Science and technology in Canada: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
→‎top: attribution Canada
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Overview of science and technology in Canada}}
{{Short description|Overview of science and technology in Canada}}
[[File:STS-116 - P5 Truss hand-off to ISS (NASA S116-E-05765).jpg|thumb|right|300px|The Canadian-built [[Space Shuttle]] robotic arm (left), referred to as [[Canadarm]], transferred the [[Integrated Truss Structure|P5 truss segment]] over to the Canadian-built [[space station]] robotic arm, referred to as [[Canadarm2]]]]
[[File:STS-116 - P5 Truss hand-off to ISS (NASA S116-E-05765).jpg|thumb|right|300px|The Canadian-built [[Space Shuttle]] robotic arm (left), referred to as [[Canadarm]], transferred the [[Integrated Truss Structure|P5 truss segment]] over to the Canadian-built [[space station]] robotic arm, referred to as [[Canadarm2]]]]
⚫
In 2018, Canada spent approximately C$34.5&nbsp;billion on domestic [[research and development]], of which around $2&nbsp;billion was spent directly by the federal government in-house and an additional $5.7&nbsp;billion was provided by provincial and federal sources in the form of grants.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/181212/dq181212c-eng.htm |title=The Daily – Spending on research and development, 2018 intentions |first=Government of Canada, Statistics |last=Canada |website=statcan.gc.ca |access-date=September 19, 2019 |date=December 22, 2018}}</ref> This investment corresponds to about 1.57% of Canada's [[gross domestic product]], a decline from 1.72% in 2014.<ref name="UNESCO Science Report 2021">{{cite book |editor1-last=Schneegans |editor1-first=S. |editor2-last=Straza |editor2-first=T. |editor3-last=Lewis |editor3-first=J. |title=UNESCO Science Report: the Race Against Time for Smarter Development. |date=11 June 2021 |publisher=UNESCO |location=Paris |isbn=978-92-3-100450-6 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000377433/PDF/377433eng.pdf.multi}}</ref>
Canada was ranked 16th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/|work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=2022-03-05 |language=en}}</ref> {{As of|2020}}, the country has produced fifteen [[List of Nobel laureates by country|Nobel laureates]] in [[Nobel Prize in Physics|physics]], [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|chemistry]], and [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|medicine]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Canadian Nobel Prize in Science Laureates |url=http://www.science.ca/scientists/nobellaureates.php |access-date=December 19, 2020 |publisher=Science.ca}}</ref> and was ranked fourth worldwide for scientific research quality in a major 2012 survey of international scientists.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McIlroy |first=Anne |date=September 26, 2012 |title=Canada ranked fourth in the world for scientific research |work=The Globe and Mail |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/canada-ranked-fourth-in-the-world-for-scientific-research/article4571162/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004001349/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/canada-ranked-fourth-in-the-world-for-scientific-research/article4571162/ |archive-date=October 4, 2012 |access-date=October 17, 2012}}</ref> It is furthermore home to the headquarters of a number of global technology firms.<ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=Top 250 Canadian Technology Companies |url=http://www.branham300.com/index.php?year=2014&listing=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315075119/http://www.branham300.com/index.php?year=2014&listing=1 |archive-date=March 15, 2015 |access-date=February 13, 2015 |publisher=Branham Group Inc.}}</ref> Canada [[List of countries by number of Internet users|has one of the highest levels of Internet access in the world]], with over 33&nbsp;million users, equivalent to around 94 percent of its total 2014 population.<ref>{{cite web |date=June 2014 |title=Internet Usage and Population in North America |url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats14.htm#north |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207003832/http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats14.htm#north |archive-date=February 7, 2015 |access-date=February 7, 2015 |publisher=Internet World Stats}}</ref> Canada was ranked 16th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2021 and 17th in 2019 and 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/|work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=2022-03-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Release of the Global Innovation Index 2020: Who Will Finance Innovation?|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2020/index.html|publisher=WIPO|access-date=September 2, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|publisher=WIPO|access-date=September 2, 2021}}</ref>

Some of the most notable scientific developments in Canada include the creation of the modern [[alkaline battery]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Lew Urry |url=http://www.science.ca/scientists/scientistprofile.php?pID=277 |website=Science.ca}}</ref> and the [[polio vaccine]]<ref name="Farrell">{{cite web |title=Leone N. Farrell |url=http://www.science.ca/scientists/scientistprofile.php?pID=438 |website=Science.ca}}</ref> and discoveries about the interior structure of the [[atomic nucleus]].<ref name="Katz">{{cite web |title=Leon Katz |url=http://www.science.ca/scientists/scientistprofile.php?pID=404 |website=Science.ca}}</ref> Other major Canadian scientific contributions include the [[artificial cardiac pacemaker]], mapping the [[visual cortex]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Strauss |first=Evelyn |year=2005 |title=2005 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award |publisher=[[Lasker Award|Lasker Foundation]] |url=http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/2005_b_description.htm |url-status=live |access-date=November 23, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716192333/http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/2005_b_description.htm |archive-date=July 16, 2010}}</ref><ref name="topten">{{cite web |year=2015 |title=Top ten Canadian scientific achievements |url=http://www.science.ca/askascientist/topachievements.php |website=GCS Research Society}}</ref> the development of the [[electron microscope]],<ref>{{cite web |title=James Hillier |url=http://web.mit.edu/Invent/iow/hillier.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808192011/http://web.mit.edu/Invent/iow/hillier.html |archive-date=August 8, 2013 |access-date=November 20, 2008 |website=Inventor of the Week |publisher=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pearce |first=Jeremy |date=January 22, 2007 |title=James Hillier, 91, Dies; Co-Developed Electron Microscope |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/22/science/22hillier.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325113042/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/22/science/22hillier.html |archive-date=March 25, 2014 |access-date=November 20, 2008}}</ref> [[plate tectonics]], [[deep learning]], [[multi-touch]] technology and the identification of the first [[black hole]], [[Cygnus X-1]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bolton |first=C. T. |year=1972 |title=Identification of Cygnus X-1 with HDE 226868 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=235 |issue=2 |pages=271–273 |bibcode=1972Natur.235..271B |doi=10.1038/235271b0 |s2cid=4222070}}</ref> Canada has a long history of discovery in genetics, which include [[stem cell]]s, [[site-directed mutagenesis]], [[T-cell receptor]] and the identification of the genes that cause [[Fanconi anemia]], [[cystic fibrosis]] and [[early-onset Alzheimer's disease]], among numerous other diseases.<ref name=topten/><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Strathdee |first=C.A. |author2=Gavish, H. |author3=Shannon, W. |last4=Buchwald, M. |year=1992 |title=Cloning of cDNAs for Fanconi's anemia by functional complementation |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=356 |issue=6372 |pages=763–767 |bibcode=1992Natur.356..763S |doi=10.1038/356763a0 |pmid=1574115 |s2cid=4250632}}</ref>

The [[Canadian Space Agency]] operates a highly active space program, conducting deep-space, planetary, and aviation research, and developing rockets and satellites.<ref>{{cite web |year=2016 |title=Canadian Space Milestones |url=http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/about/milestones.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008060654/http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/about/milestones.asp |archive-date=October 8, 2009 |publisher=Canadian Space Agency}}</ref> Canada was the third country to design and construct a satellite after the [[Soviet space program|Soviet Union]] and the United States, with the 1962 [[Alouette 1]] launch.<ref name="Angelo2009s">{{Cite book |last=Angelo |first=Joseph A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VUWno1sOwnUC&pg=PA22 |title=Encyclopedia of Space and Astronomy |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4381-1018-9 |page=22}}</ref> Canada is a participant in the [[International Space Station]] (ISS), and is a pioneer in space robotics, having constructed the [[Canadarm]], [[Canadarm2]] and [[Dextre]] robotic manipulators for the ISS and NASA's [[Space Shuttle]].<ref name="Bidaud2012">{{Cite book |last1=Bidaud |first1=Philippe |title=Field Robotics: Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Climbing and Walking Robots and the Support Technologies for Mobile Machines |last2=Dupuis |first2=Erick |publisher=[[World Scientific]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-981-4374-27-9 |pages=35–37 |chapter=An overview of Canadian space robotics activities |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TSlqDQAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA35}}</ref> Since the 1960s, Canada's aerospace industry has designed and built numerous marques of satellite, including [[Radarsat-1]] and [[Radarsat-2|2]], [[ISIS (satellite)|ISIS]] and [[MOST (spacecraft)|MOST]].<ref>{{cite web |date=March 11, 2010 |title=The Canadian Aerospace Industry praises the federal government for recognizing Space as a strategic capability for Canada |url=http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/March2010/11/c9200.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609224813/http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/March2010/11/c9200.html |archive-date=June 9, 2011 |publisher=Newswire |access-date=May 23, 2011}}</ref> Canada has also produced one of the world's most successful and widely used [[sounding rocket]]s, the [[Black Brant (rocket)|Black Brant]]; over 1,000 Black Brants have been launched since the rocket's introduction in 1961.<ref name="Godefroy2017">{{Cite book |last=Godefroy |first=Andrew B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JVLJDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA41 |title=The Canadian Space Program: From Black Brant to the International Space Station |publisher=Springer |year=2017 |isbn=978-3-319-40105-8 |page=41}}</ref>

'''Science and technology in Canada''' consists of three distinct but closely related phenomena:
'''Science and technology in Canada''' consists of three distinct but closely related phenomena:


Line 6: Line 13:
* scientific research in Canada
* scientific research in Canada
* innovation, invention and industrial research in Canada
* innovation, invention and industrial research in Canada

⚫
In 2018, Canada spent approximately C$34.5&nbsp;billion on domestic [[research and development]], of which around $2&nbsp;billion was spent directly by the federal government in-house and an additional $5.7&nbsp;billion was provided by provincial and federal sources in the form of grants.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/181212/dq181212c-eng.htm |title=The Daily – Spending on research and development, 2018 intentions |first=Government of Canada, Statistics |last=Canada |website=statcan.gc.ca |access-date=September 19, 2019 |date=December 22, 2018}}</ref> This investment corresponds to about 1.57% of Canada's [[gross domestic product]], a decline from 1.72% in 2014.<ref name="UNESCO Science Report 2021">{{cite book |editor1-last=Schneegans |editor1-first=S. |editor2-last=Straza |editor2-first=T. |editor3-last=Lewis |editor3-first=J. |title=UNESCO Science Report: the Race Against Time for Smarter Development. |date=11 June 2021 |publisher=UNESCO |location=Paris |isbn=978-92-3-100450-6 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000377433/PDF/377433eng.pdf.multi}}</ref>

Canada was ranked 16th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/|work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=2022-03-05 |language=en}}</ref>


==The diffusion of technology in Canada==
==The diffusion of technology in Canada==

Revision as of 19:52, 3 April 2022

The Canadian-built Space Shuttle robotic arm (left), referred to as Canadarm, transferred the P5 truss segment over to the Canadian-built space station robotic arm, referred to as Canadarm2

In 2018, Canada spent approximately C$34.5 billion on domestic research and development, of which around $2 billion was spent directly by the federal government in-house and an additional $5.7 billion was provided by provincial and federal sources in the form of grants.[1] This investment corresponds to about 1.57% of Canada's gross domestic product, a decline from 1.72% in 2014.[2] Canada was ranked 16th in the Global Innovation Index in 2021. [3] As of 2020, the country has produced fifteen Nobel laureates in physics, chemistry, and medicine,[4] and was ranked fourth worldwide for scientific research quality in a major 2012 survey of international scientists.[5] It is furthermore home to the headquarters of a number of global technology firms.[6] Canada has one of the highest levels of Internet access in the world, with over 33 million users, equivalent to around 94 percent of its total 2014 population.[7] Canada was ranked 16th in the Global Innovation Index in 2021 and 17th in 2019 and 2020.[8][9][10]

Some of the most notable scientific developments in Canada include the creation of the modern alkaline battery[11] and the polio vaccine[12] and discoveries about the interior structure of the atomic nucleus.[13] Other major Canadian scientific contributions include the artificial cardiac pacemaker, mapping the visual cortex,[14][15] the development of the electron microscope,[16][17] plate tectonics, deep learning, multi-touch technology and the identification of the first black hole, Cygnus X-1.[18] Canada has a long history of discovery in genetics, which include stem cells, site-directed mutagenesis, T-cell receptor and the identification of the genes that cause Fanconi anemia, cystic fibrosis and early-onset Alzheimer's disease, among numerous other diseases.[15][19]

The Canadian Space Agency operates a highly active space program, conducting deep-space, planetary, and aviation research, and developing rockets and satellites.[20] Canada was the third country to design and construct a satellite after the Soviet Union and the United States, with the 1962 Alouette 1 launch.[21] Canada is a participant in the International Space Station (ISS), and is a pioneer in space robotics, having constructed the Canadarm, Canadarm2 and Dextre robotic manipulators for the ISS and NASA's Space Shuttle.[22] Since the 1960s, Canada's aerospace industry has designed and built numerous marques of satellite, including Radarsat-1 and 2, ISIS and MOST.[23] Canada has also produced one of the world's most successful and widely used sounding rockets, the Black Brant; over 1,000 Black Brants have been launched since the rocket's introduction in 1961.[24]

Science and technology in Canada consists of three distinct but closely related phenomena:

  • the diffusion of technology in Canada
  • scientific research in Canada
  • innovation, invention and industrial research in Canada

The diffusion of technology in Canada

Main article: Diffusion of technology in Canada

Scientific research in Canada

Main article: Scientific research in Canada

Innovation, invention, and industrial research in Canada

Main article: Invention in Canada

Technological and industrial history of Canada

Main article: Technological and industrial history of Canada
See also: Technological and industrial history of 20th-century Canada
See also: Technological and industrial history of 21st-century Canada

See also

References

  1. ^ Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics (December 22, 2018). "The Daily – Spending on research and development, 2018 intentions". statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved September 19, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Schneegans, S.; Straza, T.; Lewis, J., eds. (11 June 2021). UNESCO Science Report: the Race Against Time for Smarter Development. Paris: UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-3-100450-6.
  3. ^ "Global Innovation Index 2021". World Intellectual Property Organization. United Nations. Retrieved 2022-03-05.
  4. ^ "Canadian Nobel Prize in Science Laureates". Science.ca. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
  5. ^ McIlroy, Anne (September 26, 2012). "Canada ranked fourth in the world for scientific research". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on October 4, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2012.
  6. ^ "Top 250 Canadian Technology Companies". Branham Group Inc. 2014. Archived from the original on March 15, 2015. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
  7. ^ "Internet Usage and Population in North America". Internet World Stats. June 2014. Archived from the original on February 7, 2015. Retrieved February 7, 2015.
  8. ^ "Global Innovation Index 2021". World Intellectual Property Organization. United Nations. Retrieved 2022-03-05.
  9. ^ "Release of the Global Innovation Index 2020: Who Will Finance Innovation?". WIPO. Retrieved September 2, 2021.
  10. ^ "Global Innovation Index 2019". WIPO. Retrieved September 2, 2021.
  11. ^ "Lew Urry". Science.ca.
  12. ^ "Leone N. Farrell". Science.ca.
  13. ^ "Leon Katz". Science.ca.
  14. ^ Strauss, Evelyn (2005). "2005 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award". Lasker Foundation. Archived from the original on July 16, 2010. Retrieved November 23, 2008.
  15. ^ a b "Top ten Canadian scientific achievements". GCS Research Society. 2015.
  16. ^ "James Hillier". Inventor of the Week. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on August 8, 2013. Retrieved November 20, 2008.
  17. ^ Pearce, Jeremy (January 22, 2007). "James Hillier, 91, Dies; Co-Developed Electron Microscope". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 25, 2014. Retrieved November 20, 2008.
  18. ^ Bolton, C. T. (1972). "Identification of Cygnus X-1 with HDE 226868". Nature. 235 (2): 271–273. Bibcode:1972Natur.235..271B. doi:10.1038/235271b0. S2CID 4222070.
  19. ^ Strathdee, C.A.; Gavish, H.; Shannon, W.; Buchwald, M. (1992). "Cloning of cDNAs for Fanconi's anemia by functional complementation". Nature. 356 (6372): 763–767. Bibcode:1992Natur.356..763S. doi:10.1038/356763a0. PMID 1574115. S2CID 4250632.
  20. ^ "Canadian Space Milestones". Canadian Space Agency. 2016. Archived from the original on October 8, 2009.
  21. ^ Angelo, Joseph A. (2009). Encyclopedia of Space and Astronomy. Infobase Publishing. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-4381-1018-9.
  22. ^ Bidaud, Philippe; Dupuis, Erick (2012). "An overview of Canadian space robotics activities". Field Robotics: Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Climbing and Walking Robots and the Support Technologies for Mobile Machines. World Scientific. pp. 35–37. ISBN 978-981-4374-27-9.
  23. ^ "The Canadian Aerospace Industry praises the federal government for recognizing Space as a strategic capability for Canada". Newswire. March 11, 2010. Archived from the original on June 9, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
  24. ^ Godefroy, Andrew B. (2017). The Canadian Space Program: From Black Brant to the International Space Station. Springer. p. 41. ISBN 978-3-319-40105-8.

Further reading

Main article: Bibliography of Science and technology in Canada

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Science and technology in Canada.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Science_and_technology_in_Canada&oldid=1080842618"