of both cyclical instability and economic growth. Fluctuations in innovation cause fluctuation in investment and those cause cycles in economic growth. Schumpeter sees innovations as clustering around certain points in time periods that he refers to as "neighborhoods of equilibrium", when entrepreneurs perceive that risk and returns warrant innovative commitments. These clusters lead to long cycles by generating periods of acceleration in aggregate growth.<ref>Rosenberg, Nathan. "Technological Innovation and Long Waves." In Exploring the Black Box: Technology, Economics, and History, 62–84. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1994.</ref> |
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The technological view of change needs to demonstrate that changes in the rate of innovation governs changes in the rate of new investments, and that the combined impact of innovation clusters takes the form of fluctuation in aggregate output or employment. The process of technological innovation involves extremely complex relations among a set of key variables: inventions, innovations, diffusion paths and investment activities. The impact of technological innovation on aggregate output is mediated through a succession of relationships that have yet to be explored systematically in the context of long wave. New inventions are typically primitive, their performance is usually poorer than existing technologies and the cost of their production is high. A production technology may not yet exist, as is often the case in major chemical inventions, pharmaceutical inventions. The speed with which inventions are transformed into innovations and diffused depends on actual and expected trajectory of performance improvement and cost reduction.<ref name="jstor.org">{{cite journal |last=Mansfield |first=Edwin |date=May 1983 |title=Long Waves and Technological Innovation |journal=The American Economic Review |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages= |
The technological view of change needs to demonstrate that changes in the rate of innovation governs changes in the rate of new investments, and that the combined impact of innovation clusters takes the form of fluctuation in aggregate output or employment. The process of technological innovation involves extremely complex relations among a set of key variables: inventions, innovations, diffusion paths and investment activities. The impact of technological innovation on aggregate output is mediated through a succession of relationships that have yet to be explored systematically in the context of long wave. New inventions are typically primitive, their performance is usually poorer than existing technologies and the cost of their production is high. A production technology may not yet exist, as is often the case in major chemical inventions, pharmaceutical inventions. The speed with which inventions are transformed into innovations and diffused depends on actual and expected trajectory of performance improvement and cost reduction.<ref name="jstor.org">{{cite journal |last=Mansfield |first=Edwin |date=May 1983 |title=Long Waves and Technological Innovation |journal=The American Economic Review |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=141–145 |jstor=1816829}}</ref> |
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===Innovation=== |
===Innovation=== |
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Schumpeter identified innovation as the critical dimension of economic change.<ref name="Pol">{{cite book |last1=Pol |first1=Eduardo |last2=Carroll |first2=Peter |title=An introduction to economics with emphasis on innovation |date=2006 |publisher=Thomson Custom Publishing for University of Wollongong |isbn= |
Schumpeter identified innovation as the critical dimension of economic change.<ref name="Pol">{{cite book |last1=Pol |first1=Eduardo |last2=Carroll |first2=Peter |title=An introduction to economics with emphasis on innovation |date=2006 |publisher=Thomson Custom Publishing for University of Wollongong |isbn=978-0170133005}}</ref> He argued that economic change revolves around innovation, entrepreneurial activities, and market power.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ziemnowicz |first=Christopher |editor-last=Carayannis |editor-first=Elias G. |title=Encyclopedia of creativity, invention, innovation and entrepreneurship. |date=2020 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3319153469 |edition=Second |chapter=Joseph A. Schumpeter and Innovation}}</ref> He sought to prove that innovation-originated market power can provide better results than the invisible hand and price competition.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Nakamura |first=Leonard I. |title=Economics and the New Economy: The Invisible Hand Meets Creative Destruction |journal=Business Review – Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia |date=July 2000 |pages=15–30 |url= https://www.philadelphiafed.org/-/media/research-and-data/publications/business-review/2000/july-august/brja00ln.pdf |access-date=December 19, 2019}}</ref> He argued that technological innovation often creates temporary monopolies, allowing abnormal profits that would soon be competed away by rivals and imitators. These temporary monopolies were necessary to provide the incentive for firms to develop new products and processes.<ref name="Pol"/> |
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===Doing Business=== |
===Doing Business=== |
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==Personal life== |
==Personal life== |
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He was married three times.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hawthorn |first=Geoffrey |title=Schumpeter the Superior |journal=London Review of Books |date=February 27, 1992 |volume=14 |issue=4 |url= https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v14/n04/geoffrey-hawthorn/schumpeter-the-superior |access-date=December 19, 2019}}</ref> His first wife was Gladys Ricarde Seaver, an Englishwoman nearly 12 years his senior (married 1907, separated 1913, divorced 1925). His best man at his wedding was his friend and Austrian jurist [[Hans Kelsen]]. His second was Anna Reisinger, 20 years his junior and daughter of the [[concierge]] of the apartment where he grew up. As a divorced man, he and his bride converted to [[Lutheranism]] to marry.<ref>{{cite book |last=Swedberg |first=Richard |title=Joseph A. Schumpeter: His Life and Work |date=2013 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn= |
He was married three times.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hawthorn |first=Geoffrey |title=Schumpeter the Superior |journal=London Review of Books |date=February 27, 1992 |volume=14 |issue=4 |url= https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v14/n04/geoffrey-hawthorn/schumpeter-the-superior |access-date=December 19, 2019}}</ref> His first wife was Gladys Ricarde Seaver, an Englishwoman nearly 12 years his senior (married 1907, separated 1913, divorced 1925). His best man at his wedding was his friend and Austrian jurist [[Hans Kelsen]]. His second was Anna Reisinger, 20 years his junior and daughter of the [[concierge]] of the apartment where he grew up. As a divorced man, he and his bride converted to [[Lutheranism]] to marry.<ref>{{cite book |last=Swedberg |first=Richard |title=Joseph A. Schumpeter: His Life and Work |date=2013 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0745668703 |page=1894 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ORUNAAAAQBAJ&q=Annie+as+well+as+Schumpeter+had+to+convert+to+Lutheranism+in+order+to+marry&pg=RA1-PA1894 |access-date=December 19, 2019}}</ref> They married in 1925, but within a year, she died in childbirth. The loss of his wife and newborn son came only weeks after Schumpeter's mother had died. In 1937, Schumpeter married the American economic historian Elizabeth Boody (1898–1953), who helped him popularize his work and edited what became their magnum opus, the posthumously published ''History of Economic Analysis''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Andersen |first=Esben S. |title=Joseph A. Schumpeter: a theory of social and economic evolution |date=2011 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1403996275}}</ref> |
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Schumpeter claimed that he had set himself three goals in life: to be the greatest economist in the world, to be the best horseman in all of Austria and the greatest lover in all of [[Vienna]]. He said he had reached two of his goals, but he never said which two,<ref>George Viksnins. Professor of Economics. Georgetown University. [https://books.google.com/books?id=e78cAAAACAAJ&dq=george+viksnins&source=gbs_book_other_versions_r&cad=2 ''Economic Systems in Historical Perspective'']</ref><ref>Schumpeter's Diary as quoted in "Prophet of Innovation" by Thomas McCraw, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wBXQOuQ73vwC&pg=PP1&dq=seph+Schumpeter:+Scholar,+Teacher,+Politician&ei=ra6FS4PhE4KUMsuSsJEM&cd=1#v=onepage&q=horseman&f=false p. 4].</ref> although he is reported to have said that there were too many fine horsemen in Austria for him to succeed in all his aspirations.<ref>P. A. Samuelson and W. D. Nordhaus, ''Economics'' (1998, p. 178)</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Humphrey |first1=Thomas M. |title=Analyst of Change |url=https://www.richmondfed.org/-/media/richmondfedorg/publications/research/econ_focus/2007/fall/pdf/book_review.pdf |publisher=Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond |access-date=May 12, 2019}}</ref> |
Schumpeter claimed that he had set himself three goals in life: to be the greatest economist in the world, to be the best horseman in all of Austria and the greatest lover in all of [[Vienna]]. He said he had reached two of his goals, but he never said which two,<ref>George Viksnins. Professor of Economics. Georgetown University. [https://books.google.com/books?id=e78cAAAACAAJ&dq=george+viksnins&source=gbs_book_other_versions_r&cad=2 ''Economic Systems in Historical Perspective'']</ref><ref>Schumpeter's Diary as quoted in "Prophet of Innovation" by Thomas McCraw, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wBXQOuQ73vwC&pg=PP1&dq=seph+Schumpeter:+Scholar,+Teacher,+Politician&ei=ra6FS4PhE4KUMsuSsJEM&cd=1#v=onepage&q=horseman&f=false p. 4].</ref> although he is reported to have said that there were too many fine horsemen in Austria for him to succeed in all his aspirations.<ref>P. A. Samuelson and W. D. Nordhaus, ''Economics'' (1998, p. 178)</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Humphrey |first1=Thomas M. |title=Analyst of Change |url=https://www.richmondfed.org/-/media/richmondfedorg/publications/research/econ_focus/2007/fall/pdf/book_review.pdf |publisher=Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond |access-date=May 12, 2019}}</ref> |
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==Later life and death== |
==Later life and death== |
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Schumpeter died in his home in [[Taconic, Connecticut]], at the age of 66, on the night of January 7, 1950.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Giersch |first=H. |date=May 1984 |title=The Age of Schumpeter |journal=The American Economic Review |publisher=American Economic Association |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages= |
Schumpeter died in his home in [[Taconic, Connecticut]], at the age of 66, on the night of January 7, 1950.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Giersch |first=H. |date=May 1984 |title=The Age of Schumpeter |journal=The American Economic Review |publisher=American Economic Association |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=103–109 |jstor=1816338}}</ref> |
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==Legacy== |
==Legacy== |
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For some time after his death, Schumpeter's views were most influential among various [[heterodox economics|heterodox economists]], especially European, who were interested in industrial organization, [[evolution]]ary theory, and economic development, and who tended to be on the other end of the political spectrum from Schumpeter and were also often influenced by Keynes, Karl Marx, and [[Thorstein Veblen]]. [[Robert Heilbroner]] was one of Schumpeter's most renowned pupils, who wrote extensively about him in ''[[The Worldly Philosophers]]''. In the journal ''[[Monthly Review]]'', John Bellamy Foster wrote of that journal's founder [[Paul Sweezy]], one of the leading [[Marxist economics|Marxist economists]] in the United States and a graduate assistant of Schumpeter's at Harvard, that Schumpeter "played a formative role in his development as a thinker".<ref>{{cite magazine | first = John Bellamy | last = Foster | title = Sweezy in Perspective | magazine = Monthly Review | url = http://www.monthlyreview.org/080526foster.php |date=May 2008 |access-date=September 21, 2010}}</ref> Other outstanding students of Schumpeter's include the economists [[Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen]] and [[Hyman Minsky]] and [[John Kenneth Galbraith]] and former chairman of the Federal Reserve, [[Alan Greenspan]].<ref>{{cite book| quote =I've watched the process [creative destruction] at work through my entire career, | page= [https://archive.org/details/ageofturbulencea00gree/page/48 48] | last= Greenspan |first= Alan | title=The Age of Turbulence: Adventures in a New World | url =https://archive.org/details/ageofturbulencea00gree | url-access =registration | year=2007 | publisher=Penguin Press | isbn = 978- |
For some time after his death, Schumpeter's views were most influential among various [[heterodox economics|heterodox economists]], especially European, who were interested in industrial organization, [[evolution]]ary theory, and economic development, and who tended to be on the other end of the political spectrum from Schumpeter and were also often influenced by Keynes, Karl Marx, and [[Thorstein Veblen]]. [[Robert Heilbroner]] was one of Schumpeter's most renowned pupils, who wrote extensively about him in ''[[The Worldly Philosophers]]''. In the journal ''[[Monthly Review]]'', John Bellamy Foster wrote of that journal's founder [[Paul Sweezy]], one of the leading [[Marxist economics|Marxist economists]] in the United States and a graduate assistant of Schumpeter's at Harvard, that Schumpeter "played a formative role in his development as a thinker".<ref>{{cite magazine | first = John Bellamy | last = Foster | title = Sweezy in Perspective | magazine = Monthly Review | url = http://www.monthlyreview.org/080526foster.php |date=May 2008 |access-date=September 21, 2010}}</ref> Other outstanding students of Schumpeter's include the economists [[Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen]] and [[Hyman Minsky]] and [[John Kenneth Galbraith]] and former chairman of the Federal Reserve, [[Alan Greenspan]].<ref>{{cite book| quote =I've watched the process [creative destruction] at work through my entire career, | page= [https://archive.org/details/ageofturbulencea00gree/page/48 48] | last= Greenspan |first= Alan | title=The Age of Turbulence: Adventures in a New World | url =https://archive.org/details/ageofturbulencea00gree | url-access =registration | year=2007 | publisher=Penguin Press | isbn = 978-1594201318 }}</ref> Future Nobel Laureate [[Robert Solow]] was his student at Harvard, and he expanded on Schumpeter's theory.<ref>{{cite web|first=Mark |last=Thoma |url=http://economistsview.typepad.com/economistsview/2007/05/robert_solow_on.html |title=Robert Solow on Joseph Schumpeter |publisher=Economistsview.typepad.com |date=May 17, 2007 |access-date=September 21, 2010}}</ref> |
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Today, Schumpeter has a following outside standard textbook economics, in areas such as economic policy, management studies, industrial policy, and the study of [[innovation]]. Schumpeter was probably the first scholar to develop theories about [[entrepreneurship]]. For instance, the [[European Union]]'s innovation program, and its main development plan, the [[Lisbon Strategy]], are influenced by Schumpeter. The [[International Joseph A. Schumpeter Society]] awards the Schumpeter Prize. |
Today, Schumpeter has a following outside standard textbook economics, in areas such as economic policy, management studies, industrial policy, and the study of [[innovation]]. Schumpeter was probably the first scholar to develop theories about [[entrepreneurship]]. For instance, the [[European Union]]'s innovation program, and its main development plan, the [[Lisbon Strategy]], are influenced by Schumpeter. The [[International Joseph A. Schumpeter Society]] awards the Schumpeter Prize. |
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* {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Das Rentenprinzip in der Verteilungslehre | publisher = Jahrbuch für Gesetzgebung, Verwaltung and Volkswirtschaft im Deutschen Reich | location = Germany | year = 1907 }} |
* {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Das Rentenprinzip in der Verteilungslehre | publisher = Jahrbuch für Gesetzgebung, Verwaltung and Volkswirtschaft im Deutschen Reich | location = Germany | year = 1907 }} |
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* {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Das Wesen und der Hauptinhalt der theoretischen Nationalökonomie | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_NnrwTE8tvRIC | publisher =Leipzig, Duncker & Humblot | location = Germany | year = 1908 | oclc = 5455469 }} |
* {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Das Wesen und der Hauptinhalt der theoretischen Nationalökonomie | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_NnrwTE8tvRIC | publisher =Leipzig, Duncker & Humblot | location = Germany | year = 1908 | oclc = 5455469 }} |
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::Translated as: {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = The nature and essence of economic theory | publisher = Transaction Publishers | location = New Brunswick, New Jersey | year = 2010 | isbn = |
::Translated as: {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = The nature and essence of economic theory | publisher = Transaction Publishers | location = New Brunswick, New Jersey | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-1412811507 }} Translated by: Bruce A. McDaniel |
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* {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Methodological Individualism | location = Germany | year = 1908 | oclc = 5455469 }} Pdf of preface by [[Friedrich Hayek|F.A. Hayek]] and first eight pages. |
* {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Methodological Individualism | location = Germany | year = 1908 | oclc = 5455469 }} Pdf of preface by [[Friedrich Hayek|F.A. Hayek]] and first eight pages. |
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* {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Bemerkungen über das Zurechnungsproblem | publisher = Wien | series = Zeitschrift für Wolkswirtschaft, Sozialpolitik und Verwaltung | location = Germany | year = 1909 | oclc = 49426617 }} |
* {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Bemerkungen über das Zurechnungsproblem | publisher = Wien | series = Zeitschrift für Wolkswirtschaft, Sozialpolitik und Verwaltung | location = Germany | year = 1909 | oclc = 49426617 }} |
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* {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Über das Wesen der Wirtschaftskrisen | publisher = Wien | series = Zeitschrift für Wolkswirtschaft, Sozialpolitik und Verwaltung | location = Germany | year = 1910 | oclc = 64863847 }} |
* {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Über das Wesen der Wirtschaftskrisen | publisher = Wien | series = Zeitschrift für Wolkswirtschaft, Sozialpolitik und Verwaltung | location = Germany | year = 1910 | oclc = 64863847 }} |
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* {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Wie studiert man Sozialwissenschaft | publisher = Duncker & Humblot | series = Schriften des Sozialwissenschaftlichen Akademischen Vereins in Czernowitz, Heft II | location = München und Leipzig, Germany | year = 1915 | oclc = 11387887 }} |
* {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Wie studiert man Sozialwissenschaft | publisher = Duncker & Humblot | series = Schriften des Sozialwissenschaftlichen Akademischen Vereins in Czernowitz, Heft II | location = München und Leipzig, Germany | year = 1915 | oclc = 11387887 }} |
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* {{cite book | last1 = Schumpeter | first1 = Joseph A. | last2 = Opie | first2 = Redvers | author-link2 = Redvers Opie | title = The theory of economic development: an inquiry into profits, capital, credit, interest, and the business cycle | publisher = Transaction Books | location = New Brunswick, New Jersey | year = 1983 | orig-year = 1934 | isbn = |
* {{cite book | last1 = Schumpeter | first1 = Joseph A. | last2 = Opie | first2 = Redvers | author-link2 = Redvers Opie | title = The theory of economic development: an inquiry into profits, capital, credit, interest, and the business cycle | publisher = Transaction Books | location = New Brunswick, New Jersey | year = 1983 | orig-year = 1934 | isbn = 978-0878556984 }} Translated from the 1911 original German, ''Theorie der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung''. |
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* {{cite book | last1 = Schumpeter | first1 = Joseph A. |
* {{cite book | last1 = Schumpeter | first1 = Joseph A. | translator-last = Aris | translator-first = Reinhold | title = Economic doctrine and method: an historical sketch | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = New York | year = 1954 | oclc = 504289265 }} Translated from the 1912 original German, ''Epochen der dogmen – und Methodengeschichte''. [https://mises.org/books/economicdoctrine.pdf Pdf version.] |
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** Reprinted in hardback as: {{cite book | last1 = Schumpeter | first1 = Joseph A. |translator-last = Aris |translator-first = Reinhold | title = Economic doctrine and method: an historical sketch | publisher = Literary Licensing, LLC | location = Whitefish Montana | year = 2011 | isbn = |
** Reprinted in hardback as: {{cite book | last1 = Schumpeter | first1 = Joseph A. |translator-last = Aris |translator-first = Reinhold | title = Economic doctrine and method: an historical sketch | publisher = Literary Licensing, LLC | location = Whitefish Montana | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-1258003425 }} |
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** Reprinted in paperback as: {{cite book | last1 = Schumpeter | first1 = Joseph A. |translator-last= Aris |translator-first= Reinhold | title = Economic doctrine and method: an historical sketch | publisher = Martino Fine Books | location = Mansfield Centre, Connecticut | year = 2012 | isbn = |
** Reprinted in paperback as: {{cite book | last1 = Schumpeter | first1 = Joseph A. |translator-last= Aris |translator-first= Reinhold | title = Economic doctrine and method: an historical sketch | publisher = Martino Fine Books | location = Mansfield Centre, Connecticut | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1614273370 }} |
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* {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Das wissenschaftliche lebenswerk eugen von böhm-bawerks | publisher = Wien | series = Zeitschrift für Wolkswritschaft, Sozialpolitik und Verwaltung | location = Germany | year = 1914 | oclc = 504214232 }} |
* {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Das wissenschaftliche lebenswerk eugen von böhm-bawerks | publisher = Wien | series = Zeitschrift für Wolkswritschaft, Sozialpolitik und Verwaltung | location = Germany | year = 1914 | oclc = 504214232 }} |
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* {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Vergangenheit und Zukunft der Sozialwissenschaft | publisher = München und Leipzig, Duncker & Humblot | url = http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupid?key=ha001306080 | location = Germany | year = 1915 }} Reprinted by the University of Michigan Library |
* {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Vergangenheit und Zukunft der Sozialwissenschaft | publisher = München und Leipzig, Duncker & Humblot | url = http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupid?key=ha001306080 | location = Germany | year = 1915 }} Reprinted by the University of Michigan Library |
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* {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = The crisis of the tax state | oclc = 848977535 | year = 1918 }} |
* {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = The crisis of the tax state | oclc = 848977535 | year = 1918 }} |
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**Reprinted as: {{citation | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | contribution = The crisis of the tax state | editor-last = Swedberg | editor-first = Richard | editor-link = Richard Swedberg | title = The economics and sociology of capitalism | pages = 99–140 | publisher = Princeton University Press | location = Princeton, New Jersey | year = 1991 | isbn = |
** Reprinted as: {{citation | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | contribution = The crisis of the tax state | editor-last = Swedberg | editor-first = Richard | editor-link = Richard Swedberg | title = The economics and sociology of capitalism | pages = 99–140 | publisher = Princeton University Press | location = Princeton, New Jersey | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0691003832 |ref=none}} |
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* {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = The sociology of imperialisms | publisher = Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik | location = Germany | year = 1919 }} |
* {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = The sociology of imperialisms | publisher = Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik | location = Germany | year = 1919 }} |
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** Reprinted as {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. |editor-last= Sweezy |editor-first= Paul M.| editor-link = Paul Sweezy | title = Imperialism and social classes | publisher = Augustus M. Kelley | location = Fairfield, New Jersey | year = 1989 | orig-year = 1951 | isbn = |
** Reprinted as {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. |editor-last= Sweezy |editor-first= Paul M.| editor-link = Paul Sweezy | title = Imperialism and social classes | publisher = Augustus M. Kelley | location = Fairfield, New Jersey | year = 1989 | orig-year = 1951 | isbn = 978-0678000205 }} |
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* {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Max Weber's work | publisher = Der österreichische Volkswirt | location = German | year = 1920 }} |
* {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Max Weber's work | publisher = Der österreichische Volkswirt | location = German | year = 1920 }} |
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**Reprinted as: {{citation | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | contribution = Max Weber's work | editor-last = Swedberg | editor-first = Richard | editor-link = Richard Swedberg | title = The economics and sociology of capitalism | pages = |
** Reprinted as: {{citation | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | contribution = Max Weber's work | editor-last = Swedberg | editor-first = Richard | editor-link = Richard Swedberg | title = The economics and sociology of capitalism | pages = 220–229 | publisher = Princeton University Press | location = Princeton, New Jersey | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0691003832 |ref=none}} |
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* {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Carl Menger | publisher = Wien | series = Zeitschrift für Wolkswritschaft, Sozialpolitik und Verwaltung | location = Germany | year = 1921 | oclc = 809174610 }} |
* {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Carl Menger | publisher = Wien | series = Zeitschrift für Wolkswritschaft, Sozialpolitik und Verwaltung | location = Germany | year = 1921 | oclc = 809174610 }} |
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* {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Social classes in an ethnically homogeneous environment | publisher = Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik | location = Germany | year = 1927 | oclc = 232481 }} |
* {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Social classes in an ethnically homogeneous environment | publisher = Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik | location = Germany | year = 1927 | oclc = 232481 }} |
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**Reprinted as: {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. |editor-last= Sweezy |editor-first= Paul M.| editor-link = Paul Sweezy | title = Imperialism and social classes | publisher = Augustus M. Kelley | location = Fairfield, New Jersey | year = 1989 | orig-year = 1951 | isbn = |
** Reprinted as: {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. |editor-last= Sweezy |editor-first= Paul M.| editor-link = Paul Sweezy | title = Imperialism and social classes | publisher = Augustus M. Kelley | location = Fairfield, New Jersey | year = 1989 | orig-year = 1951 | isbn = 978-0678000205 }} |
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* {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Das deutsche finanzproblem | publisher = Dt. Volkswirt | series = Schriftenreihe d. dt. Volkswirt | location = Berlin, Germany | year = 1928 | oclc = 49426617 }} |
* {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Das deutsche finanzproblem | publisher = Dt. Volkswirt | series = Schriftenreihe d. dt. Volkswirt | location = Berlin, Germany | year = 1928 | oclc = 49426617 }} |
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* {{Citation | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | contribution = Depressions: Can we learn from past experience? | editor-last1 = Schumpeter | editor-first1 = Joseph A. | editor-last2 = Chamberlin | editor-first2 = Edward | editor-last3 = Leontief | editor-first3 = Wassily W. | editor-last4 = Brown | editor-first4 = Douglass V. | editor-last5 = Harris | editor-first5 = Seymour E. | editor-last6 = Mason | editor-first6 = Edward S. | editor-last7 = Taylor | editor-first7 = Overton H. | editor-link2 = Edward Chamberlin | editor-link3 = Wassily Leontief | title = The economics of the recovery program | publisher = McGraw-Hill | location = New York City London | year = 1934 | oclc = 1555914 |ref=none}} |
* {{Citation | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | contribution = Depressions: Can we learn from past experience? | editor-last1 = Schumpeter | editor-first1 = Joseph A. | editor-last2 = Chamberlin | editor-first2 = Edward | editor-last3 = Leontief | editor-first3 = Wassily W. | editor-last4 = Brown | editor-first4 = Douglass V. | editor-last5 = Harris | editor-first5 = Seymour E. | editor-last6 = Mason | editor-first6 = Edward S. | editor-last7 = Taylor | editor-first7 = Overton H. | editor-link2 = Edward Chamberlin | editor-link3 = Wassily Leontief | title = The economics of the recovery program | publisher = McGraw-Hill | location = New York City London | year = 1934 | oclc = 1555914 |ref=none}} |
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* {{Citation | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | contribution = The nature and necessity of a price system | editor-last1 = Harris | editor-first1 = Seymour E. | editor-last2 = Bernstein | editor-first2 = Edward M. | title = Economic reconstruction | publisher = McGraw-Hill | location = New York City London | year = 1934 | oclc = 331342 | isbn = |
* {{Citation | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | contribution = The nature and necessity of a price system | editor-last1 = Harris | editor-first1 = Seymour E. | editor-last2 = Bernstein | editor-first2 = Edward M. | title = Economic reconstruction | publisher = McGraw-Hill | location = New York City London | year = 1934 | oclc = 331342 | isbn = 978-1258305727 |ref=none }} |
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* {{Citation | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | contribution = Professor Taussig on wages and capital | editor-last = Taussig | editor-first = Frank W. | editor-link = Frank William Taussig | title = Explorations in economics: notes and essays contributed in honor of F.W. Taussig | pages = |
* {{Citation | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | contribution = Professor Taussig on wages and capital | editor-last = Taussig | editor-first = Frank W. | editor-link = Frank William Taussig | title = Explorations in economics: notes and essays contributed in honor of F.W. Taussig | pages = 213–222 | publisher = McGraw-Hill | location = New York City | year = 1936 | isbn = 978-0836904352 |ref=none }} |
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* {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Business cycles: a theoretical, historical, and statistical analysis of the capitalist process | publisher = Martino Pub | location = Mansfield Centre, Connecticut | year = 2006 | orig-year = 1939 | isbn = |
* {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Business cycles: a theoretical, historical, and statistical analysis of the capitalist process | publisher = Martino Pub | location = Mansfield Centre, Connecticut | year = 2006 | orig-year = 1939 | isbn = 978-1578985562 }} |
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* {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Capitalism, socialism and democracy | publisher = Impact Books | location = Floyd, Virginia | year = 2014 | orig-year = 1942 | edition = 2nd|isbn=978-1617208652| title-link = Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy }} |
* {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Capitalism, socialism and democracy | publisher = Impact Books | location = Floyd, Virginia | year = 2014 | orig-year = 1942 | edition = 2nd|isbn=978-1617208652| title-link = Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy }} |
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* {{Citation | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | contribution = Capitalism in the postwar world | editor-last = Harris | editor-first = Seymour E. | title = Postwar economic problems | publisher = McGraw-Hill | location = New York City London | year = 1943 | oclc = 730387 |ref=none }} |
* {{Citation | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | contribution = Capitalism in the postwar world | editor-last = Harris | editor-first = Seymour E. | title = Postwar economic problems | publisher = McGraw-Hill | location = New York City London | year = 1943 | oclc = 730387 |ref=none }} |
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* {{Citation | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | contribution = The future of private enterprise in the face of modern socialistic tendencies | editor-last = Conference | editor-first = Papers | title = The economics and sociology of capitalism (ESC) Comment sauvegarder l'entreprise privée (conference papers) | pages = |
* {{Citation | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | contribution = The future of private enterprise in the face of modern socialistic tendencies | editor-last = Conference | editor-first = Papers | title = The economics and sociology of capitalism (ESC) Comment sauvegarder l'entreprise privée (conference papers) | pages = 401–405 | publisher = Association Professionnelle des Industriels | location = Montreal | year = 1946 | oclc = 796197764 |ref=none }} |
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**See also the English translation: {{cite journal | last1 = Henderson | first1 = David R. | last2 = Prime | first2 = Michael G. | author-link1 = David R. Henderson | title = Schumpeter on preserving private enterprise | journal=[[History of Political Economy]] | volume = 7 | issue = 3 | pages = |
** See also the English translation: {{cite journal | last1 = Henderson | first1 = David R. | last2 = Prime | first2 = Michael G. | author-link1 = David R. Henderson | title = Schumpeter on preserving private enterprise | journal=[[History of Political Economy]] | volume = 7 | issue = 3 | pages = 293–298 | doi = 10.1215/00182702-7-3-293 | date =Fall 1975 }} |
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* {{cite book | last1 = Schumpeter | first1 = Joseph A. | last2 = Crum | first2 = William Leonard | title = Rudimentary mathematics for economists and statisticians | url = https://archive.org/details/rudimentarymathe00crum | url-access = registration | publisher = McGraw-Hill | location = New York City London | year = 1946 | oclc = 1246233 }} |
* {{cite book | last1 = Schumpeter | first1 = Joseph A. | last2 = Crum | first2 = William Leonard | title = Rudimentary mathematics for economists and statisticians | url = https://archive.org/details/rudimentarymathe00crum | url-access = registration | publisher = McGraw-Hill | location = New York City London | year = 1946 | oclc = 1246233 }} |
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* {{Citation | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | contribution = Capitalism | editor-last = Bento | editor-first = William | editor-link = Richard Swedberg | title = Encyclopædia Britannica | publisher = University of Chicago | location = Chicago | year = 1946 |ref=none }} |
* {{Citation | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | contribution = Capitalism | editor-last = Bento | editor-first = William | editor-link = Richard Swedberg | title = Encyclopædia Britannica | publisher = University of Chicago | location = Chicago | year = 1946 |ref=none }} |
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* {{Citation | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | contribution = There is still time to stop inflation | series = Nation's business | volume = 1 | editor-last = Clemence | editor-first = Richard V.| title = Essays: on entrepreneurs, innovations, business cycles, and the evolution of capitalism | pages = |
* {{Citation | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | contribution = There is still time to stop inflation | series = Nation's business | volume = 1 | editor-last = Clemence | editor-first = Richard V.| title = Essays: on entrepreneurs, innovations, business cycles, and the evolution of capitalism | pages = 241–252 | publisher = Transaction Books | location = New Brunswick, New Jersey | year = 2009 | orig-year = 1948 |ref=none }} {{ISBN|978-1412822749}} |
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**Originally printed as: {{cite journal|last1=Schumpeter |first1=Joseph A. |title=There is still time to stop inflation |journal=The Nation's Business |volume=6 |pages=33–35, 88–91 |publisher=United States Chamber of Commerce |date=June 1948 |url= https://freelibs.org/texts/Nations-Business-1948-06.html |ref=none |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141129101426/https://freelibs.org/texts/Nations-Business-1948-06.html |archive-date=November 29, 2014 }} |
** Originally printed as: {{cite journal|last1=Schumpeter |first1=Joseph A. |title=There is still time to stop inflation |journal=The Nation's Business |volume=6 |pages=33–35, 88–91 |publisher=United States Chamber of Commerce |date=June 1948 |url= https://freelibs.org/texts/Nations-Business-1948-06.html |ref=none |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141129101426/https://freelibs.org/texts/Nations-Business-1948-06.html |archive-date=November 29, 2014 }} |
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* {{Citation | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | contribution = Economic theory and entrepreneurial history | editor-last = Wohl | editor-first = R. R. | title = Change and the entrepreneur: postulates and the patterns for entrepreneurial history | publisher = Harvard University Press | series = Research Center in Entrepreneurial History |location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | year = 1949 | oclc = 2030659 |ref=none }} |
* {{Citation | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | contribution = Economic theory and entrepreneurial history | editor-last = Wohl | editor-first = R. R. | title = Change and the entrepreneur: postulates and the patterns for entrepreneurial history | publisher = Harvard University Press | series = Research Center in Entrepreneurial History |location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | year = 1949 | oclc = 2030659 |ref=none }} |
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* {{Citation | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | contribution = The historical approach to the analysis of business cycles | editor-last1 = National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) | editor-first1 = Conference | editor-link1 = National Bureau of Economic Research | title = NBER Conference on Business Cycle Research | publisher = University of Chicago Press | location = Chicago | year = 1949 |ref=none }} |
* {{Citation | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | contribution = The historical approach to the analysis of business cycles | editor-last1 = National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) | editor-first1 = Conference | editor-link1 = National Bureau of Economic Research | title = NBER Conference on Business Cycle Research | publisher = University of Chicago Press | location = Chicago | year = 1949 |ref=none }} |
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* {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Ten great economists: from Marx to Keynes | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = New York Oxford | year = 1951 | oclc = 166951 }} |
* {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Ten great economists: from Marx to Keynes | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = New York Oxford | year = 1951 | oclc = 166951 }} |
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**Reprinted as: {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Ten great economists: from Marx to Keynes | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = New York Oxford | year = 1965 | oclc = 894563181 }} |
** Reprinted as: {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Ten great economists: from Marx to Keynes | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = New York Oxford | year = 1965 | oclc = 894563181 }} |
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**Reprinted as: {{cite book | first = Joseph A. | last = Schumpeter | title = Ten great economists: from Marx to Keynes | publisher = Routledge | location = London | year = 1997 | isbn = |
** Reprinted as: {{cite book | first = Joseph A. | last = Schumpeter | title = Ten great economists: from Marx to Keynes | publisher = Routledge | location = London | year = 1997 | isbn = 978-0415110785 }} |
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**Reprinted as: {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Ten great economists: from Marx to Keynes | publisher = Simon Publications | location = San Diego | year = 2003 | isbn = |
** Reprinted as: {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Ten great economists: from Marx to Keynes | publisher = Simon Publications | location = San Diego | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-1932512090 }} |
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* {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. |editor-last = Clemence |editor-first= Richard V.| title = Essays on economic topics of J.A. Schumpeter | publisher = Kennikat Press | location = Port Washington, New York | year = 1969 | orig-year = 1951 | isbn = |
* {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. |editor-last = Clemence |editor-first= Richard V.| title = Essays on economic topics of J.A. Schumpeter | publisher = Kennikat Press | location = Port Washington, New York | year = 1969 | orig-year = 1951 | isbn = 978-0804605854 }} |
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* {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = History of economic analysis | publisher = Allen & Unwin | location = London | year = 1954 | isbn = |
* {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = History of economic analysis | publisher = Allen & Unwin | location = London | year = 1954 | isbn = 978-0415108881 }} Edited from a manuscript by Elizabeth Boody Schumpeter. |
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* {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. |editor-last= Sweezy |editor-first= Paul M.| editor-link = Paul Sweezy | title = Imperialism and social classes | publisher = Augustus M. Kelley | location = Fairfield, New Jersey | year = 1989 | orig-year = 1951 | isbn = |
* {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. |editor-last= Sweezy |editor-first= Paul M.| editor-link = Paul Sweezy | title = Imperialism and social classes | publisher = Augustus M. Kelley | location = Fairfield, New Jersey | year = 1989 | orig-year = 1951 | isbn = 978-0678000205 }} |
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* {{cite book | last1 = Schumpeter | first1 = Joseph A. |editor-last= Mann |editor-first= Fritz Karl| translator-last = Alvarado | translator-first = Ruben | title = Treatise on money | publisher = Wordbridge Publishing | location = Aalten, the Netherlands | year = 2014 | isbn = |
* {{cite book | last1 = Schumpeter | first1 = Joseph A. |editor-last= Mann |editor-first= Fritz Karl| translator-last = Alvarado | translator-first = Ruben | title = Treatise on money | publisher = Wordbridge Publishing | location = Aalten, the Netherlands | year = 2014 | isbn = 978-9076660363 }} |
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**Originally printed as: {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph | title = Das wesen des geldes | publisher = Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht | location = Neuauflage, Göttingen, Germany | year = 1970 | isbn = |
** Originally printed as: {{cite book | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph | title = Das wesen des geldes | publisher = Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht | location = Neuauflage, Göttingen, Germany | year = 1970 | isbn = 978-3525131213 }} Reprinted in 2008. |
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* {{cite book | last1 = Schumpeter | first1 = Joseph A. | editor-last = Swedberg | editor-first = Richard| editor-link = Richard Swedberg | title = The economics and sociology of capitalism | publisher = Princeton University Press | location = Princeton, New Jersey | year = 1991 | isbn = |
* {{cite book | last1 = Schumpeter | first1 = Joseph A. | editor-last = Swedberg | editor-first = Richard| editor-link = Richard Swedberg | title = The economics and sociology of capitalism | publisher = Princeton University Press | location = Princeton, New Jersey | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0691003832 }} |
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=== Journal articles === |
=== Journal articles === |
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* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = On the concept of social value | journal = [[Quarterly Journal of Economics|The Quarterly Journal of Economics]] | volume = 23 | issue = 2 | pages = |
* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = On the concept of social value | journal = [[Quarterly Journal of Economics|The Quarterly Journal of Economics]] | volume = 23 | issue = 2 | pages = 213–232 | doi = 10.2307/1882798 | date = February 1909 | jstor = 1882798 | ref = none }} |
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* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = The explanation of the business cycle | journal = [[Economica]] | volume = 21 | issue = 21 | pages = 286–311 | doi = 10.2307/2548401 | date = December 1927 | jstor = 2548401 | ref = none }} |
* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = The explanation of the business cycle | journal = [[Economica]] | volume = 21 | issue = 21 | pages = 286–311 | doi = 10.2307/2548401 | date = December 1927 | jstor = 2548401 | ref = none }} |
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* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = The instability of capitalism | journal = [[The Economic Journal]] | volume = 38 | issue = 151 | pages = |
* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = The instability of capitalism | journal = [[The Economic Journal]] | volume = 38 | issue = 151 | pages = 361–386 | doi = 10.2307/2224315 | date = September 1928 | jstor = 2224315 | ref = none }} |
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* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = The present world depression: a tentative diagnosis | journal = The American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings of the Forty-third Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association | volume = 21 | issue = 1 | pages = |
* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = The present world depression: a tentative diagnosis | journal = The American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings of the Forty-third Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association | volume = 21 | issue = 1 | pages = 179–282 | publisher = [[American Economic Association]] | date = March 1931 | jstor = 1802985 | ref = none }} |
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* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = The common sense of econometrics | journal = [[Econometrica]] | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 5–12 | doi = 10.2307/1912225 | date = January 1933 | jstor = 1912225 | ref = none }} |
* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = The common sense of econometrics | journal = [[Econometrica]] | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 5–12 | doi = 10.2307/1912225 | date = January 1933 | jstor = 1912225 | ref = none }} |
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* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = A theorist's comment on the current business cycle | journal = [[Journal of the American Statistical Association]] | volume = 30 | issue = 189 | pages = |
* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = A theorist's comment on the current business cycle | journal = [[Journal of the American Statistical Association]] | volume = 30 | issue = 189 | pages = 167–268 | doi = 10.2307/2278223 | date = March 1935 | ref = none | jstor = 2278223 }} |
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* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = The analysis of economic change | journal = [[The Review of Economics and Statistics]] | volume = 17 | issue = 4 | pages = 2–10 | doi = 10.2307/1927845 | date = May 1935 | jstor = 1927845 | ref = none }} |
* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = The analysis of economic change | journal = [[The Review of Economics and Statistics]] | volume = 17 | issue = 4 | pages = 2–10 | doi = 10.2307/1927845 | date = May 1935 | jstor = 1927845 | ref = none }} |
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* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = The influence of protective tariffs on the industrial development of the United States | journal = [[Academy of Political Science|Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science]] | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 2–7 | doi = 10.2307/1172508 | date = May 1940 | jstor = 1172508 | ref = none }} |
* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = The influence of protective tariffs on the industrial development of the United States | journal = [[Academy of Political Science|Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science]] | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 2–7 | doi = 10.2307/1172508 | date = May 1940 | jstor = 1172508 | ref = none }} |
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* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = The decade of the twenties | journal = The American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings of the Fifty-eighth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association (The American Economy in the Interwar Period) | volume = 36 | issue = 2 | pages = 1–10 | publisher = [[American Economic Association]]| date = May 1946 | jstor = 1818192 | ref = none }} |
* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = The decade of the twenties | journal = The American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings of the Fifty-eighth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association (The American Economy in the Interwar Period) | volume = 36 | issue = 2 | pages = 1–10 | publisher = [[American Economic Association]]| date = May 1946 | jstor = 1818192 | ref = none }} |
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* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = The creative response in economic history | journal = [[The Journal of Economic History]] | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = |
* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = The creative response in economic history | journal = [[The Journal of Economic History]] | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = 149–159 | date = November 1947 | jstor = 2113338 | ref = none | doi=10.1017/s0022050700054279}} |
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* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Theoretical problems: theoretical problems of economic growth | journal = [[The Journal of Economic History]] | volume = 7, Supplement: Economic Growth: A Symposium (1947) | pages = 1–9 | publisher = [[Economic History Association]] | date = 1947 | doi = 10.1017/S0022050700065189 | jstor = 2113264 | ref = none }} |
* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Theoretical problems: theoretical problems of economic growth | journal = [[The Journal of Economic History]] | volume = 7, Supplement: Economic Growth: A Symposium (1947) | pages = 1–9 | publisher = [[Economic History Association]] | date = 1947 | doi = 10.1017/S0022050700065189 | jstor = 2113264 | ref = none }} |
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* {{Cite journal|last1=Schumpeter |first1=Joseph A. |title=There is still time to stop inflation |journal=[[The Nation's Business]] |volume=6 |pages=33–35 |publisher=[[United States Chamber of Commerce]] |date=June 1948 |url=https://freelibs.org/texts/Nations-Business-1948-06.html |ref=none |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129101426/https://freelibs.org/texts/Nations-Business-1948-06.html |archive-date=November 29, 2014 }} Continued on pp. 88–91. |
* {{Cite journal|last1=Schumpeter |first1=Joseph A. |title=There is still time to stop inflation |journal=[[The Nation's Business]] |volume=6 |pages=33–35 |publisher=[[United States Chamber of Commerce]] |date=June 1948 |url=https://freelibs.org/texts/Nations-Business-1948-06.html |ref=none |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129101426/https://freelibs.org/texts/Nations-Business-1948-06.html |archive-date=November 29, 2014 }} Continued on pp. 88–91. |
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**Reprinted as: {{citation | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | contribution = There is still time to stop inflation | series = Nation's business | volume = 1 | editor-last = Clemence | editor-first = Richard V.| title = Essays: on entrepreneurs, innovations, business cycles, and the evolution of capitalism | pages = |
** Reprinted as: {{citation | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | contribution = There is still time to stop inflation | series = Nation's business | volume = 1 | editor-last = Clemence | editor-first = Richard V.| title = Essays: on entrepreneurs, innovations, business cycles, and the evolution of capitalism | pages = 241–252 | publisher = Transaction Books | location = New Brunswick, New Jersey | year = 2009 | orig-year = 1948 |ref=none }} {{ISBN|978-1412822749}} |
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* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Science and ideology | journal = [[The American Economic Review]] | volume = 39 | issue = 2 | pages = |
* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Science and ideology | journal = [[The American Economic Review]] | volume = 39 | issue = 2 | pages = 346–359 | publisher = [[American Economic Association]] | date = March 1949 | jstor = 1812737 | ref = none }} |
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* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = The ''Communist Manifesto'' in sociology and economics | journal = [[Journal of Political Economy]] | volume = 57 | issue = 3 | pages = 199–212 | date = June 1949 | jstor = 1826126 | ref = none | doi=10.1086/256806| s2cid = 144457532 }} |
* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = The ''Communist Manifesto'' in sociology and economics | journal = [[Journal of Political Economy]] | volume = 57 | issue = 3 | pages = 199–212 | date = June 1949 | jstor = 1826126 | ref = none | doi=10.1086/256806| s2cid = 144457532 }} |
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* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = English economists and the state-managed economy | journal = [[Journal of Political Economy]] | volume = 57 | issue = 5 | pages = |
* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = English economists and the state-managed economy | journal = [[Journal of Political Economy]] | volume = 57 | issue = 5 | pages = 371–382 | date = October 1949 | jstor = 1825618 | ref = none | doi=10.1086/256862| s2cid = 154271830 }} |
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* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = The march into socialism | journal = The American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings of the Sixty-second Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association | volume = 40 | issue = 2 | pages = |
* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = The march into socialism | journal = The American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings of the Sixty-second Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association | volume = 40 | issue = 2 | pages = 446–456 | publisher = [[American Economic Association]] | date = May 1950 | jstor = 1818062 | ref = none }} |
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* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Review of the troops (a chapter from the history of economic analysis) | journal = [[Quarterly Journal of Economics|The Quarterly Journal of Economics]] | volume = 65 | issue = 2 | pages = |
* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Review of the troops (a chapter from the history of economic analysis) | journal = [[Quarterly Journal of Economics|The Quarterly Journal of Economics]] | volume = 65 | issue = 2 | pages = 149–180 | doi = 10.2307/1879531 | date = May 1951 | jstor = 1879531 | ref = none }} |
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* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = The "''crisis''" in economics – fifty years ago | journal = [[Journal of Economic Literature]] | volume = 20 | issue = 3 | pages = |
* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = The "''crisis''" in economics – fifty years ago | journal = [[Journal of Economic Literature]] | volume = 20 | issue = 3 | pages = 1049–1059 | publisher = [[American Economic Association]] | date = September 1982 | jstor = 2724411 | ref = none }} |
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* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = American institutions and economic progress | journal = Zeitschrift für die Gesamte Staatswissenschaft | volume = 139 | issue = 2 | pages = |
* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = American institutions and economic progress | journal = Zeitschrift für die Gesamte Staatswissenschaft | volume = 139 | issue = 2 | pages = 191–196 | publisher = Mohr Siebeck | date = June 1983 | jstor = 40750589 | ref = none }} |
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* {{Cite journal | last1 = Schumpeter | first1 = Joseph A. | last2 = Boody Schumpeter | first2 = Elizabeth | title = Schumpeter on the disintegration of the bourgeois family | journal = [[Population and Development Review]] | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | pages = 499–506 | doi = 10.2307/1972201 | date = September 1988 | jstor = 1972201 | ref = none }} |
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Schumpeter | first1 = Joseph A. | last2 = Boody Schumpeter | first2 = Elizabeth | title = Schumpeter on the disintegration of the bourgeois family | journal = [[Population and Development Review]] | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | pages = 499–506 | doi = 10.2307/1972201 | date = September 1988 | jstor = 1972201 | ref = none }} |
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* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = The meaning of rationality in the social sciences | journal = Zeitschrift für die Gesamte Staatswissenschaft | volume = 140 | issue = 4 | pages = |
* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = The meaning of rationality in the social sciences | journal = Zeitschrift für die Gesamte Staatswissenschaft | volume = 140 | issue = 4 | pages = 577–593 | publisher = Mohr Siebeck | date = December 1984 | jstor = 40750743 | ref = none }} |
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* {{Cite journal | last1 = Schumpeter | first1 = Joseph A. |
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Schumpeter | first1 = Joseph A. | last2 = Swedberg | first2 = Richard (introduction) | author-link2 = Richard Swedberg | title = Money and currency | journal = [[Social Research]] | volume = 58 | issue = 3 | pages = 499–543 | publisher = [[The New School]] | date =Fall 1991 | jstor = 40970658 | ref = none }} |
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* {{Cite journal | last1 = Schumpeter | first1 = Joseph A. |
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Schumpeter | first1 = Joseph A. | translator-last = Muller | translator-first = Jerry Z. | title = How does one study social science? | journal = [[Society (journal)|Society]] | volume = 40 | issue = 3 | pages = 57–63 | doi = 10.1007/s12115-003-1039-3 | date = March 2003 | s2cid = 144740998 | ref = none }} Translated from a speech given in German by Schumpeter, ''Wie studiert man Sozialwissenschaft''. |
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=== Memoriams === |
=== Memoriams === |
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* {{Cite journal | last1 = Schumpeter | first1 = Joseph A. | last2 = Cole | first2 = A. H. | last3 = Mason | first3 = E. S. | title = Frank William Taussig | journal = [[Quarterly Journal of Economics|The Quarterly Journal of Economics]] | volume = 55 | issue = 3 | pages = |
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Schumpeter | first1 = Joseph A. | last2 = Cole | first2 = A. H. | last3 = Mason | first3 = E. S. | title = Frank William Taussig | journal = [[Quarterly Journal of Economics|The Quarterly Journal of Economics]] | volume = 55 | issue = 3 | pages = 337–363 | doi = 10.2307/1885636 | date = May 1941 | jstor = 1885636 | ref = none }} |
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* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = John Maynard Keynes 1883–1946 | journal = [[The American Economic Review]] | volume = 36 | issue = 4 | pages = 495–518 | publisher = [[American Economic Association]] | date = September 1946 | jstor = 1801721 | ref = none }} |
* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = John Maynard Keynes 1883–1946 | journal = [[The American Economic Review]] | volume = 36 | issue = 4 | pages = 495–518 | publisher = [[American Economic Association]] | date = September 1946 | jstor = 1801721 | ref = none }} |
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* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923) | journal = [[Quarterly Journal of Economics|The Quarterly Journal of Economics]] | volume = 63 | issue = 2 | pages = |
* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923) | journal = [[Quarterly Journal of Economics|The Quarterly Journal of Economics]] | volume = 63 | issue = 2 | pages = 147–173 | doi = 10.2307/1883096 | date = May 1949 | jstor = 188309 | ref = none }} |
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* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Wesley Clair Mitchell (1874–1948) | journal = [[Quarterly Journal of Economics|The Quarterly Journal of Economics]] | volume = 64 | issue = 1 | pages = |
* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Wesley Clair Mitchell (1874–1948) | journal = [[Quarterly Journal of Economics|The Quarterly Journal of Economics]] | volume = 64 | issue = 1 | pages = 139–155 | doi = 10.2307/1881963 | date = February 1950 | jstor = 1881963 | ref = none }} |
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* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Irving Fisher's Econometrics | journal = [[Econometrica]] | volume = 16 | issue = 3 | pages = |
* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Irving Fisher's Econometrics | journal = [[Econometrica]] | volume = 16 | issue = 3 | pages = 219–231 | doi = 10.2307/1907276 | date = July 1948 | jstor = 1907276 | ref = none }} |
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=== Reviews === |
=== Reviews === |
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* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = ''The economic problem'' by R. G. Hawtrey | journal = Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv (Review of World Economics) | volume = 26 | issue = 1 | pages = 131–133 | publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] | date = 1927 | jstor = 40416594 | ref = none }} |
* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = ''The economic problem'' by R. G. Hawtrey | journal = Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv (Review of World Economics) | volume = 26 | issue = 1 | pages = 131–133 | publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] | date = 1927 | jstor = 40416594 | ref = none }} |
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* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Mitchell's: ''Business cycles'' | journal = [[Quarterly Journal of Economics|The Quarterly Journal of Economics]] | volume = 45 | issue = 1 | pages = |
* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Mitchell's: ''Business cycles'' | journal = [[Quarterly Journal of Economics|The Quarterly Journal of Economics]] | volume = 45 | issue = 1 | pages = 150–172 | doi = 10.2307/1882530 | date = November 1930 | jstor = 1882530 | ref = none }} |
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* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = ''Essays in biography'' by J. M. Keynes | journal = [[The Economic Journal]] | volume = 43 | issue = 172 | pages = |
* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = ''Essays in biography'' by J. M. Keynes | journal = [[The Economic Journal]] | volume = 43 | issue = 172 | pages = 652–657 | doi = 10.2307/2224509 | date = December 1933 | jstor = 2224509 | ref = none }} |
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* {{Cite journal | last1 = Schumpeter | first1 = Joseph A. | last2 = Nichol | first2 = A. J. | title = Review of Robinson's ''Economics of imperfect competition'' | journal = [[Journal of Political Economy]] | volume = 42 | issue = 2 | pages = |
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Schumpeter | first1 = Joseph A. | last2 = Nichol | first2 = A. J. | title = Review of Robinson's ''Economics of imperfect competition'' | journal = [[Journal of Political Economy]] | volume = 42 | issue = 2 | pages = 249–259 | date = April 1934 | jstor = 1823265 | ref = none | doi=10.1086/254595| s2cid = 154388262 }} |
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* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Review of Keynes's ''General Theory'' | journal = [[Journal of the American Statistical Association]] | volume = 31 | issue = 196 | pages = 757–820 | doi = 10.1080/01621459.1936.10502311 | date = December 1936 | ref = none }} |
* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Review of Keynes's ''General Theory'' | journal = [[Journal of the American Statistical Association]] | volume = 31 | issue = 196 | pages = 757–820 | doi = 10.1080/01621459.1936.10502311 | date = December 1936 | ref = none }} |
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* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Alfred Marshall's ''Principles'': a semi-centennial appraisal | journal = [[The American Economic Review]] | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | pages = |
* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = Alfred Marshall's ''Principles'': a semi-centennial appraisal | journal = [[The American Economic Review]] | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | pages = 236–248 | publisher = [[American Economic Association]] | date = June 1941 | jstor = 356 | ref = none }} |
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* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = ''Reflections on the revolution of our time'' by Harold J. Laski | journal = [[The American Economic Review]] | volume = 34 | issue = 1.1 | pages = |
* {{Cite journal | last = Schumpeter | first = Joseph A. | title = ''Reflections on the revolution of our time'' by Harold J. Laski | journal = [[The American Economic Review]] | volume = 34 | issue = 1.1 | pages = 161–164 | publisher = [[American Economic Association]] | date = March 1944 | jstor = 1813741 | ref = none }} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Line 239: | Line 239: | ||
==Further reading== |
==Further reading== |
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{{refbegin}} |
{{refbegin}} |
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* {{cite book| title= Rediscovering Schumpeter |year=2007|isbn=978- |
* {{cite book| title= Rediscovering Schumpeter |year=2007|isbn=978-1403942418 | editor-last = Carayannis | editor-first = Elias G. | editor2-last = Ziemnowicz | editor2-first = Christopher | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan }} |
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* {{cite journal |last= Dahms |first= Harry |year= 1995 |title= From Creative Action to the Social Rationalization of the Economy: Joseph A. Schumpeter's Social Theory |journal= [[Sociological Theory (journal)|Sociological Theory]] |volume= 13 |issue= 1 |pages= 1–13 |jstor= 202001 |doi= 10.2307/202001 }} |
* {{cite journal |last= Dahms |first= Harry |year= 1995 |title= From Creative Action to the Social Rationalization of the Economy: Joseph A. Schumpeter's Social Theory |journal= [[Sociological Theory (journal)|Sociological Theory]] |volume= 13 |issue= 1 |pages= 1–13 |jstor= 202001 |doi= 10.2307/202001 }} |
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* {{cite journal |last=Davis |first=Horace B |date=Winter 1960 |title=Schumpeter as Sociologist |journal=Science and Society |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=13–35 |jstor=40400680}} |
* {{cite journal |last=Davis |first=Horace B |date=Winter 1960 |title=Schumpeter as Sociologist |journal=Science and Society |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=13–35 |jstor=40400680}} |
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*{{cite book |editor1-last=Groenewegen |editor1-first=Peter |title=Classics and Moderns in Economics Volume II: Essays on Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Economic Thought |chapter=2 |page=203 |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn= |
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Groenewegen |editor1-first=Peter |title=Classics and Moderns in Economics Volume II: Essays on Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Economic Thought |chapter=2 |page=203 |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0415301671}} |
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* {{cite book | title= Schumpeter: Social Scientist| url= https://archive.org/details/schumpetersocial0000harr| url-access= registration|year=1951| publisher = Harvard University Press | isbn= 978- |
* {{cite book | title= Schumpeter: Social Scientist| url= https://archive.org/details/schumpetersocial0000harr| url-access= registration|year=1951| publisher = Harvard University Press | isbn= 978-0836911381 | editor-last = Harris | editor-first = Seymour E.}} |
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* {{cite book |last= Heilbroner |first= Robert |author-link= Robert Heilbroner |year= 2000 |orig-year= 1953 |chapter= Chapter 10: The Contradictions of Joseph Schumpeter |title= The Worldly Philosophers |edition= seventh |location= London |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn= 978- |
* {{cite book |last= Heilbroner |first= Robert |author-link= Robert Heilbroner |year= 2000 |orig-year= 1953 |chapter= Chapter 10: The Contradictions of Joseph Schumpeter |title= The Worldly Philosophers |edition= seventh |location= London |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn= 978-0140290066 |title-link= The Worldly Philosophers }}. |
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* {{cite encyclopedia |last= Humphrey |first= Thomas M. |editor-first=Ronald |editor-last=Hamowy |editor-link=Ronald Hamowy |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism |title= Schumpeter, Joseph (1893–1950) |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC |year=2008 |publisher=SAGE Publications; Cato Institute |location= Thousand Oaks, CA |doi= 10.4135/9781412965811.n276|isbn= 978- |
* {{cite encyclopedia |last= Humphrey |first= Thomas M. |editor-first=Ronald |editor-last=Hamowy |editor-link=Ronald Hamowy |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism |title= Schumpeter, Joseph (1893–1950) |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC |year=2008 |publisher=SAGE Publications; Cato Institute |location= Thousand Oaks, CA |doi= 10.4135/9781412965811.n276|isbn= 978-1412965804 |oclc=750831024| lccn = 2008009151 |pages=452–455 |chapter= Schumpeter, Joseph (1883–1950) }} |
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* {{cite book|last=McCraw|first=Thomas K.|title=Prophet of Innovation: Joseph Schumpeter and Creative Destruction|year=2007|publisher=Belknap Press|isbn=978- |
* {{cite book|last=McCraw|first=Thomas K.|title=Prophet of Innovation: Joseph Schumpeter and Creative Destruction|year=2007|publisher=Belknap Press|isbn=978-0674025233|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/prophetofinnovat00mccr}} |
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* {{cite journal|last1= Michaelides |first1=Panayotis | last2 = Milios |first2 = John| title=Did Hilferding Influence Schumpeter? | journal= History of Economics Review | year = 2005 | volume = 41 |issue=Winter |pages=98–125| url= http://www.hetsa.org.au/pdf/41-A-8.pdf|access-date=July 2, 2010|doi=10.1080/18386318.2005.11681205 |s2cid=53396973 }} |
* {{cite journal|last1= Michaelides |first1=Panayotis | last2 = Milios |first2 = John| title=Did Hilferding Influence Schumpeter? | journal= History of Economics Review | year = 2005 | volume = 41 |issue=Winter |pages=98–125| url= http://www.hetsa.org.au/pdf/41-A-8.pdf|access-date=July 2, 2010|doi=10.1080/18386318.2005.11681205 |s2cid=53396973 }} |
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* {{cite book |last=Muller |first=Jerry Z. |title=he Mind and the Market: Capitalism in Western Thought |date=2003 |publisher=Anchor |isbn= |
* {{cite book |last=Muller |first=Jerry Z. |title=he Mind and the Market: Capitalism in Western Thought |date=2003 |publisher=Anchor |isbn=978-0385721660 |edition=Reprint}} |
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* {{cite journal |last=Robbins |first=L. C. |year=1955 |title=Schumpeter's History of Economic Analysis |journal=Quarterly Journal of Economics |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=1–22 |doi=10.2307/1884847 |jstor=1884847 }} |
* {{cite journal |last=Robbins |first=L. C. |year=1955 |title=Schumpeter's History of Economic Analysis |journal=Quarterly Journal of Economics |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=1–22 |doi=10.2307/1884847 |jstor=1884847 }} |
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* {{cite book|last=Swedberg |first=Richard|title=Schumpeter: A Biography|year=1992|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978- |
* {{cite book|last=Swedberg |first=Richard|title=Schumpeter: A Biography|year=1992|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0691042961}} |
||
{{refend}} |
{{refend}} |
||
* Ebeling, Richard. M., [https://www.aier.org/article/joseph-a-schumpeter-outside-looking-in/ "Joseph A. Schumpeter, Outside Looking In,"] American Institute for Economic Research, January 13, 2020 |
* Ebeling, Richard. M., [https://www.aier.org/article/joseph-a-schumpeter-outside-looking-in/ "Joseph A. Schumpeter, Outside Looking In,"] American Institute for Economic Research, January 13, 2020 |
Revision as of 21:39, 19 March 2022
Joseph Schumpeter | |
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![]() | |
Born | |
Died | January 8, 1950 Salisbury, Connecticut, U.S. | (aged 66)
Nationality | Austrian and American |
Academic career | |
Field | Economics, econometrics |
Institution | Harvard University, 1932–50 University of Bonn, 1925–32 Biedermann Bank, 1921–24 University of Graz, 1912–14 University of Czernowitz, 1909–11 |
School or tradition | Historical school of economics Lausanne School |
Alma mater | University of Vienna |
Doctoral advisor | Eugen Böhm von Bawerk |
Doctoral students | Ferdinand A. Hermens Paul Samuelson James Tobin[1] Anne Carter[2] |
Other notable students | Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen Paul Sweezy Hyman Minsky |
Influences | Bastiat · Walras · Schmoller · Pareto · Menger · Weber · Sombart |
Contributions | Business cycles Creative destruction Economic development Entrepreneurship Evolutionary economics |
Part of a series on |
Capitalism |
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Joseph Alois Schumpeter (German: [ˈʃʊmpeːtɐ]; February 8, 1883 – January 8, 1950)[3] was an Austrian-born political economist. He served briefly as Finance Minister of German-Austria in 1919. In 1932, he emigrated to the United States to become a professor at Harvard University, where he remained until the end of his career, and in 1939 obtained American citizenship.
Schumpeter was one of the most influential economists of the early 20th century, and popularized the term "creative destruction", which was coined by Werner Sombart.[4][5][6]
Early life and education
Schumpeter was born in Triesch, Habsburg Moravia (now Třešť in the Czech Republic, then part of Austria-Hungary) in 1883 to Catholic German-speaking parents. Both of his grandmothers were Czech.[7] Schumpeter did not acknowledge his Czech ancestry; he considered himself an ethnic German.[7] His father owned a factory, but he died when Joseph was only four years old.[8] In 1893, Joseph and his mother moved to Vienna.[9] Schumpeter was a loyal supporter of Franz Joseph I of Austria.[7]
After attending school at the Theresianum, Schumpeter began his career studying law at the University of Vienna under the Austrian capital theorist Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk, taking his PhD in 1906. In 1909, after some study trips, he became a professor of economics and government at the University of Czernowitz in modern-day Ukraine. In 1911, he joined the University of Graz, where he remained until World War I.
In 1918, Schumpeter was a member of the Socialization Commission established by the Council of the People's Deputies in Germany. In March 1919, he was invited to take office as Minister of Finance in the Republic of German-Austria. He proposed a capital levy as a way to tackle the war debt and opposed the socialization of the Alpine Mountain plant.[10] In 1921, he became president of the private Biedermann Bank. He was also a board member at the Kaufmann Bank. Problems at those banks left Schumpeter in debt. His resignation was a condition of the takeover of the Biedermann Bank in September 1924.[11]
From 1925 to 1932, Schumpeter held a chair at the University of Bonn, Germany. He lectured at Harvard in 1927–1928 and 1930. In 1931, he was a visiting professor at The Tokyo College of Commerce. In 1932, Schumpeter moved to the United States, and soon began what would become extensive efforts to help central European economist colleagues displaced by Nazism.[12] Schumpeter also became known for his opposition to Marxism and socialism that he thought would lead to dictatorship, and even criticized President Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal.[13] In 1939, Schumpeter became a US citizen. In the beginning of World War II, the FBI investigated him and his wife, Elizabeth Boody (a prominent scholar of Japanese economics) for pro-Nazi leanings, but found no evidence of Nazi sympathies.[14][15]
At Harvard, Schumpeter was considered a memorable character, erudite and even showy in the classroom. He became known for his heavy teaching load and his personal and painstaking interest in his students. He served as the faculty advisor of the Graduate Economics Club and organized private seminars and discussion groups.[16] Some colleagues thought his views outdated by Keynesianism which was fashionable; others resented his criticisms, particularly of their failure to offer an assistant professorship to Paul Samuelson, but recanted when they thought him likely to accept a position at Yale University.[17] This period of his life was characterized by hard work and comparatively little recognition of his massive 2-volume book Business Cycles. However, Schumpeter persevered, and in 1942 published what became the most popular of all his works, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, reprinted many times and in many languages in the following decades, as well as cited thousands of times.[18]
Career
Influences
The source of Schumpeter's dynamic, change-oriented, and innovation-based economics was the Historical school of economics. Although his writings could be critical of the School, Schumpeter's work on the role of innovation and entrepreneurship can be seen as a continuation of ideas originated by the Historical School, especially the work of Gustav von Schmoller and Werner Sombart.[19][20] Despite being born in Austria and having trained with many of the same economists, some argue he cannot be categorized with the heterodox Austrian School of economics without major qualifications[21] while others maintain the opposite.[22]
The Austrian sociologist Rudolf Goldscheid's concept of fiscal sociology influenced Schumpeter's analysis of the tax state.[23] In a 2012 paper, Fabrice Dannequin showed that Schumpeter's writings displayed the influence of Francis Galton's work.[24]
Evolutionary economics
According to Christopher Freeman (2009), a scholar who devoted much time researching Schumpeter's work: "the central point of his whole life work [is]: that capitalism can only be understood as an evolutionary process of continuous innovation and 'creative destruction'".[25]
History of Economic Analysis
Schumpeter's scholarship is apparent in his posthumous History of Economic Analysis,[26] although some of his judgments seem idiosyncratic and sometimes cavalier.[according to whom?] For instance, Schumpeter thought that the greatest 18th century economist was Turgot rather than Adam Smith, and he considered Léon Walras to be the "greatest of all economists", beside whom other economists' theories were "like inadequate attempts to catch some particular aspects of Walrasian truth".[27] Schumpeter criticized John Maynard Keynes and David Ricardo for the "Ricardian vice". According to Schumpeter, Ricardo and Keynes reasoned in terms of abstract models, where they would freeze all but a few variables. Then they could argue that one caused the other in a simple monotonic fashion. This led to the belief that one could easily deduce policy conclusions directly from a highly abstract theoretical model.
In this book, Joseph Schumpeter recognized the implication of a gold monetary standard compared to a fiat monetary standard. In History of Economic Analysis, Schumpeter stated the following: "An 'automatic' gold currency is part and parcel of a laissez-faire and free-trade economy. It links every nation's money rates and price levels with the money-rates and price levels of all the other nations that are 'on gold.' However, gold is extremely sensitive to government expenditure and even to attitudes or policies that do not involve expenditure directly, for example, to foreign policy, to certain policies of taxation, and, in general, to precisely all those policies that violate the principles of [classical] liberalism. This is the reason why gold is so unpopular now and also why it was so popular in a bourgeois era."[28]
Business cycles
Schumpeter's relationships with the ideas of other economists were quite complex in his most important contributions to economic analysis – the theory of business cycles and development. Following neither Walras nor Keynes, Schumpeter starts in The Theory of Economic Development[29] with a treatise of circular flow which, excluding any innovations and innovative activities, leads to a stationary state. The stationary state is, according to Schumpeter, described by Walrasian equilibrium. The hero of his story is the entrepreneur.
The entrepreneur disturbs this equilibrium and is the prime cause of economic development, which proceeds in cyclic fashion along several time scales. In fashioning this theory connecting innovations, cycles, and development, Schumpeter kept alive the Russian Nikolai Kondratiev's ideas on 50-year cycles, Kondratiev waves.
Schumpeter suggested a model in which the four main cycles, Kondratiev (54 years), Kuznets (18 years), Juglar (9 years) and Kitchin (about 4 years) can be added together to form a composite waveform. A Kondratiev wave could consist of three lower degree Kuznets waves.[30] Each Kuznets wave could, itself, be made up of two Juglar waves. Similarly two (or three) Kitchin waves could form a higher degree Juglar wave. If each of these were in phase, more importantly if the downward arc of each was simultaneous so that the nadir of each was coincident, it would explain disastrous slumps and consequent depressions. As far as the segmentation of the Kondratiev Wave, Schumpeter never proposed such a fixed model. He saw these cycles varying in time – although in a tight time frame by coincidence – and for each to serve a specific purpose.
Cycle/wave name | Period (years) |
---|---|
Kitchin cycle (inventory, e.g. pork cycle) | 3–5 |
Juglar cycle (fixed investment) | 7–11 |
Kuznets swing (infrastructural investment) | 15–25 |
Kondratiev wave (technological basis) | 45–60 |
Keynesianism
In Schumpeter's theory, Walrasian equilibrium is not adequate to capture the key mechanisms of economic development. Schumpeter also thought that the institution enabling the entrepreneur to buy the resources needed to realize his vision was a well-developed capitalist financial system, including a whole range of institutions for granting credit. One could divide economists among (1) those who emphasized "real" analysis and regarded money as merely a "veil" and (2) those who thought monetary institutions are important and money could be a separate driving force. Both Schumpeter and Keynes were among the latter.[citation needed]
Demise of capitalism
This section needs additional citations for verification. (February 2019) |
Schumpeter's most popular book in English is probably Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. While he agrees with Karl Marx that capitalism will collapse and be replaced by socialism, Schumpeter predicts a different way this will come about. While Marx predicted that capitalism would be overthrown by a violent proletarian revolution, which actually occurred in the least capitalist countries, Schumpeter believed that capitalism would gradually weaken by itself and eventually collapse. Specifically, the success of capitalism would lead to corporatism and to values hostile to capitalism, especially among intellectuals.
"Intellectuals" are a social class in a position to critique societal matters for which they are not directly responsible and to stand up for the interests of other classes. Intellectuals tend to have a negative outlook of capitalism, even while relying on it for prestige, because their professions rely on antagonism toward it. The growing number of people with higher education is a great advantage of capitalism, according to Schumpeter. Yet, unemployment and a lack of fulfilling work will lead to intellectual critique, discontent and protests.
Parliaments will increasingly elect social democratic parties, and democratic majorities will vote for restrictions on entrepreneurship. Increasing workers' self-management, industrial democracy and regulatory institutions would evolve non-politically into "liberal capitalism". Thus, the intellectual and social climate needed for thriving entrepreneurship will be replaced by some form of "laborism". This will exacerbate "creative destruction" (a borrowed phrase to denote an endogenous replacement of old ways of doing things by new ways), which will ultimately undermine and destroy the capitalist structure.
Schumpeter emphasizes throughout this book that he is analyzing trends, not engaging in political advocacy.[31]
William Fellner, in the book Schumpeter's Vision: Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy After 40 Years, noted that Schumpeter saw any political system in which the power was fully monopolized as fascist.[32]
Democratic theory
In the same book, Schumpeter expounded a theory of democracy which sought to challenge what he called the "classical doctrine". He disputed the idea that democracy was a process by which the electorate identified the common good, and politicians carried this out for them. He argued this was unrealistic, and that people's ignorance and superficiality meant that in fact they were largely manipulated by politicians, who set the agenda. Furthermore, he claimed that even if the common good was possible to find, it would still not make clear the means needed to reach its end, since citizens do not have the requisite knowledge to design government policy.[33] This made a 'rule by the people' concept both unlikely and undesirable. Instead he advocated a minimalist model, much influenced by Max Weber, whereby democracy is the mechanism for competition between leaders, much like a market structure. Although periodic votes by the general public legitimize governments and keep them accountable, the policy program is very much seen as their own and not that of the people, and the participatory role for individuals is usually severely limited.
Schumpeter defined democracy as the method by which people elect representatives in competitive elections to carry out their will.[34] This definition has been described as simple, elegant and parsimonious, making it clearer to distinguish political systems that either fulfill or fail these characteristics.[35] This minimalist definition stands in contrast to broader definitions of democracy, which may emphasize aspects such as "representation, accountability, equality, participation, justice, dignity, rationality, security, freedom".[34] Within such a minimalist definition, states which other scholars say have experienced democratic backsliding and which lack civil liberties, a free press, the rule of law and a constrained executive, would still be considered democracies.[35][36][37] For Schumpeter, the formation of a government is the endpoint of the democratic process, which means that for the purposes of his democratic theory, he has no comment on what kinds of decisions that the government can take to be a democracy.[38] Schumpeter faced pushback on his theory from other democratic theorists, such as Robert Dahl, who argued that there is more to democracy than simply the formation of government through competitive elections.[38]
Schumpeter's view of democracy has been described as "elitist", as he criticizes the rationality and knowledge of voters, and expresses a preference for politicians making decisions.[39][40][41] Democracy is therefore in a sense a means to ensure circulation among elites.[40] However, studies by Natasha Piano (of the University of Chicago) emphasize that Schumpeter had substantial disdain for elites as well.[42][43]
Entrepreneurship
Schumpeter was probably the first scholar to theorize about entrepreneurship, and the field owed much to his contributions. His fundamental theories are often referred to[44] as Mark I and Mark II. In Mark I, Schumpeter argued that the innovation and technological change of a nation come from the entrepreneurs, or wild spirits. He coined the word Unternehmergeist, German for "entrepreneur-spirit", and asserted that "... the doing of new things or the doing of things that are already being done in a new way"[45] stemmed directly from the efforts of entrepreneurs.
Schumpeter developed Mark II while a professor at Harvard. Many social economists and popular authors of the day argued that large businesses had a negative effect on the standard of living of ordinary people. Contrary to this prevailing opinion, Schumpeter argued that the agents that drive innovation and the economy are large companies which have the capital to invest in research and development of new products and services and to deliver them to customers more cheaply, thus raising their standard of living. In one of his seminal works, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, Schumpeter wrote:
As soon as we go into details and inquire into the individual items in which progress was most conspicuous, the trail leads not to the doors of those firms that work under conditions of comparatively free competition but precisely to the door of the large concerns – which, as in the case of agricultural machinery, also account for much of the progress in the competitive sector – and a shocking suspicion dawns upon us that big business may have had more to do with creating that standard of life than with keeping it down.[46]
As of 2017[update] Mark I and Mark II arguments are considered complementary.[47]
Cycles and long wave theory
Schumpeter was the most influential thinker to argue that long cycles are caused by innovation, and are an incident of it. His treatise on business cycles developed were based on Kondratiev's ideas which attributed the causes very differently. Schumpeter's treatise brought Kondratiev's ideas to the attention of English-speaking economists. Kondratiev fused important elements that Schumpeter missed. Yet, the Schumpeterian variant of long-cycles hypothesis, stressing the initiating role of innovations, commands the widest attention today.[48] In Schumpeter's view, technological innovation is at the cause of both cyclical instability and economic growth. Fluctuations in innovation cause fluctuation in investment and those cause cycles in economic growth. Schumpeter sees innovations as clustering around certain points in time periods that he refers to as "neighborhoods of equilibrium", when entrepreneurs perceive that risk and returns warrant innovative commitments. These clusters lead to long cycles by generating periods of acceleration in aggregate growth.[49]
The technological view of change needs to demonstrate that changes in the rate of innovation governs changes in the rate of new investments, and that the combined impact of innovation clusters takes the form of fluctuation in aggregate output or employment. The process of technological innovation involves extremely complex relations among a set of key variables: inventions, innovations, diffusion paths and investment activities. The impact of technological innovation on aggregate output is mediated through a succession of relationships that have yet to be explored systematically in the context of long wave. New inventions are typically primitive, their performance is usually poorer than existing technologies and the cost of their production is high. A production technology may not yet exist, as is often the case in major chemical inventions, pharmaceutical inventions. The speed with which inventions are transformed into innovations and diffused depends on actual and expected trajectory of performance improvement and cost reduction.[50]
Innovation
Schumpeter identified innovation as the critical dimension of economic change.[51] He argued that economic change revolves around innovation, entrepreneurial activities, and market power.[52] He sought to prove that innovation-originated market power can provide better results than the invisible hand and price competition.[53] He argued that technological innovation often creates temporary monopolies, allowing abnormal profits that would soon be competed away by rivals and imitators. These temporary monopolies were necessary to provide the incentive for firms to develop new products and processes.[51]
Doing Business
The World Bank's "Doing Business" report was influenced by Schumpeter's focus on removing impediments to creative destruction. The creation of the report is credited in part to his work.
Personal life
He was married three times.[54] His first wife was Gladys Ricarde Seaver, an Englishwoman nearly 12 years his senior (married 1907, separated 1913, divorced 1925). His best man at his wedding was his friend and Austrian jurist Hans Kelsen. His second was Anna Reisinger, 20 years his junior and daughter of the concierge of the apartment where he grew up. As a divorced man, he and his bride converted to Lutheranism to marry.[55] They married in 1925, but within a year, she died in childbirth. The loss of his wife and newborn son came only weeks after Schumpeter's mother had died. In 1937, Schumpeter married the American economic historian Elizabeth Boody (1898–1953), who helped him popularize his work and edited what became their magnum opus, the posthumously published History of Economic Analysis.[56]
Schumpeter claimed that he had set himself three goals in life: to be the greatest economist in the world, to be the best horseman in all of Austria and the greatest lover in all of Vienna. He said he had reached two of his goals, but he never said which two,[57][58] although he is reported to have said that there were too many fine horsemen in Austria for him to succeed in all his aspirations.[59][60]
Later life and death
Schumpeter died in his home in Taconic, Connecticut, at the age of 66, on the night of January 7, 1950.[61]
Legacy
For some time after his death, Schumpeter's views were most influential among various heterodox economists, especially European, who were interested in industrial organization, evolutionary theory, and economic development, and who tended to be on the other end of the political spectrum from Schumpeter and were also often influenced by Keynes, Karl Marx, and Thorstein Veblen. Robert Heilbroner was one of Schumpeter's most renowned pupils, who wrote extensively about him in The Worldly Philosophers. In the journal Monthly Review, John Bellamy Foster wrote of that journal's founder Paul Sweezy, one of the leading Marxist economists in the United States and a graduate assistant of Schumpeter's at Harvard, that Schumpeter "played a formative role in his development as a thinker".[62] Other outstanding students of Schumpeter's include the economists Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen and Hyman Minsky and John Kenneth Galbraith and former chairman of the Federal Reserve, Alan Greenspan.[63] Future Nobel Laureate Robert Solow was his student at Harvard, and he expanded on Schumpeter's theory.[64]
Today, Schumpeter has a following outside standard textbook economics, in areas such as economic policy, management studies, industrial policy, and the study of innovation. Schumpeter was probably the first scholar to develop theories about entrepreneurship. For instance, the European Union's innovation program, and its main development plan, the Lisbon Strategy, are influenced by Schumpeter. The International Joseph A. Schumpeter Society awards the Schumpeter Prize.
The Schumpeter School of Business and Economics opened in October 2008 at the University of Wuppertal, Germany. According to University President Professor Lambert T. Koch, "Schumpeter will not only be the name of the Faculty of Management and Economics, but this is also a research and teaching programme related to Joseph A. Schumpeter."[65]
On September 17, 2009, The Economist inaugurated a column on business and management named "Schumpeter".[66] The publication has a history of naming columns after significant figures or symbols in the covered field, including naming its British affairs column after former editor Walter Bagehot and its European affairs column after Charlemagne. The initial Schumpeter column praised him as a "champion of innovation and entrepreneurship" whose writing showed an understanding of the benefits and dangers of business that proved to be far ahead of its time.[66]
His thought inspired the economic theory of Adam Przeworski.[67]
Major works
Books
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1906). Über die mathematische Methode der theoretischen Ökonomie. Zeitschrift für Volkswirtschaft, Sozialpolitik und Verwaltung. Germany: Wien. OCLC 809174553.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1907). Das Rentenprinzip in der Verteilungslehre. Germany: Jahrbuch für Gesetzgebung, Verwaltung and Volkswirtschaft im Deutschen Reich.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1908). Das Wesen und der Hauptinhalt der theoretischen Nationalökonomie. Germany: Leipzig, Duncker & Humblot. OCLC 5455469.
- Translated as: Schumpeter, Joseph A. (2010). The nature and essence of economic theory. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1412811507. Translated by: Bruce A. McDaniel
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1908). Methodological Individualism. Germany. OCLC 5455469.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Pdf of preface by F.A. Hayek and first eight pages. - Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1909). Bemerkungen über das Zurechnungsproblem. Zeitschrift für Wolkswirtschaft, Sozialpolitik und Verwaltung. Germany: Wien. OCLC 49426617.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1910). Marie Ésprit Léon Walras. Germany: Zeitschrift für Wolkswirtschaft, Sozialpolitik und Verwaltung. OCLC 64863803.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1910). Über das Wesen der Wirtschaftskrisen. Zeitschrift für Wolkswirtschaft, Sozialpolitik und Verwaltung. Germany: Wien. OCLC 64863847.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1915). Wie studiert man Sozialwissenschaft. Schriften des Sozialwissenschaftlichen Akademischen Vereins in Czernowitz, Heft II. München und Leipzig, Germany: Duncker & Humblot. OCLC 11387887.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A.; Opie, Redvers (1983) [1934]. The theory of economic development: an inquiry into profits, capital, credit, interest, and the business cycle. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Books. ISBN 978-0878556984. Translated from the 1911 original German, Theorie der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1954). Economic doctrine and method: an historical sketch. Translated by Aris, Reinhold. New York: Oxford University Press. OCLC 504289265. Translated from the 1912 original German, Epochen der dogmen – und Methodengeschichte. Pdf version.
- Reprinted in hardback as: Schumpeter, Joseph A. (2011). Economic doctrine and method: an historical sketch. Translated by Aris, Reinhold. Whitefish Montana: Literary Licensing, LLC. ISBN 978-1258003425.
- Reprinted in paperback as: Schumpeter, Joseph A. (2012). Economic doctrine and method: an historical sketch. Translated by Aris, Reinhold. Mansfield Centre, Connecticut: Martino Fine Books. ISBN 978-1614273370.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1914). Das wissenschaftliche lebenswerk eugen von böhm-bawerks. Zeitschrift für Wolkswritschaft, Sozialpolitik und Verwaltung. Germany: Wien. OCLC 504214232.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1915). Vergangenheit und Zukunft der Sozialwissenschaft. Germany: München und Leipzig, Duncker & Humblot. Reprinted by the University of Michigan Library
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1918). The crisis of the tax state. OCLC 848977535.
- Reprinted as: Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1991), "The crisis of the tax state", in Swedberg, Richard (ed.), The economics and sociology of capitalism, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, pp. 99–140, ISBN 978-0691003832
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1919). The sociology of imperialisms. Germany: Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik.
- Reprinted as Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1989) [1951]. Sweezy, Paul M. (ed.). Imperialism and social classes. Fairfield, New Jersey: Augustus M. Kelley. ISBN 978-0678000205.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1920). Max Weber's work. German: Der österreichische Volkswirt.
- Reprinted as: Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1991), "Max Weber's work", in Swedberg, Richard (ed.), The economics and sociology of capitalism, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, pp. 220–229, ISBN 978-0691003832
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1921). Carl Menger. Zeitschrift für Wolkswritschaft, Sozialpolitik und Verwaltung. Germany: Wien. OCLC 809174610.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1927). Social classes in an ethnically homogeneous environment. Germany: Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik. OCLC 232481.
- Reprinted as: Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1989) [1951]. Sweezy, Paul M. (ed.). Imperialism and social classes. Fairfield, New Jersey: Augustus M. Kelley. ISBN 978-0678000205.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1928). Das deutsche finanzproblem. Schriftenreihe d. dt. Volkswirt. Berlin, Germany: Dt. Volkswirt. OCLC 49426617.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1934), "Depressions: Can we learn from past experience?", in Schumpeter, Joseph A.; Chamberlin, Edward; Leontief, Wassily W.; Brown, Douglass V.; Harris, Seymour E.; Mason, Edward S.; Taylor, Overton H. (eds.), The economics of the recovery program, New York City London: McGraw-Hill, OCLC 1555914
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1934), "The nature and necessity of a price system", in Harris, Seymour E.; Bernstein, Edward M. (eds.), Economic reconstruction, New York City London: McGraw-Hill, ISBN 978-1258305727, OCLC 331342
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1936), "Professor Taussig on wages and capital", in Taussig, Frank W. (ed.), Explorations in economics: notes and essays contributed in honor of F.W. Taussig, New York City: McGraw-Hill, pp. 213–222, ISBN 978-0836904352
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (2006) [1939]. Business cycles: a theoretical, historical, and statistical analysis of the capitalist process. Mansfield Centre, Connecticut: Martino Pub. ISBN 978-1578985562.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (2014) [1942]. Capitalism, socialism and democracy (2nd ed.). Floyd, Virginia: Impact Books. ISBN 978-1617208652.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1943), "Capitalism in the postwar world", in Harris, Seymour E. (ed.), Postwar economic problems, New York City London: McGraw-Hill, OCLC 730387
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1946), "The future of private enterprise in the face of modern socialistic tendencies", in Conference, Papers (ed.), The economics and sociology of capitalism (ESC) Comment sauvegarder l'entreprise privée (conference papers), Montreal: Association Professionnelle des Industriels, pp. 401–405, OCLC 796197764
- See also the English translation: Henderson, David R.; Prime, Michael G. (Fall 1975). "Schumpeter on preserving private enterprise". History of Political Economy. 7 (3): 293–298. doi:10.1215/00182702-7-3-293.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A.; Crum, William Leonard (1946). Rudimentary mathematics for economists and statisticians. New York City London: McGraw-Hill. OCLC 1246233.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1946), "Capitalism", in Bento, William (ed.), Encyclopædia Britannica, Chicago: University of Chicago
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (2009) [1948], "There is still time to stop inflation", in Clemence, Richard V. (ed.), Essays: on entrepreneurs, innovations, business cycles, and the evolution of capitalism, Nation's business, vol. 1, New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Books, pp. 241–252 ISBN 978-1412822749
- Originally printed as: Schumpeter, Joseph A. (June 1948). "There is still time to stop inflation". The Nation's Business. 6. United States Chamber of Commerce: 33–35, 88–91. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1949), "Economic theory and entrepreneurial history", in Wohl, R. R. (ed.), Change and the entrepreneur: postulates and the patterns for entrepreneurial history, Research Center in Entrepreneurial History, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, OCLC 2030659
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1949), "The historical approach to the analysis of business cycles", in National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), Conference (ed.), NBER Conference on Business Cycle Research, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1951). Ten great economists: from Marx to Keynes. New York Oxford: Oxford University Press. OCLC 166951.
- Reprinted as: Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1965). Ten great economists: from Marx to Keynes. New York Oxford: Oxford University Press. OCLC 894563181.
- Reprinted as: Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1997). Ten great economists: from Marx to Keynes. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415110785.
- Reprinted as: Schumpeter, Joseph A. (2003). Ten great economists: from Marx to Keynes. San Diego: Simon Publications. ISBN 978-1932512090.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1969) [1951]. Clemence, Richard V. (ed.). Essays on economic topics of J.A. Schumpeter. Port Washington, New York: Kennikat Press. ISBN 978-0804605854.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1954). History of economic analysis. London: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-0415108881. Edited from a manuscript by Elizabeth Boody Schumpeter.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1989) [1951]. Sweezy, Paul M. (ed.). Imperialism and social classes. Fairfield, New Jersey: Augustus M. Kelley. ISBN 978-0678000205.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (2014). Mann, Fritz Karl (ed.). Treatise on money. Translated by Alvarado, Ruben. Aalten, the Netherlands: Wordbridge Publishing. ISBN 978-9076660363.
- Originally printed as: Schumpeter, Joseph (1970). Das wesen des geldes. Neuauflage, Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 978-3525131213. Reprinted in 2008.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1991). Swedberg, Richard (ed.). The economics and sociology of capitalism. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691003832.
Journal articles
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (February 1909). "On the concept of social value". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 23 (2): 213–232. doi:10.2307/1882798. JSTOR 1882798.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (December 1927). "The explanation of the business cycle". Economica. 21 (21): 286–311. doi:10.2307/2548401. JSTOR 2548401.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (September 1928). "The instability of capitalism". The Economic Journal. 38 (151): 361–386. doi:10.2307/2224315. JSTOR 2224315.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (March 1931). "The present world depression: a tentative diagnosis". The American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings of the Forty-third Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association. 21 (1). American Economic Association: 179–282. JSTOR 1802985.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (January 1933). "The common sense of econometrics". Econometrica. 1 (1): 5–12. doi:10.2307/1912225. JSTOR 1912225.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (March 1935). "A theorist's comment on the current business cycle". Journal of the American Statistical Association. 30 (189): 167–268. doi:10.2307/2278223. JSTOR 2278223.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (May 1935). "The analysis of economic change". The Review of Economics and Statistics. 17 (4): 2–10. doi:10.2307/1927845. JSTOR 1927845.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (May 1940). "The influence of protective tariffs on the industrial development of the United States". Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science. 19 (1): 2–7. doi:10.2307/1172508. JSTOR 1172508.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (May 1946). "The decade of the twenties". The American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings of the Fifty-eighth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association (The American Economy in the Interwar Period). 36 (2). American Economic Association: 1–10. JSTOR 1818192.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (November 1947). "The creative response in economic history". The Journal of Economic History. 7 (2): 149–159. doi:10.1017/s0022050700054279. JSTOR 2113338.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1947). "Theoretical problems: theoretical problems of economic growth". The Journal of Economic History. 7, Supplement: Economic Growth: A Symposium (1947). Economic History Association: 1–9. doi:10.1017/S0022050700065189. JSTOR 2113264.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (June 1948). "There is still time to stop inflation". The Nation's Business. 6. United States Chamber of Commerce: 33–35. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Continued on pp. 88–91.
- Reprinted as: Schumpeter, Joseph A. (2009) [1948], "There is still time to stop inflation", in Clemence, Richard V. (ed.), Essays: on entrepreneurs, innovations, business cycles, and the evolution of capitalism, Nation's business, vol. 1, New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Books, pp. 241–252 ISBN 978-1412822749
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (March 1949). "Science and ideology". The American Economic Review. 39 (2). American Economic Association: 346–359. JSTOR 1812737.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (June 1949). "The Communist Manifesto in sociology and economics". Journal of Political Economy. 57 (3): 199–212. doi:10.1086/256806. JSTOR 1826126. S2CID 144457532.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (October 1949). "English economists and the state-managed economy". Journal of Political Economy. 57 (5): 371–382. doi:10.1086/256862. JSTOR 1825618. S2CID 154271830.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (May 1950). "The march into socialism". The American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings of the Sixty-second Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association. 40 (2). American Economic Association: 446–456. JSTOR 1818062.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (May 1951). "Review of the troops (a chapter from the history of economic analysis)". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 65 (2): 149–180. doi:10.2307/1879531. JSTOR 1879531.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (September 1982). "The "crisis" in economics – fifty years ago". Journal of Economic Literature. 20 (3). American Economic Association: 1049–1059. JSTOR 2724411.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (June 1983). "American institutions and economic progress". Zeitschrift für die Gesamte Staatswissenschaft. 139 (2). Mohr Siebeck: 191–196. JSTOR 40750589.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A.; Boody Schumpeter, Elizabeth (September 1988). "Schumpeter on the disintegration of the bourgeois family". Population and Development Review. 14 (3): 499–506. doi:10.2307/1972201. JSTOR 1972201.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (December 1984). "The meaning of rationality in the social sciences". Zeitschrift für die Gesamte Staatswissenschaft. 140 (4). Mohr Siebeck: 577–593. JSTOR 40750743.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A.; Swedberg, Richard (introduction) (Fall 1991). "Money and currency". Social Research. 58 (3). The New School: 499–543. JSTOR 40970658.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (March 2003). "How does one study social science?". Society. 40 (3). Translated by Muller, Jerry Z.: 57–63. doi:10.1007/s12115-003-1039-3. S2CID 144740998. Translated from a speech given in German by Schumpeter, Wie studiert man Sozialwissenschaft.
Memoriams
- Schumpeter, Joseph A.; Cole, A. H.; Mason, E. S. (May 1941). "Frank William Taussig". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 55 (3): 337–363. doi:10.2307/1885636. JSTOR 1885636.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (September 1946). "John Maynard Keynes 1883–1946". The American Economic Review. 36 (4). American Economic Association: 495–518. JSTOR 1801721.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (May 1949). "Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923)". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 63 (2): 147–173. doi:10.2307/1883096. JSTOR 188309.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (February 1950). "Wesley Clair Mitchell (1874–1948)". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 64 (1): 139–155. doi:10.2307/1881963. JSTOR 1881963.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (July 1948). "Irving Fisher's Econometrics". Econometrica. 16 (3): 219–231. doi:10.2307/1907276. JSTOR 1907276.
Reviews
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1927). "The economic problem by R. G. Hawtrey". Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv (Review of World Economics). 26 (1). Springer: 131–133. JSTOR 40416594.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (November 1930). "Mitchell's: Business cycles". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 45 (1): 150–172. doi:10.2307/1882530. JSTOR 1882530.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (December 1933). "Essays in biography by J. M. Keynes". The Economic Journal. 43 (172): 652–657. doi:10.2307/2224509. JSTOR 2224509.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A.; Nichol, A. J. (April 1934). "Review of Robinson's Economics of imperfect competition". Journal of Political Economy. 42 (2): 249–259. doi:10.1086/254595. JSTOR 1823265. S2CID 154388262.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (December 1936). "Review of Keynes's General Theory". Journal of the American Statistical Association. 31 (196): 757–820. doi:10.1080/01621459.1936.10502311.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (June 1941). "Alfred Marshall's Principles: a semi-centennial appraisal". The American Economic Review. 31 (2). American Economic Association: 236–248. JSTOR 356.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (March 1944). "Reflections on the revolution of our time by Harold J. Laski". The American Economic Review. 34 (1.1). American Economic Association: 161–164. JSTOR 1813741.
See also
References
- ^ Tobin, James (1986). "James Tobin". In Breit, William; Spencer, Roger W. (eds.). Lives of the Laureates, Seven Nobel Economists. Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England: MIT Press. Archived from the original on August 26, 2003.
- ^ McCulloch, Rachel. "Interview with Anne Carter".
- ^ "Joseph Alois Schumpeter: Biography". Library of Economics and Liberty. Econlib.org. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
- ^ Westland, J. Christopher (2016). Global Innovation Management. Macmillan International. p. 192. ISBN 978-1137520197. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
- ^ Topol, Eric (2012). The Creative Destruction of Medicine: How the Digital Revolution Will Create Better Health Care. Basic Books. p. v. ISBN 978-0465025503. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
popularized the term creative destruction.
- ^ Stone, Brad; Vance, Ashlee (January 25, 2009). "$200 Laptops Break a Business Model". New York Times. Retrieved September 21, 2010.
Indeed, Silicon Valley may be one of the few places where businesses are still aware of the ideas of Josephine Schumpeter, an economist from Austria who wrote about business cycles during the first half of the last century. He said the lifeblood of capitalism was 'creative destruction.' Companies rising and falling would unleash innovation and in the end make the economy stronger.
- ^ a b c Allen, Robert Loring (1991). Opening Doors: the Life and Work of Joseph Schumpeter: Europe (Volume 1). ASIN B00ZY8X8D4.
- ^ Reisman, David A. (2004). Schumpeter's Market: Enterprise and Evolution. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 4. ISBN 978-1845420857. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
- ^ Shionoya, Yuichi (2007). Schumpeter and the Idea of Social Science: A Metatheoretical Study. Cambridge University Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0521037969. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
- ^ Seidl, Christian (1994). "The Bauer-Schumpeter Controversy on Socialisation". History of Economic Ideas. 2 (2). Accademia Editoriale: 54–67. JSTOR 23722217.
- ^ Allen, Robert Loring (1991). Opening Doors: The Life and Work of Joseph Schumpeter. Transaction. pp. 186–189. ISBN 978-1412815611. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
Schumpeter Biedermann Bank.
- ^ McCraw, Prophet of Innovation, pp. 231–232.
- ^ McCraw, pp. 317–321
- ^ Entrepreneurship, Competitiveness and Local Development. (Iandoli, Landström and Raffa, 2007, p. 5)
- ^ McCraw, pp. 337–343
- ^ McCraw, Prophet of Innovation, pp. 210–217.
- ^ McCraw, pp. 273–278, 306–3311.
- ^ McCraw pp. 347 et seq.
- ^ "PG Michaelides, The Influence of the German Historical School on Schumpeter, 17th International Conference of the European Association for. Evolutionary Political Economy, Bremen/Germany, November 2005" (PDF).
- ^ Michaelides, Panayotis G. (2009). "Joseph Schumpeter and the German Historical School". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 33 (3): 495–516. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.903.6952. doi:10.1093/cje/ben052.
- ^ Simpson, D. (1990). Neoclassical Economic Theory, 1870 to 1930. Recent Economic Thought Series, vol 20. Springer. pp. 201–249. ISBN 978-9400921818. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
- ^ Boehm, S. (1987). "Joseph Schumpeter and the Austrian School of Economics". 2 (2). Journal of Economic Studies: 18–28. ISSN 0144-3585. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - ^ Swedberg, Richard (1991). "Introduction: The Man and His Work". The Economics and Sociology of Capitalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0691042534.
- ^ "Fabrice Dennequin, 2012, "L'influence de l'eugénisme galtonien dans la pensée de Joseph Alois Schumpeter." Papers in Political Economy 46".
- ^ (Freeman, 2009; p. 126) in Techno-economic paradigms: essays in honor of Carlota Perez. Edited by Wolfgang Drechsler, Erik Reinert, Rainer Kattel.
- ^ Schumpeter, Joseph (1954). History of Economic Analysis. London: George Allen and Unwin.
- ^ "Phases of the Marginalist Revolution". HET. Archived from the original on May 26, 2013. Retrieved May 9, 2015.
- ^ Timberlake, Richard (August 2005). "Gold Standards and the Real Bills Doctrine in U.S. Monetary Policy" (PDF). Econ Journal Watch. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 10, 2005. Retrieved September 21, 2010.
- ^ Schumpeter, J.A. The theory of economic development : an inquiry into profits, capital, credit, interest, and the business cycle translated from the German by Redvers Opie (1961) New York: OUP
- ^ Recent research suggests that the Kuznets swing could be regarded as the third harmonic of the Kondratiev wave – see Korotayev, Andrey V., & Tsirel, Sergey V. A Spectral Analysis of World GDP Dynamics: Kondratieff Waves, Kuznets Swings, Juglar and Kitchin Cycles in Global Economic Development, and the 2008–2009 Economic Crisis. Structure and Dynamics. 2010. Vol.4. No. 1. pp. 3–57.
- ^ John Medearis, "Schumpeter, the New Deal, and Democracy", The American Political Science Review, 1997.
- ^ Heertje, Arnold (1981). Schumpeter's Vision: Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy After 40 years. New York City: Praeger. pp. 50–54.
- ^ Schumpeter, Joseph (1942). Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (1st ed.). Harper and Brothers. p. 252.
- ^ a b Przeworski, Adam (1999). Minimalist Conception of Democracy: A Defense. Cambridge University Press.
- ^ a b Barany, Professor Zoltan; Barany, Zoltan; Moser, Robert G. (August 27, 2001). Russian Politics: Challenges of Democratization. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521805124.
- ^ Bidner, Chris; Francois, Patrick; Trebbi, Francesco (2014). "A Theory of Minimalist Democracy".
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - ^ "Elections Without Democracy: Thinking About Hybrid Regimes". Journal of Democracy. Retrieved October 20, 2019.
- ^ a b Munck, Gerardo L. (2009). Measuring Democracy: A Bridge between Scholarship and Politics. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0801896507.
- ^ Piano, Natasha (January 16, 2019). "Revisiting Democratic Elitism: The Italian School of Elitism, American Political Science, and the Problem of Plutocracy". The Journal of Politics. 81 (2): 524–538. doi:10.1086/701636. ISSN 0022-3816. S2CID 159423921.
- ^ a b Munck, Gerardo Luis; Munck, Professor Gerardo L. (2007). Regimes and Democracy in Latin America: Theories and Methods. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199219902.
- ^ Posner, Richard. Law, Pragmatism, and Democracy. Harvard University Press. pp. 183–184.
- ^ Piano, Natasha (April 1, 2019). "Revisiting Democratic Elitism: The Italian School of Elitism, American Political Science, and the Problem of Plutocracy". The Journal of Politics. 81 (2): 524–538. doi:10.1086/701636. ISSN 0022-3816. S2CID 159423921.
- ^ Piano, Natasha (October 2, 2017). ""Schumpeterianism" Revised: The Critique of Elites in Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy". Critical Review. 29 (4): 505–529. doi:10.1080/08913811.2017.1458501. ISSN 0891-3811. S2CID 150201729.
- ^ Fontana, Roberto; et al. (2012). "Schumpeterian patterns of innovation and the sources of breakthrough inventions: Evidence from a Data-Set of R&D Awards" (PDF). School of Economics and Management, Technical University of Lisbon, Department of Economics. WP 24/2012/DE/UECE Working Papers: 2–37. ISSN 0874-4548.
- ^ Schumpeter, J. A. (1947). "The Creative Response in Economic History". Journal of Economic History. 7 (2): 149–159. doi:10.1017/s0022050700054279.
- ^ Schumpeter, Joseph (1942). Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. New York: Harper and Roe Publishers. p. 82.
- ^ Fontana, Roberto; et al. (2012). "Schumpeterian patterns of innovation and the sources of breakthrough inventions: Evidence from a Data-Set of R&D Awards" (PDF). School of Economics and Management, Technical University of Lisbon, Department of Economics. WP 24/2012/DE/UECE Working Papers: 2–37. ISSN 0874-4548.
- ^ Freeman, Christopher, ed. Long Wave Theory, International Library of Critical Writings in Economics: Edward Elgar, 1996
- ^ Rosenberg, Nathan. "Technological Innovation and Long Waves." In Exploring the Black Box: Technology, Economics, and History, 62–84. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
- ^ Mansfield, Edwin (May 1983). "Long Waves and Technological Innovation". The American Economic Review. 73 (2): 141–145. JSTOR 1816829.
- ^ a b Pol, Eduardo; Carroll, Peter (2006). An introduction to economics with emphasis on innovation. Thomson Custom Publishing for University of Wollongong. ISBN 978-0170133005.
- ^ Ziemnowicz, Christopher (2020). "Joseph A. Schumpeter and Innovation". In Carayannis, Elias G. (ed.). Encyclopedia of creativity, invention, innovation and entrepreneurship (Second ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-3319153469.
- ^ Nakamura, Leonard I. (July 2000). "Economics and the New Economy: The Invisible Hand Meets Creative Destruction" (PDF). Business Review – Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia: 15–30. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
- ^ Hawthorn, Geoffrey (February 27, 1992). "Schumpeter the Superior". London Review of Books. 14 (4). Retrieved December 19, 2019.
- ^ Swedberg, Richard (2013). Joseph A. Schumpeter: His Life and Work. John Wiley & Sons. p. 1894. ISBN 978-0745668703. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
- ^ Andersen, Esben S. (2011). Joseph A. Schumpeter: a theory of social and economic evolution. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403996275.
- ^ George Viksnins. Professor of Economics. Georgetown University. Economic Systems in Historical Perspective
- ^ Schumpeter's Diary as quoted in "Prophet of Innovation" by Thomas McCraw, p. 4.
- ^ P. A. Samuelson and W. D. Nordhaus, Economics (1998, p. 178)
- ^ Humphrey, Thomas M. "Analyst of Change" (PDF). Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. Retrieved May 12, 2019.
- ^ Giersch, H. (May 1984). "The Age of Schumpeter". The American Economic Review. 74 (2). American Economic Association: 103–109. JSTOR 1816338.
- ^ Foster, John Bellamy (May 2008). "Sweezy in Perspective". Monthly Review. Retrieved September 21, 2010.
- ^ Greenspan, Alan (2007). The Age of Turbulence: Adventures in a New World. Penguin Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-1594201318.
I've watched the process [creative destruction] at work through my entire career,
- ^ Thoma, Mark (May 17, 2007). "Robert Solow on Joseph Schumpeter". Economistsview.typepad.com. Retrieved September 21, 2010.
- ^ "Opening ceremony: Schumpeter School of Business and Economics". University of Wuppertal. July 8, 2011. Archived from the original on October 1, 2011.
- ^ a b "Schumpeter: Taking flight". The Economist. September 17, 2009. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
- ^ Arthur J. Jacobson; John P. McCormick (October 1, 2005). The business of democracy is democracy. Vol. 3. pp. 706–722. doi:10.1093/icon/moi049. ISSN 1474-2659.
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Further reading
- Carayannis, Elias G.; Ziemnowicz, Christopher, eds. (2007). Rediscovering Schumpeter. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403942418.
- Dahms, Harry (1995). "From Creative Action to the Social Rationalization of the Economy: Joseph A. Schumpeter's Social Theory". Sociological Theory. 13 (1): 1–13. doi:10.2307/202001. JSTOR 202001.
- Davis, Horace B (Winter 1960). "Schumpeter as Sociologist". Science and Society. 24 (1): 13–35. JSTOR 40400680.
- Groenewegen, Peter, ed. (2002). "2". Classics and Moderns in Economics Volume II: Essays on Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Economic Thought. Routledge. p. 203. ISBN 978-0415301671.
- Harris, Seymour E., ed. (1951). Schumpeter: Social Scientist. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0836911381.
- Heilbroner, Robert (2000) [1953]. "Chapter 10: The Contradictions of Joseph Schumpeter". The Worldly Philosophers (seventh ed.). London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0140290066..
- Humphrey, Thomas M. (2008). "Schumpeter, Joseph (1883–1950)". In Hamowy, Ronald (ed.). Schumpeter, Joseph (1893–1950). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications; Cato Institute. pp. 452–455. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n276. ISBN 978-1412965804. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024.
- McCraw, Thomas K. (2007). Prophet of Innovation: Joseph Schumpeter and Creative Destruction. Belknap Press. ISBN 978-0674025233.
- Michaelides, Panayotis; Milios, John (2005). "Did Hilferding Influence Schumpeter?" (PDF). History of Economics Review. 41 (Winter): 98–125. doi:10.1080/18386318.2005.11681205. S2CID 53396973. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
- Muller, Jerry Z. (2003). he Mind and the Market: Capitalism in Western Thought (Reprint ed.). Anchor. ISBN 978-0385721660.
- Robbins, L. C. (1955). "Schumpeter's History of Economic Analysis". Quarterly Journal of Economics. 69 (1): 1–22. doi:10.2307/1884847. JSTOR 1884847.
- Swedberg, Richard (1992). Schumpeter: A Biography. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691042961.
- Ebeling, Richard. M., "Joseph A. Schumpeter, Outside Looking In," American Institute for Economic Research, January 13, 2020
External links
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- "Joseph Alois Schumpeter (1893–1950)". The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. Library of Economics and Liberty (2nd ed.). Liberty Fund. 2008.
- Andersen, Esben Sloth. "Review of Schumpeter: A Biography" (PDF). Journal of Economic Literature. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 27, 2009. Retrieved May 19, 2006.
- Kilcullen, John. "Reading Guide 10: Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy". Macquarie University. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved December 4, 2007.
- "Joseph A. Schumpeter". HET. Archived from the original on May 17, 2013. Retrieved April 29, 2013.
- Drucker, Peter. "Modern Prophets: Schumpeter and Keynes?". Retrieved December 4, 2007.
- DeLong, J. Bradford. "Creative Destruction's Reconstruction: Joseph Schumpeter Revisited". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved December 4, 2007.
- Schumpeter, Joseph Alois. "Schumpeter's Business Cycles: A Theoretical, Historical, And Statistical Analysis of the Capitalist Process". Business History Review. Archived from the original on October 9, 2016.
- Harvard University Archives. "Papers of Joseph Alois Schumpeter : an inventory".
- "Web Joseph Alois Schumpeter in Memoriam".
- Joseph Schumpeter, Selected Writings
- Joseph Schumpeter at Find a Grave
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