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<!-- Definition and symptoms -->
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'''Hemorrhoids''', also called '''piles''', are [[sinusoid (blood vessel)|vascular]] structures in the [[anal canal]].<ref>{{cite book |author = Chen, Herbert |title = Illustrative Handbook of General Surgery |publisher = Springer |location = Berlin |year = 2010 |page = 217 |isbn = 1-84882-088-7 }}</ref><ref name=World09>{{cite journal |last1 = Schubert |first1 = MC |last2 = Sridhar |first2 = S |last3 = Schade |first3 = RR |last4 = Wexner |first4 = SD |title = What every gastroenterologist needs to know about common anorectal disorders |journal = World J Gastroenterol |volume = 15 |issue = 26 |pages = 3201–9 |date = July 2009 |pmid = 19598294 |pmc = 2710774 |doi = 10.3748/wjg.15.3201 |issn = 1007-9327 }}</ref> In their normal state, they are cushions that help with [[Human feces|stool]] control.<ref name=Beck2011>{{cite book |last1 = Beck |first1 = David E. |title = The ASCRS textbook of colon and rectal surgery |date = 2011 |publisher = Springer |location = New York |isbn = 978-1-4419-1581-8 |page = 175 |edition = 2nd |url = https://books.google.ca/books?id=DhQ1A35E8jwC&pg=PA174 }}</ref> They become a disease when [[swelling (medical)|swollen]] or [[inflammation|inflamed]]; the unqualified term "hemorrhoid" is often used to refer to the disease.<ref name=World09 /> The signs and symptoms of hemorrhoids depend on the type present.<ref name=Sun2016 /> Internal hemorrhoids are usually present with painless, bright red [[hematochezia|rectal bleeding]] when [[defecation|defecating]].<ref name=NIH2013>{{cite web |title = Hemorrhoids |url = http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/hemorrhoids/Pages/facts.aspx |website = National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases |accessdate = 15 February 2016 |date = November 2013 }}</ref><ref name=Sun2016 /> External hemorrhoids often result in pain and swelling in the area of the [[anus]].<!-- <ref name=Sun2016 /> --> If bleeding occurs it is usually darker.<ref name=Sun2016 /> Symptoms frequently get better after a few days.<ref name=NIH2013 /> A [[acrochordon|skin tag]] may remain after the healing of an external hemorrhoid.<ref name=Sun2016 />
'''Hemorrhoids''', also called '''piles''', are [[sinusoid (blood vessel)|vascular]] structures in the [[anal canal]].<ref>{{cite book |author = Chen, Herbert |title = Illustrative Handbook of General Surgery |publisher = Springer |location = Berlin |year = 2010 |page = 217 |isbn = 1-84882-088-7 }}</ref><ref name=World09>{{cite journal |last1 = Schubert |first1 = MC |last2 = Sridhar |first2 = S |last3 = Schade |first3 = RR |last4 = Wexner |first4 = SD |title = What every gastroenterologist needs to know about common anorectal disorders |journal = World J Gastroenterol |volume = 15 |issue = 26 |pages = 3201–9 |date = July 2009 |pmid = 19598294 |pmc = 2710774 |doi = 10.3748/wjg.15.3201 |issn = 1007-9327 }}</ref> In their normal state, they are cushions that help with [[Human feces|stool]] control.<ref name=Beck2011>{{cite book |last1 = Beck |first1 = David E. |title = The ASCRS textbook of colon and rectal surgery |date = 2011 |publisher = Springer |location = New York |isbn = 978-1-4419-1581-8 |page = 175 |edition = 2nd |url = https://books.google.ca/books?id=DhQ1A35E8jwC&pg=PA174 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20141230143156/https://books.google.ca/books?id=DhQ1A35E8jwC&pg=PA174 |archivedate = 2014-12-30 |df = }}</ref> They become a disease when [[swelling (medical)|swollen]] or [[inflammation|inflamed]]; the unqualified term "hemorrhoid" is often used to refer to the disease.<ref name=World09 /> The signs and symptoms of hemorrhoids depend on the type present.<ref name=Sun2016 /> Internal hemorrhoids are usually present with painless, bright red [[hematochezia|rectal bleeding]] when [[defecation|defecating]].<ref name=NIH2013>{{cite web |title = Hemorrhoids |url = http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/hemorrhoids/Pages/facts.aspx |website = National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases |accessdate = 15 February 2016 |date = November 2013 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160126115453/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/hemorrhoids/Pages/facts.aspx |archivedate = 26 January 2016 |df = }}</ref><ref name=Sun2016 /> External hemorrhoids often result in pain and swelling in the area of the [[anus]].<!-- <ref name=Sun2016 /> --> If bleeding occurs it is usually darker.<ref name=Sun2016 /> Symptoms frequently get better after a few days.<ref name=NIH2013 /> A [[acrochordon|skin tag]] may remain after the healing of an external hemorrhoid.<ref name=Sun2016 />


<!-- Cause and diagnosis -->
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=== Internal ===
=== Internal ===
Internal hemorrhoids usually present with painless, bright red [[rectal bleeding]] during or following a bowel movement.<ref name=World09 /> The blood typically covers the stool (a condition known as [[hematochezia]]), is on the toilet paper, or drips into the toilet bowl.<ref name=World09 /> The stool itself is usually normally coloured.<ref name=World09 /> Other symptoms may include mucous discharge, a perianal mass if they [[prolapse]] through the anus, [[Pruritus ani|itchiness]], and [[fecal incontinence]].<ref name=AFP2006>{{cite journal |last = Davies |first = RJ |title = Haemorrhoids. |journal = Clinical evidence |date = June 2006 |issue = 15 |pages = 711–24 |pmid = 16973032 |url = http://www.aafp.org/afp/2006/1001/p1168.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last = Azimuddin |first = edited by Indru Khubchandani, Nina Paonessa, Khawaja |title = Surgical treatment of hemorrhoids |year = 2009 |publisher = Springer |location = New York |isbn = 978-1-84800-313-2 |page = 21 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7WC4f7BhChEC&pg=PA21 |edition = 2nd }}</ref> Internal hemorrhoids are usually only painful if they become thrombosed or [[necrosis|necrotic]].<ref name=World09 />
Internal hemorrhoids usually present with painless, bright red [[rectal bleeding]] during or following a bowel movement.<ref name=World09 /> The blood typically covers the stool (a condition known as [[hematochezia]]), is on the toilet paper, or drips into the toilet bowl.<ref name=World09 /> The stool itself is usually normally coloured.<ref name=World09 /> Other symptoms may include mucous discharge, a perianal mass if they [[prolapse]] through the anus, [[Pruritus ani|itchiness]], and [[fecal incontinence]].<ref name=AFP2006>{{cite journal |last = Davies |first = RJ |title = Haemorrhoids. |journal = Clinical evidence |date = June 2006 |issue = 15 |pages = 711–24 |pmid = 16973032 |url = http://www.aafp.org/afp/2006/1001/p1168.html |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130520225522/http://www.aafp.org/afp/2006/1001/p1168.html |archivedate = 2013-05-20 |df = }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last = Azimuddin |first = edited by Indru Khubchandani, Nina Paonessa, Khawaja |title = Surgical treatment of hemorrhoids |year = 2009 |publisher = Springer |location = New York |isbn = 978-1-84800-313-2 |page = 21 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7WC4f7BhChEC&pg=PA21 |edition = 2nd |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170908184817/https://books.google.com/books?id=7WC4f7BhChEC&pg=PA21 |archivedate = 2017-09-08 |df = }}</ref> Internal hemorrhoids are usually only painful if they become thrombosed or [[necrosis|necrotic]].<ref name=World09 />


== Causes ==
== Causes ==
The exact cause of symptomatic hemorrhoids is unknown.<ref name=CE2009 /> A number of factors are believed to play a role, including irregular bowel habits ([[constipation]] or [[diarrhea]]), lack of exercise, nutritional factors (low-fiber diets), increased intra-abdominal pressure (prolonged straining, [[ascites]], an intra-abdominal mass, or [[pregnancy]]), genetics, an absence of valves within the hemorrhoidal veins, and aging.<ref name=Review09 /><ref name=Kaidar2007 /> Other factors believed to increase risk include [[obesity]], prolonged sitting,<ref name=World09 /> a [[chronic condition|chronic]] [[cough]], and [[pelvic floor dysfunction]].<ref name=Beck2011 /> Squatting while defecating may also increase the risk of severe hemorrhoids.<ref>{{cite book |last1 = Bland |first1 = Kirby I. |last2 = Sarr |first2 = Michael G. |last3 = Büchler |first3 = Markus W. |last4 = Csendes |first4 = Attila |last5 = Garden |first5 = Oliver James |last6 = Wong |first6 = John |title = General Surgery: Principles and International Practice |date = 2008 |publisher = Springer Science & Business Media |isbn = 9781846288326 |page = 857 |url = https://books.google.ca/books?id=0sdcAQLAc-MC&pg=PA857 |language = en }}</ref> Evidence for these associations, however, is poor.<ref name=Beck2011 />
The exact cause of symptomatic hemorrhoids is unknown.<ref name=CE2009 /> A number of factors are believed to play a role, including irregular bowel habits ([[constipation]] or [[diarrhea]]), lack of exercise, nutritional factors (low-fiber diets), increased intra-abdominal pressure (prolonged straining, [[ascites]], an intra-abdominal mass, or [[pregnancy]]), genetics, an absence of valves within the hemorrhoidal veins, and aging.<ref name=Review09 /><ref name=Kaidar2007 /> Other factors believed to increase risk include [[obesity]], prolonged sitting,<ref name=World09 /> a [[chronic condition|chronic]] [[cough]], and [[pelvic floor dysfunction]].<ref name=Beck2011 /> Squatting while defecating may also increase the risk of severe hemorrhoids.<ref>{{cite book |last1 = Bland |first1 = Kirby I. |last2 = Sarr |first2 = Michael G. |last3 = Büchler |first3 = Markus W. |last4 = Csendes |first4 = Attila |last5 = Garden |first5 = Oliver James |last6 = Wong |first6 = John |title = General Surgery: Principles and International Practice |date = 2008 |publisher = Springer Science & Business Media |isbn = 9781846288326 |page = 857 |url = https://books.google.ca/books?id=0sdcAQLAc-MC&pg=PA857 |language = en |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170811182237/https://books.google.ca/books?id=0sdcAQLAc-MC&pg=PA857 |archivedate = 2017-08-11 |df = }}</ref> Evidence for these associations, however, is poor.<ref name=Beck2011 />


During pregnancy, pressure from the [[fetus]] on the abdomen and hormonal changes cause the hemorrhoidal vessels to enlarge. The birth of the baby also leads to increased intra-abdominal pressures.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/hemorrhoids/ |title=Hemorrhoids |accessdate={{date|2010-03-18}} |author=National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse | date=November 2004 |work=[[National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases]] (NIDDK), [[NIH]] }}</ref> Pregnant women rarely need surgical treatment, as symptoms usually resolve after delivery.<ref name=Review09 />
During pregnancy, pressure from the [[fetus]] on the abdomen and hormonal changes cause the hemorrhoidal vessels to enlarge. The birth of the baby also leads to increased intra-abdominal pressures.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/hemorrhoids/ |title=Hemorrhoids |accessdate={{date|2010-03-18}} |author=National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse |date=November 2004 |work=[[National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases]] (NIDDK), [[NIH]] |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323231446/http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/hemorrhoids/ |archivedate=2010-03-23 |df= }}</ref> Pregnant women rarely need surgical treatment, as symptoms usually resolve after delivery.<ref name=Review09 />


== Pathophysiology ==
== Pathophysiology ==
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== Prevention ==
== Prevention ==
A number of preventative measures are recommended, including avoiding straining while attempting to defecate, avoiding constipation and diarrhea either by eating a high-fiber diet and drinking plenty of fluid or by taking fiber supplements, and getting sufficient exercise.<ref name=Kaidar2007 /><ref>{{cite book |author = Frank J Domino |title = The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2013 (Griffith's 5 Minute Clinical Consult) |publisher = Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location = Hagerstown, MD |year = 2012 |page = 572 |isbn = 1-4511-3735-4 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rrdEq9tb-WYC&pg=PA572 |doi = |accessdate = }}</ref> Spending less time attempting to [[defecate]], avoiding reading while on the toilet,<ref name=Review09 /> and losing weight for overweight persons and avoiding heavy lifting are also recommended.<ref>{{cite book |last = Glass |first = [edited by] Jill C. Cash, Cheryl A. |title = Family practice guidelines |publisher = Springer |location = New York |isbn = 978-0-8261-1812-7 |page = 665 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4uKsZZ4BoRUC&pg=PA665&lpg=PA665 |edition = 2nd }}</ref>
A number of preventative measures are recommended, including avoiding straining while attempting to defecate, avoiding constipation and diarrhea either by eating a high-fiber diet and drinking plenty of fluid or by taking fiber supplements, and getting sufficient exercise.<ref name=Kaidar2007 /><ref>{{cite book |author = Frank J Domino |title = The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2013 (Griffith's 5 Minute Clinical Consult) |publisher = Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location = Hagerstown, MD |year = 2012 |page = 572 |isbn = 1-4511-3735-4 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rrdEq9tb-WYC&pg=PA572 |doi = |accessdate = |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170908184817/https://books.google.com/books?id=rrdEq9tb-WYC&pg=PA572 |archivedate = 2017-09-08 |df = }}</ref> Spending less time attempting to [[defecate]], avoiding reading while on the toilet,<ref name=Review09 /> and losing weight for overweight persons and avoiding heavy lifting are also recommended.<ref>{{cite book |last = Glass |first = [edited by] Jill C. Cash, Cheryl A. |title = Family practice guidelines |publisher = Springer |location = New York |isbn = 978-0-8261-1812-7 |page = 665 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4uKsZZ4BoRUC&pg=PA665&lpg=PA665 |edition = 2nd |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170908184817/https://books.google.com/books?id=4uKsZZ4BoRUC&pg=PA665&lpg=PA665 |archivedate = 2017-09-08 |df = }}</ref>


== Management ==
== Management ==
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Conservative treatment typically consists of foods rich in [[dietary fiber]], intake of oral fluids to maintain hydration, [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug]]s, [[sitz bath]]s, and rest.<ref name=Review09 /> Increased fiber intake has been shown to improve outcomes<ref name=Alon2005>{{cite journal |last1 = Alonso-Coello |first1 = P. |last2 = Guyatt |first2 = G. H. |last3 = Heels-Ansdell |first3 = D. |last4 = Johanson |first4 = J. F. |last5 = Lopez-Yarto |first5 = M. |last6 = Mills |first6 = E. |last7 = Zhuo |first7 = Q. |last8 = Alonso-Coello |first8 = Pablo |title = Laxatives for the treatment of hemorrhoids |journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume = |issue = 4 |pages = CD004649 |year = 2005 |pmid = 16235372 |doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD004649.pub2 |editor1-last = Alonso-Coello |editor1-first = Pablo }}</ref> and may be achieved by dietary alterations or the consumption of [[fibre supplements|fiber supplements]].<ref name=Review09 /><ref name=Alon2005 /> Evidence for benefits from sitz baths during any point in treatment, however, is lacking.<ref>{{cite journal |last = Lang |first = DS |author2 = Tho, PC |author3 = Ang, EN |title = Effectiveness of the Sitz bath in managing adult patients with anorectal disorders |journal = Japan journal of nursing science : JJNS |date = December 2011 |volume = 8 |issue = 2 |pages = 115–28 |pmid = 22117576 |doi = 10.1111/j.1742-7924.2011.00175.x }}</ref> If they are used, they should be limited to 15 minutes at a time.<ref name=Beck2011 />{{rp|182}}
Conservative treatment typically consists of foods rich in [[dietary fiber]], intake of oral fluids to maintain hydration, [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug]]s, [[sitz bath]]s, and rest.<ref name=Review09 /> Increased fiber intake has been shown to improve outcomes<ref name=Alon2005>{{cite journal |last1 = Alonso-Coello |first1 = P. |last2 = Guyatt |first2 = G. H. |last3 = Heels-Ansdell |first3 = D. |last4 = Johanson |first4 = J. F. |last5 = Lopez-Yarto |first5 = M. |last6 = Mills |first6 = E. |last7 = Zhuo |first7 = Q. |last8 = Alonso-Coello |first8 = Pablo |title = Laxatives for the treatment of hemorrhoids |journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume = |issue = 4 |pages = CD004649 |year = 2005 |pmid = 16235372 |doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD004649.pub2 |editor1-last = Alonso-Coello |editor1-first = Pablo }}</ref> and may be achieved by dietary alterations or the consumption of [[fibre supplements|fiber supplements]].<ref name=Review09 /><ref name=Alon2005 /> Evidence for benefits from sitz baths during any point in treatment, however, is lacking.<ref>{{cite journal |last = Lang |first = DS |author2 = Tho, PC |author3 = Ang, EN |title = Effectiveness of the Sitz bath in managing adult patients with anorectal disorders |journal = Japan journal of nursing science : JJNS |date = December 2011 |volume = 8 |issue = 2 |pages = 115–28 |pmid = 22117576 |doi = 10.1111/j.1742-7924.2011.00175.x }}</ref> If they are used, they should be limited to 15 minutes at a time.<ref name=Beck2011 />{{rp|182}}


While many [[topical agent]]s and [[suppositories]] are available for the treatment of hemorrhoids, little evidence supports their use.<ref name=Review09 /> [[Steroid]]-containing agents should not be used for more than 14 days, as they may cause thinning of the skin.<ref name=Review09 /> Most agents include a combination of active ingredients.<ref name=Beck2011 /> These may include a barrier cream such as [[petroleum jelly]] or [[zinc oxide]], an analgesic agent such as [[lidocaine]], and a [[vasoconstrictor]] such as [[epinephrine]].<ref name=Beck2011 /> Some contain [[Balsam of Peru]] to which certain people may be allergic.<ref name="dermnetnz1">{{cite web |url = http://dermnetnz.org/dermatitis/balsam-of-peru-allergy.html |title = Balsam of Peru contact allergy |publisher = Dermnetnz.org |date = December 28, 2013 |accessdate = March 5, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title = The ASCRS Textbook of Colon and Rectal Surgery: Second Edition |year = 2011|ISBN=978-1-4419-1581-8 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DhQ1A35E8jwC&pg=PA280 }}</ref>
While many [[topical agent]]s and [[suppositories]] are available for the treatment of hemorrhoids, little evidence supports their use.<ref name=Review09 /> [[Steroid]]-containing agents should not be used for more than 14 days, as they may cause thinning of the skin.<ref name=Review09 /> Most agents include a combination of active ingredients.<ref name=Beck2011 /> These may include a barrier cream such as [[petroleum jelly]] or [[zinc oxide]], an analgesic agent such as [[lidocaine]], and a [[vasoconstrictor]] such as [[epinephrine]].<ref name=Beck2011 /> Some contain [[Balsam of Peru]] to which certain people may be allergic.<ref name="dermnetnz1">{{cite web |url = http://dermnetnz.org/dermatitis/balsam-of-peru-allergy.html |title = Balsam of Peru contact allergy |publisher = Dermnetnz.org |date = December 28, 2013 |accessdate = March 5, 2014 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140305094411/http://dermnetnz.org/dermatitis/balsam-of-peru-allergy.html |archivedate = March 5, 2014 |df = }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title = The ASCRS Textbook of Colon and Rectal Surgery: Second Edition |year = 2011 |ISBN = 978-1-4419-1581-8 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DhQ1A35E8jwC&pg=PA280 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140704121836/http://books.google.com/books?id=DhQ1A35E8jwC&pg=PA280 |archivedate = 2014-07-04 |df = }}</ref>


[[Flavonoids]] are of questionable benefit, with potential side effects.<ref name=Beck2011 /><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors = Alonso-Coello P, Zhou Q, Martinez-Zapata MJ, etal |title = Meta-analysis of flavonoids for the treatment of haemorrhoids |journal = Br J Surg |volume = 93 |issue = 8 |pages = 909–20 |date = August 2006 |pmid = 16736537 |doi = 10.1002/bjs.5378 |url = }}</ref> Symptoms usually resolve following pregnancy; thus active treatment is often delayed until after delivery.<ref>{{cite journal |last = Quijano |first = CE |author2 = Abalos, E |title = Conservative management of symptomatic and/or complicated haemorrhoids in pregnancy and the puerperium |journal = Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) |date = Jul 20, 2005 |issue = 3 |pages = CD004077 |pmid = 16034920 |doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD004077.pub2 }}</ref> Evidence does not support the use of [[Traditional Chinese medicine|traditional Chinese herbal treatment]] .<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006791.pub2/abstract|title=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|last=Gan|first=Tao|last2=Liu|first2=Yue-dong|last3=Wang|first3=Yiping|last4=Yang|first4=Jinlin|date=2010-10-06|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd|isbn = |language=en|doi=10.1002/14651858.cd006791.pub2}}</ref>
[[Flavonoids]] are of questionable benefit, with potential side effects.<ref name=Beck2011 /><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors = Alonso-Coello P, Zhou Q, Martinez-Zapata MJ, etal |title = Meta-analysis of flavonoids for the treatment of haemorrhoids |journal = Br J Surg |volume = 93 |issue = 8 |pages = 909–20 |date = August 2006 |pmid = 16736537 |doi = 10.1002/bjs.5378 |url = }}</ref> Symptoms usually resolve following pregnancy; thus active treatment is often delayed until after delivery.<ref>{{cite journal |last = Quijano |first = CE |author2 = Abalos, E |title = Conservative management of symptomatic and/or complicated haemorrhoids in pregnancy and the puerperium |journal = Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) |date = Jul 20, 2005 |issue = 3 |pages = CD004077 |pmid = 16034920 |doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD004077.pub2 }}</ref> Evidence does not support the use of [[Traditional Chinese medicine|traditional Chinese herbal treatment]] .<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006791.pub2/abstract|title=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|last=Gan|first=Tao|last2=Liu|first2=Yue-dong|last3=Wang|first3=Yiping|last4=Yang|first4=Jinlin|date=2010-10-06|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd|isbn=|language=en|doi=10.1002/14651858.cd006791.pub2|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904194233/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006791.pub2/abstract|archivedate=2017-09-04|df=}}</ref>


=== Procedures ===
=== Procedures ===
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=== Surgery ===
=== Surgery ===
A number of surgical techniques may be used if conservative management and simple procedures fail.<ref name=NG2011 /> All surgical treatments are associated with some degree of complications including bleeding, infection, [[anal stricture]]s and [[urinary retention]], due to the close proximity of the rectum to the nerves that supply the bladder.<ref name=Review09 /> Also, a small risk of [[fecal incontinence]] occurs, particularly of liquid,<ref name=Beck2011 /><ref name="Pescatori 2008">{{cite journal |last = Pescatori |first = M |author2 = Gagliardi, G |title = Postoperative complications after procedure for prolapsed hemorrhoids (PPH) and stapled transanal rectal resection (STARR) procedures |journal = Techniques in coloproctology |date = March 2008 |volume = 12 |issue = 1 |pages = 7–19 |pmid = 18512007 |doi = 10.1007/s10151-008-0391-0 |pmc = 2778725 }}</ref> with rates reported between 0% and 28%.<ref>{{cite journal |last = Ommer |first = A |author2 = Wenger, FA |author3 = Rolfs, T |author4 = Walz, MK |title = Continence disorders after anal surgery—a relevant problem? |journal = International journal of colorectal disease |date = November 2008 |volume = 23 |issue = 11 |pages = 1023–31 |pmid = 18629515 |doi = 10.1007/s00384-008-0524-y }}</ref> Mucosal [[ectropion]] is another condition which may occur after hemorrhoidectomy (often together with anal stenosis).<ref name=Garcia2002>{{cite journal |last = Lagares-Garcia |first = JA |author2 = Nogueras, JJ |title = Anal stenosis and mucosal ectropion. |journal = The Surgical clinics of North America |date = December 2002 |volume = 82 |issue = 6 |pages = 1225–31, vii |pmid = 12516850 |doi = 10.1016/s0039-6109(02)00081-6 }}</ref> This is where the anal mucosa becomes everted from the anus, similar to a very mild form of [[rectal prolapse]].<ref name=Garcia2002 />
A number of surgical techniques may be used if conservative management and simple procedures fail.<ref name=NG2011 /> All surgical treatments are associated with some degree of complications including bleeding, infection, [[anal stricture]]s and [[urinary retention]], due to the close proximity of the rectum to the nerves that supply the bladder.<ref name=Review09 /> Also, a small risk of [[fecal incontinence]] occurs, particularly of liquid,<ref name=Beck2011 /><ref name="Pescatori 2008">{{cite journal |last = Pescatori |first = M |author2 = Gagliardi, G |title = Postoperative complications after procedure for prolapsed hemorrhoids (PPH) and stapled transanal rectal resection (STARR) procedures |journal = Techniques in coloproctology |date = March 2008 |volume = 12 |issue = 1 |pages = 7–19 |pmid = 18512007 |doi = 10.1007/s10151-008-0391-0 |pmc = 2778725 }}</ref> with rates reported between 0% and 28%.<ref>{{cite journal |last = Ommer |first = A |author2 = Wenger, FA |author3 = Rolfs, T |author4 = Walz, MK |title = Continence disorders after anal surgery—a relevant problem? |journal = International journal of colorectal disease |date = November 2008 |volume = 23 |issue = 11 |pages = 1023–31 |pmid = 18629515 |doi = 10.1007/s00384-008-0524-y }}</ref> Mucosal [[ectropion]] is another condition which may occur after hemorrhoidectomy (often together with anal stenosis).<ref name=Garcia2002>{{cite journal |last = Lagares-Garcia |first = JA |author2 = Nogueras, JJ |title = Anal stenosis and mucosal ectropion. |journal = The Surgical clinics of North America |date = December 2002 |volume = 82 |issue = 6 |pages = 1225–31, vii |pmid = 12516850 |doi = 10.1016/s0039-6109(02)00081-6 }}</ref> This is where the anal mucosa becomes everted from the anus, similar to a very mild form of [[rectal prolapse]].<ref name=Garcia2002 />
* Excisional hemorrhoidectomy is a surgical excision of the hemorrhoid used primarily only in severe cases.<ref name=Review09 /> It is associated with significant postoperative pain and usually requires 2–4&nbsp;weeks for recovery.<ref name=Review09 /> However, the long-term benefit is greater in those with grade 3 hemorrhoids as compared to rubber band ligation.<ref>{{cite journal |last = Shanmugam |first = V |author2 = Thaha, MA |author3 = Rabindranath, KS |author4 = Campbell, KL |author5 = Steele, RJ |author6 = Loudon, MA |title = Rubber band ligation versus excisional haemorrhoidectomy for haemorrhoids |journal = Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) |date = Jul 20, 2005 |issue = 3 |pages = CD005034 |pmid = 16034963 |doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD005034.pub2 }}</ref> It is the recommended treatment in those with a [[perianal hematoma|thrombosed external hemorrhoid]] if carried out within 24–72&nbsp;hours.<ref name=Day2006>{{cite book |last = Dayton |first = senior editor, Peter F. Lawrence; editors, Richard Bell, Merril T. |title = Essentials of general surgery |year = 2006 |publisher = Williams & Wilkins |location = Philadelphia ;Baltimore |isbn = 978-0-7817-5003-5 |page = 329 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QOeHP5Ky610C&pg=PA329 |edition = 4th }}</ref><ref name=NG2011 /> [[Glyceryl trinitrate (pharmacology)|Glyceryl trinitrate]] ointment after the procedure helps both with pain and healing.<ref>{{cite journal |last = Ratnasingham |first = K |author2 = Uzzaman, M |author3 = Andreani, SM |author4 = Light, D |author5 = Patel, B |title = Meta-analysis of the use of glyceryl trinitrate ointment after haemorrhoidectomy as an analgesic and in promoting wound healing |journal = International journal of surgery (London, England) |year = 2010 |volume = 8 |issue = 8 |pages = 606–11 |pmid = 20691294 |doi = 10.1016/j.ijsu.2010.04.012 }}</ref>
* Excisional hemorrhoidectomy is a surgical excision of the hemorrhoid used primarily only in severe cases.<ref name=Review09 /> It is associated with significant postoperative pain and usually requires 2–4&nbsp;weeks for recovery.<ref name=Review09 /> However, the long-term benefit is greater in those with grade 3 hemorrhoids as compared to rubber band ligation.<ref>{{cite journal |last = Shanmugam |first = V |author2 = Thaha, MA |author3 = Rabindranath, KS |author4 = Campbell, KL |author5 = Steele, RJ |author6 = Loudon, MA |title = Rubber band ligation versus excisional haemorrhoidectomy for haemorrhoids |journal = Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) |date = Jul 20, 2005 |issue = 3 |pages = CD005034 |pmid = 16034963 |doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD005034.pub2 }}</ref> It is the recommended treatment in those with a [[perianal hematoma|thrombosed external hemorrhoid]] if carried out within 24–72&nbsp;hours.<ref name=Day2006>{{cite book |last = Dayton |first = senior editor, Peter F. Lawrence; editors, Richard Bell, Merril T. |title = Essentials of general surgery |year = 2006 |publisher = Williams & Wilkins |location = Philadelphia ;Baltimore |isbn = 978-0-7817-5003-5 |page = 329 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QOeHP5Ky610C&pg=PA329 |edition = 4th |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170908184817/https://books.google.com/books?id=QOeHP5Ky610C&pg=PA329 |archivedate = 2017-09-08 |df = }}</ref><ref name=NG2011 /> [[Glyceryl trinitrate (pharmacology)|Glyceryl trinitrate]] ointment after the procedure helps both with pain and healing.<ref>{{cite journal |last = Ratnasingham |first = K |author2 = Uzzaman, M |author3 = Andreani, SM |author4 = Light, D |author5 = Patel, B |title = Meta-analysis of the use of glyceryl trinitrate ointment after haemorrhoidectomy as an analgesic and in promoting wound healing |journal = International journal of surgery (London, England) |year = 2010 |volume = 8 |issue = 8 |pages = 606–11 |pmid = 20691294 |doi = 10.1016/j.ijsu.2010.04.012 }}</ref>
* Doppler-guided, [[transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization]] is a minimally invasive treatment using an ultrasound doppler to accurately locate the arterial blood inflow. These arteries are then "tied off" and the prolapsed tissue is sutured back to its normal position. It has a slightly higher recurrence rate, but fewer complications compared to a hemorrhoidectomy.<ref name=Review09 />
* Doppler-guided, [[transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization]] is a minimally invasive treatment using an ultrasound doppler to accurately locate the arterial blood inflow. These arteries are then "tied off" and the prolapsed tissue is sutured back to its normal position. It has a slightly higher recurrence rate, but fewer complications compared to a hemorrhoidectomy.<ref name=Review09 />
* Stapled hemorrhoidectomy, also known as [[stapled hemorrhoidopexy]], involves the removal of much of the abnormally enlarged hemorrhoidal tissue, followed by a repositioning of the remaining hemorrhoidal tissue back to its normal anatomical position. It is generally less painful and is associated with faster healing compared to complete removal of hemorrhoids.<ref name=Review09 /> However, the chance of symptomatic hemorrhoids returning is greater than for conventional hemorroidectomy,<ref name=Jaya2006>{{cite journal |last = Jayaraman |first = S |author2 = Colquhoun, PH |author3 = Malthaner, RA |title = Stapled versus conventional surgery for hemorrhoids |journal = Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) |date = Oct 18, 2006 |issue = 4 |pages = CD005393 |pmid = 17054255 |doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD005393.pub2 }}</ref> so it is typically only recommended for grade 2 or 3 disease.<ref name=NG2011 />
* Stapled hemorrhoidectomy, also known as [[stapled hemorrhoidopexy]], involves the removal of much of the abnormally enlarged hemorrhoidal tissue, followed by a repositioning of the remaining hemorrhoidal tissue back to its normal anatomical position. It is generally less painful and is associated with faster healing compared to complete removal of hemorrhoids.<ref name=Review09 /> However, the chance of symptomatic hemorrhoids returning is greater than for conventional hemorroidectomy,<ref name=Jaya2006>{{cite journal |last = Jayaraman |first = S |author2 = Colquhoun, PH |author3 = Malthaner, RA |title = Stapled versus conventional surgery for hemorrhoids |journal = Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) |date = Oct 18, 2006 |issue = 4 |pages = CD005393 |pmid = 17054255 |doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD005393.pub2 }}</ref> so it is typically only recommended for grade 2 or 3 disease.<ref name=NG2011 />
Line 123: Line 123:
[[Aulus Cornelius Celsus|Celsus]] (25 BC&nbsp;– AD 14) described ligation and excision procedures, and discussed the possible complications.<ref name="Agbo 2011" /> [[Galen]] advocated severing the connection of the arteries to veins, claiming it reduced both pain and the spread of gangrene.<ref name="Agbo 2011">{{cite journal |last = Agbo |first = SP |title = Surgical management of hemorrhoids |journal = Journal of Surgical Technique and Case Report |date = 1 January 2011 |volume = 3 |issue = 2 |page = 68 |doi = 10.4103/2006-8808.92797 }}</ref> The [[Susruta Samhita]] (4th–5th century AD) is similar to the words of Hippocrates, but emphasizes wound cleanliness.<ref name="Charles2002(book)" /> In the 13th century, European surgeons such as [[Lanfranc of Milan]], [[Guy de Chauliac]], [[Henri de Mondeville]], and John of Ardene made great progress and development of the surgical techniques.<ref name="Agbo 2011" />
[[Aulus Cornelius Celsus|Celsus]] (25 BC&nbsp;– AD 14) described ligation and excision procedures, and discussed the possible complications.<ref name="Agbo 2011" /> [[Galen]] advocated severing the connection of the arteries to veins, claiming it reduced both pain and the spread of gangrene.<ref name="Agbo 2011">{{cite journal |last = Agbo |first = SP |title = Surgical management of hemorrhoids |journal = Journal of Surgical Technique and Case Report |date = 1 January 2011 |volume = 3 |issue = 2 |page = 68 |doi = 10.4103/2006-8808.92797 }}</ref> The [[Susruta Samhita]] (4th–5th century AD) is similar to the words of Hippocrates, but emphasizes wound cleanliness.<ref name="Charles2002(book)" /> In the 13th century, European surgeons such as [[Lanfranc of Milan]], [[Guy de Chauliac]], [[Henri de Mondeville]], and John of Ardene made great progress and development of the surgical techniques.<ref name="Agbo 2011" />


In medieval times, hemorrhoids were also known as [[Saint Fiacre]]'s curse after a sixth-century saint who developed them following tilling the soil.<ref name=ascr1>{{Cite web |first = Peter |last = Cataldo |title = Hemorrhoids |publisher = American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons |location = Arlington Heights, IL |url = http://www.fascrs.org/physicians/education/core_subjects/2005/hemorrhoids/ |year = 2005 |accessdate = 30 September 2013 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131203055121/http://www.fascrs.org/physicians/education/core_subjects/2005/hemorrhoids/ |archivedate = 3 December 2013 |df = }}</ref> The first use of the word "hemorrhoid" in English occurs in 1398, derived from the [[Old French]] "emorroides", from [[Latin]] ''hæmorrhoida'',<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dhaemorrhoida hæmorrhoida], Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, ''A Latin Dictionary'', on Perseus Digital Library</ref> in turn from the Greek αἱμορροΐς (''haimorrhois''), "liable to discharge blood", from αἷμα (''haima''), "blood"<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dai%28%3Dma αἷμα], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus Digital Library</ref> and ῥόος (''rhoos''), "stream, flow, current",<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dr%28o%2Fos ῥόος], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus Digital Library</ref> itself from ῥέω (''rheo''), "to flow, to stream".<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dr%28e%2Fw ῥέω], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus Digital Library</ref>
In medieval times, hemorrhoids were also known as [[Saint Fiacre]]'s curse after a sixth-century saint who developed them following tilling the soil.<ref name=ascr1>{{Cite web |first = Peter |last = Cataldo |title = Hemorrhoids |publisher = American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons |location = Arlington Heights, IL |url = http://www.fascrs.org/physicians/education/core_subjects/2005/hemorrhoids/ |year = 2005 |accessdate = 30 September 2013 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131203055121/http://www.fascrs.org/physicians/education/core_subjects/2005/hemorrhoids/ |archivedate = 3 December 2013 |df = }}</ref> The first use of the word "hemorrhoid" in English occurs in 1398, derived from the [[Old French]] "emorroides", from [[Latin]] ''hæmorrhoida'',<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dhaemorrhoida hæmorrhoida] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225135402/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dhaemorrhoida |date=2011-02-25 }}, Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, ''A Latin Dictionary'', on Perseus Digital Library</ref> in turn from the Greek αἱμορροΐς (''haimorrhois''), "liable to discharge blood", from αἷμα (''haima''), "blood"<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dai%28%3Dma αἷμα] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605030523/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dai%28%3Dma |date=2011-06-05 }}, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus Digital Library</ref> and ῥόος (''rhoos''), "stream, flow, current",<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dr%28o%2Fos ῥόος] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605023332/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dr%28o%2Fos |date=2011-06-05 }}, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus Digital Library</ref> itself from ῥέω (''rheo''), "to flow, to stream".<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dr%28e%2Fw ῥέω] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605023328/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dr%28e%2Fw |date=2011-06-05 }}, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus Digital Library</ref>


== Notable cases ==
== Notable cases ==
Hall-of-Fame baseball player [[George Brett (baseball)|George Brett]] was removed from a game in the [[1980 World Series]] due to hemorrhoid pain. After undergoing minor surgery, Brett returned to play in the next game, quipping "...my problems are all behind me."<ref>{{cite news |url = http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20090305&content_id=3921596 |work = Major League Baseball |title = Memories fill Kauffman Stadium |author = Dick Kaegel |date = March 5, 2009 }}</ref> Brett underwent further hemorrhoid surgery the following spring.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0DE2DC1439F932A35750C0A967948260 |work = The New York Times |title = Brett in Hospital for Surgery |date = March 1, 1981 |agency = Associated Press }}</ref> Conservative political commentator [[Glenn Beck]] underwent surgery for hemorrhoids, subsequently describing his unpleasant experience in a widely viewed 2008 [[YouTube]] video.<ref>{{cite news |title = Glenn Beck: Put the 'Care' Back in Health Care |url = http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/PainManagement/story?id=4101741&page=1#.UFchlCakt5R |accessdate = 17 September 2012 |newspaper = ABC Good Morning America |date = Jan 8, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bX1rLv_hNeI |title = Beck From the Dead |type = Mr·Beck speaking from home shortly after hospital |work = [[YouTube]] |publisher = GlennBeckVideos }}</ref> Former U.S. President [[Jimmy Carter]] had surgery for hemorrhoids in 1984.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/19/us/carter-leaves-hospital.html |title = Carter Leaves Hospital |date = January 19, 1984 |work = The New York Times |accessdate = 12 September 2013 }}</ref> Cricketers [[Matthew Hayden]] and [[Viv Richards]] also had the condition.<ref>{{cite web |title = The Five: Wounded pride |url = http://www.smh.com.au/sport/cricket/the-five-wounded-pride-20091212-kpoy.html |website = The Sydney Morning Herald |accessdate = 24 April 2016 }}</ref>
Hall-of-Fame baseball player [[George Brett (baseball)|George Brett]] was removed from a game in the [[1980 World Series]] due to hemorrhoid pain. After undergoing minor surgery, Brett returned to play in the next game, quipping "...my problems are all behind me."<ref>{{cite news |url = http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20090305&content_id=3921596 |work = Major League Baseball |title = Memories fill Kauffman Stadium |author = Dick Kaegel |date = March 5, 2009 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110605011124/http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20090305&content_id=3921596 |archivedate = June 5, 2011 |df = }}</ref> Brett underwent further hemorrhoid surgery the following spring.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0DE2DC1439F932A35750C0A967948260 |work = The New York Times |title = Brett in Hospital for Surgery |date = March 1, 1981 |agency = Associated Press |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090211025738/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0DE2DC1439F932A35750C0A967948260 |archivedate = February 11, 2009 |df = }}</ref> Conservative political commentator [[Glenn Beck]] underwent surgery for hemorrhoids, subsequently describing his unpleasant experience in a widely viewed 2008 [[YouTube]] video.<ref>{{cite news |title = Glenn Beck: Put the 'Care' Back in Health Care |url = http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/PainManagement/story?id=4101741&page=1#.UFchlCakt5R |accessdate = 17 September 2012 |newspaper = ABC Good Morning America |date = Jan 8, 2008 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20121128053313/http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/PainManagement/story?id=4101741&page=1#.UFchlCakt5R |archivedate = 28 November 2012 |df = }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bX1rLv_hNeI |title = Beck From the Dead |type = Mr·Beck speaking from home shortly after hospital |work = [[YouTube]] |publisher = GlennBeckVideos |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160309123422/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bX1rLv_hNeI |archivedate = 2016-03-09 |df = }}</ref> Former U.S. President [[Jimmy Carter]] had surgery for hemorrhoids in 1984.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/19/us/carter-leaves-hospital.html |title = Carter Leaves Hospital |date = January 19, 1984 |work = The New York Times |accessdate = 12 September 2013 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140309123504/http://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/19/us/carter-leaves-hospital.html |archivedate = 9 March 2014 |df = }}</ref> Cricketers [[Matthew Hayden]] and [[Viv Richards]] also had the condition.<ref>{{cite web |title = The Five: Wounded pride |url = http://www.smh.com.au/sport/cricket/the-five-wounded-pride-20091212-kpoy.html |website = The Sydney Morning Herald |accessdate = 24 April 2016 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170203134951/http://www.smh.com.au/sport/cricket/the-five-wounded-pride-20091212-kpoy.html |archivedate = 3 February 2017 |df = }}</ref>
{{Clear}}
{{Clear}}


Revision as of 18:48, 8 September 2017

Hemorrhoids
Other namesHaemorrhoids, piles,[1] hemorrhoidal disease[2]
Diagram demonstrating the anatomy of both internal and external hemorrhoids
Pronunciation
  • UK: /ˈhɛmərɔɪdz/
SpecialtyGeneral surgery
SymptomsInternal: Painless, bright red rectal bleeding[3]
External: Pain and swelling around the anus[4]
Usual onset45–65 years of age[5]
DurationFew days[3]
CausesUnknown[4]
Risk factorsConstipation, diarrhea, sitting on the toilet for a long time, pregnancy[3]
Diagnostic methodExamination, rule out serious causes[2][3]
TreatmentIncreased fiber, drinking fluids, NSAIDs, rest, surgery[6][1]
Frequency50–66% at some point in time[1][3]

Hemorrhoids, also called piles, are vascular structures in the anal canal.[7][8] In their normal state, they are cushions that help with stool control.[2] They become a disease when swollen or inflamed; the unqualified term "hemorrhoid" is often used to refer to the disease.[8] The signs and symptoms of hemorrhoids depend on the type present.[4] Internal hemorrhoids are usually present with painless, bright red rectal bleeding when defecating.[3][4] External hemorrhoids often result in pain and swelling in the area of the anus. If bleeding occurs it is usually darker.[4] Symptoms frequently get better after a few days.[3] A skin tag may remain after the healing of an external hemorrhoid.[4]

While the exact cause of hemorrhoids remains unknown, a number of factors which increase pressure in the abdomen are believed to be involved.[4] This may include constipation, diarrhea, and sitting on the toilet for a long time. Hemorrhoids are also more common during pregnancy. Diagnosis is made by looking at the area.[3] Many people incorrectly refer to any symptom occurring around the anal area as "hemorrhoids" and serious causes of the symptoms should be ruled out.[2] Colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy is reasonable to confirm the diagnosis and rule out more serious causes.[9]

Often, no specific treatment is needed.[9] Initial measures consist of increasing fiber intake, drinking fluids to maintain hydration, NSAIDs to help with pain, and rest.[1] Medicated creams may be applied to the area, but their effectiveness is poorly supported by evidence.[9] A number of minor procedures may be performed if symptoms are severe or do not improve with conservative management. Surgery is reserved for those who fail to improve following these measures.[6]

Approximately 50% to 66% of people have problems with hemorrhoids at some point in their lives.[1][3] Males and females are both affected with about equal frequency.[1] Hemorrhoids affect people most often between 45 and 65 years of age.[5] It is more common among the wealthy.[4] Outcomes are usually good.[3][9] The first known mention of the disease is from a 1700 BC Egyptian papyrus.[10]

Signs and symptoms

External hemorrhoid as seen around the human anus

In about 40% of people with pathological hemorrhoids there are no significant symptoms.[4] Internal and external hemorrhoids may present differently; however, many people may have a combination of the two.[8] Bleeding enough to cause anemia is rare,[5] and life-threatening bleeding is even more uncommon.[11] Many people feel embarrassed when facing the problem[5] and often seek medical care only when the case is advanced.[8]

External

If not thrombosed, external hemorrhoids may cause few problems.[12] However, when thrombosed, hemorrhoids may be very painful.[8][1] Nevertheless, this pain typically resolves in two to three days.[5] The swelling may, however, take a few weeks to disappear.[5] A skin tag may remain after healing.[8] If hemorrhoids are large and cause issues with hygiene, they may produce irritation of the surrounding skin, and thus itchiness around the anus.[12]

Internal

Internal hemorrhoids usually present with painless, bright red rectal bleeding during or following a bowel movement.[8] The blood typically covers the stool (a condition known as hematochezia), is on the toilet paper, or drips into the toilet bowl.[8] The stool itself is usually normally coloured.[8] Other symptoms may include mucous discharge, a perianal mass if they prolapse through the anus, itchiness, and fecal incontinence.[11][13] Internal hemorrhoids are usually only painful if they become thrombosed or necrotic.[8]

Causes

The exact cause of symptomatic hemorrhoids is unknown.[14] A number of factors are believed to play a role, including irregular bowel habits (constipation or diarrhea), lack of exercise, nutritional factors (low-fiber diets), increased intra-abdominal pressure (prolonged straining, ascites, an intra-abdominal mass, or pregnancy), genetics, an absence of valves within the hemorrhoidal veins, and aging.[1][5] Other factors believed to increase risk include obesity, prolonged sitting,[8] a chronic cough, and pelvic floor dysfunction.[2] Squatting while defecating may also increase the risk of severe hemorrhoids.[15] Evidence for these associations, however, is poor.[2]

During pregnancy, pressure from the fetus on the abdomen and hormonal changes cause the hemorrhoidal vessels to enlarge. The birth of the baby also leads to increased intra-abdominal pressures.[16] Pregnant women rarely need surgical treatment, as symptoms usually resolve after delivery.[1]

Pathophysiology

Hemorrhoid cushions are a part of normal human anatomy and become a pathological disease only when they experience abnormal changes.[8] There are three main cushions present in the normal anal canal.[1] These are located classically at left lateral, right anterior, and right posterior positions.[5] They are composed of neither arteries nor veins, but blood vessels called sinusoids, connective tissue, and smooth muscle.[2]: 175  Sinusoids do not have muscle tissue in their walls, as veins do.[8] This set of blood vessels is known as the hemorrhoidal plexus.[2]

Hemorrhoid cushions are important for continence. They contribute to 15–20% of anal closure pressure at rest and protect the internal and external anal sphincter muscles during the passage of stool.[8] When a person bears down, the intra-abdominal pressure grows, and hemorrhoid cushions increase in size, helping maintain anal closure.[5] Hemorrhoid symptoms are believed to result when these vascular structures slide downwards or when venous pressure is excessively increased.[11] Increased internal and external anal sphincter pressure may also be involved in hemorrhoid symptoms.[5] Two types of hemorrhoids occur: internals from the superior hemorrhoidal plexus and externals from the inferior hemorrhoidal plexus.[5] The dentate line divides the two regions.[5]

Diagnosis

Internal hemorrhoid grades
Grade Diagram Picture
1 Endoscopic view
2
3
4

Hemorrhoids are typically diagnosed by physical examination.[6] A visual examination of the anus and surrounding area may diagnose external or prolapsed hemorrhoids.[8] A rectal exam may be performed to detect possible rectal tumors, polyps, an enlarged prostate, or abscesses.[8] This examination may not be possible without appropriate sedation because of pain, although most internal hemorrhoids are not associated with pain.[1] Visual confirmation of internal hemorrhoids may require anoscopy, insertion of a hollow tube device with a light attached at one end.[5] The two types of hemorrhoids are external and internal. These are differentiated by their position with respect to the dentate line.[1] Some persons may concurrently have symptomatic versions of both.[5] If pain is present, the condition is more likely to be an anal fissure or an external hemorrhoid rather than an internal hemorrhoid.[5]

Internal

Internal hemorrhoids originate above the dentate line.[12] They are covered by columnar epithelium, which lacks pain receptors.[2] They were classified in 1985 into four grades based on the degree of prolapse:[2][1]

  • Grade I: No prolapse, just prominent blood vessels[6]
  • Grade II: Prolapse upon bearing down, but spontaneous reduction
  • Grade III: Prolapse upon bearing down requiring manual reduction
  • Grade IV: Prolapse with inability to be manually reduced.

External

A thrombosed external hemorrhoid

External hemorrhoids occur below the dentate or pectinate line.[12] They are covered proximally by anoderm and distally by skin, both of which are sensitive to pain and temperature.[2]

Differential

Many anorectal problems, including fissures, fistulae, abscesses, colorectal cancer, rectal varices, and itching have similar symptoms and may be incorrectly referred to as hemorrhoids.[1] Rectal bleeding may also occur owing to colorectal cancer, colitis including inflammatory bowel disease, diverticular disease, and angiodysplasia.[6] If anemia is present, other potential causes should be considered.[5]

Other conditions that produce an anal mass include skin tags, anal warts, rectal prolapse, polyps, and enlarged anal papillae.[5] Anorectal varices due to increased portal hypertension (blood pressure in the portal venous system) may present similar to hemorrhoids but are a different condition.[5] Portal hypertension does not increase the risk of hemorrhoids.[4]

Prevention

A number of preventative measures are recommended, including avoiding straining while attempting to defecate, avoiding constipation and diarrhea either by eating a high-fiber diet and drinking plenty of fluid or by taking fiber supplements, and getting sufficient exercise.[5][17] Spending less time attempting to defecate, avoiding reading while on the toilet,[1] and losing weight for overweight persons and avoiding heavy lifting are also recommended.[18]

Management

Conservative

Conservative treatment typically consists of foods rich in dietary fiber, intake of oral fluids to maintain hydration, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, sitz baths, and rest.[1] Increased fiber intake has been shown to improve outcomes[19] and may be achieved by dietary alterations or the consumption of fiber supplements.[1][19] Evidence for benefits from sitz baths during any point in treatment, however, is lacking.[20] If they are used, they should be limited to 15 minutes at a time.[2]: 182 

While many topical agents and suppositories are available for the treatment of hemorrhoids, little evidence supports their use.[1] Steroid-containing agents should not be used for more than 14 days, as they may cause thinning of the skin.[1] Most agents include a combination of active ingredients.[2] These may include a barrier cream such as petroleum jelly or zinc oxide, an analgesic agent such as lidocaine, and a vasoconstrictor such as epinephrine.[2] Some contain Balsam of Peru to which certain people may be allergic.[21][22]

Flavonoids are of questionable benefit, with potential side effects.[2][23] Symptoms usually resolve following pregnancy; thus active treatment is often delayed until after delivery.[24] Evidence does not support the use of traditional Chinese herbal treatment .[25]

Procedures

A number of office-based procedures may be performed. While generally safe, rare serious side effects such as perianal sepsis may occur.[6]

  • Rubber band ligation is typically recommended as the first-line treatment in those with grade 1 to 3 disease.[6] It is a procedure in which elastic bands are applied onto an internal hemorrhoid at least 1 cm above the dentate line to cut off its blood supply. Within 5–7 days, the withered hemorrhoid falls off. If the band is placed too close to the dentate line, intense pain results immediately afterwards.[1] Cure rate has been found to be about 87%[1] with a complication rate of up to 3%.[6]
  • Sclerotherapy involves the injection of a sclerosing agent, such as phenol, into the hemorrhoid. This causes the vein walls to collapse and the hemorrhoids to shrivel up. The success rate four years after treatment is about 70%.[1]
  • A number of cauterization methods have been shown to be effective for hemorrhoids, but are usually only used when other methods fail. This procedure can be done using electrocautery, infrared radiation, laser surgery,[1] or cryosurgery.[26] Infrared cauterization may be an option for grade 1 or 2 disease.[6] In those with grade 3 or 4 disease, reoccurrence rates are high.[6]

Surgery

A number of surgical techniques may be used if conservative management and simple procedures fail.[6] All surgical treatments are associated with some degree of complications including bleeding, infection, anal strictures and urinary retention, due to the close proximity of the rectum to the nerves that supply the bladder.[1] Also, a small risk of fecal incontinence occurs, particularly of liquid,[2][27] with rates reported between 0% and 28%.[28] Mucosal ectropion is another condition which may occur after hemorrhoidectomy (often together with anal stenosis).[29] This is where the anal mucosa becomes everted from the anus, similar to a very mild form of rectal prolapse.[29]

  • Excisional hemorrhoidectomy is a surgical excision of the hemorrhoid used primarily only in severe cases.[1] It is associated with significant postoperative pain and usually requires 2–4 weeks for recovery.[1] However, the long-term benefit is greater in those with grade 3 hemorrhoids as compared to rubber band ligation.[30] It is the recommended treatment in those with a thrombosed external hemorrhoid if carried out within 24–72 hours.[12][6] Glyceryl trinitrate ointment after the procedure helps both with pain and healing.[31]
  • Doppler-guided, transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization is a minimally invasive treatment using an ultrasound doppler to accurately locate the arterial blood inflow. These arteries are then "tied off" and the prolapsed tissue is sutured back to its normal position. It has a slightly higher recurrence rate, but fewer complications compared to a hemorrhoidectomy.[1]
  • Stapled hemorrhoidectomy, also known as stapled hemorrhoidopexy, involves the removal of much of the abnormally enlarged hemorrhoidal tissue, followed by a repositioning of the remaining hemorrhoidal tissue back to its normal anatomical position. It is generally less painful and is associated with faster healing compared to complete removal of hemorrhoids.[1] However, the chance of symptomatic hemorrhoids returning is greater than for conventional hemorroidectomy,[32] so it is typically only recommended for grade 2 or 3 disease.[6]

Epidemiology

It is difficult to determine how common hemorrhoids are as many people with the condition do not see a healthcare provider.[11][14] However, symptomatic hemorrhoids are thought to affect at least 50% of the US population at some time during their lives, and around 5% of the population is affected at any given time.[1] Both sexes experience about the same incidence of the condition,[1] with rates peaking between 45 and 65 years.[5] They are more common in Caucasians[33] and those of higher socioeconomic status.[2]

Long-term outcomes are generally good, though some people may have recurrent symptomatic episodes.[11] Only a small proportion of persons end up needing surgery.[2]

History

An 11th-century English miniature: On the right is an operation to remove hemorrhoids.

The first known mention of this disease is from a 1700 BC Egyptian papyrus, which advises: “... Thou shouldest give a recipe, an ointment of great protection; acacia leaves, ground, titurated and cooked together. Smear a strip of fine linen there-with and place in the anus, that he recovers immediately."[10] In 460 BC, the Hippocratic corpus discusses a treatment similar to modern rubber band ligation: "And hemorrhoids in like manner you may treat by transfixing them with a needle and tying them with very thick and woolen thread, for application, and do not foment until they drop off, and always leave one behind; and when the patient recovers, let him be put on a course of Hellebore."[10] Hemorrhoids may have been described in the Bible, with earlier English translations using the now-obsolete spelling "emerods".[5]

Celsus (25 BC – AD 14) described ligation and excision procedures, and discussed the possible complications.[34] Galen advocated severing the connection of the arteries to veins, claiming it reduced both pain and the spread of gangrene.[34] The Susruta Samhita (4th–5th century AD) is similar to the words of Hippocrates, but emphasizes wound cleanliness.[10] In the 13th century, European surgeons such as Lanfranc of Milan, Guy de Chauliac, Henri de Mondeville, and John of Ardene made great progress and development of the surgical techniques.[34]

In medieval times, hemorrhoids were also known as Saint Fiacre's curse after a sixth-century saint who developed them following tilling the soil.[35] The first use of the word "hemorrhoid" in English occurs in 1398, derived from the Old French "emorroides", from Latin hæmorrhoida,[36] in turn from the Greek αἱμορροΐς (haimorrhois), "liable to discharge blood", from αἷμα (haima), "blood"[37] and ῥόος (rhoos), "stream, flow, current",[38] itself from ῥέω (rheo), "to flow, to stream".[39]

Notable cases

Hall-of-Fame baseball player George Brett was removed from a game in the 1980 World Series due to hemorrhoid pain. After undergoing minor surgery, Brett returned to play in the next game, quipping "...my problems are all behind me."[40] Brett underwent further hemorrhoid surgery the following spring.[41] Conservative political commentator Glenn Beck underwent surgery for hemorrhoids, subsequently describing his unpleasant experience in a widely viewed 2008 YouTube video.[42][43] Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter had surgery for hemorrhoids in 1984.[44] Cricketers Matthew Hayden and Viv Richards also had the condition.[45]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Lorenzo-Rivero, S (August 2009). "Hemorrhoids: diagnosis and current management". Am Surg. 75 (8): 635–42. PMID 19725283.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Beck, David E. (2011). The ASCRS textbook of colon and rectal surgery (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. p. 175. ISBN 978-1-4419-1581-8. Archived from the original on 2014-12-30. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Hemorrhoids". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. November 2013. Archived from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Sun, Z; Migaly, J (March 2016). "Review of Hemorrhoid Disease: Presentation and Management". Clinics in colon and rectal surgery. 29 (1): 22–9. doi:10.1055/s-0035-1568144. PMID 26929748.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Kaidar-Person, O; Person, B; Wexner, SD (January 2007). "Hemorrhoidal disease: A comprehensive review" (PDF). Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 204 (1): 102–17. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2006.08.022. PMID 17189119. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-22. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Rivadeneira, DE; Steele, SR; Ternent, C; Chalasani, S; Buie, WD; Rafferty, JL; Standards Practice Task Force of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (September 2011). "Practice parameters for the management of hemorrhoids (revised 2010)". Diseases of the colon and rectum. 54 (9): 1059–64. doi:10.1097/DCR.0b013e318225513d. PMID 21825884.
  7. ^ Chen, Herbert (2010). Illustrative Handbook of General Surgery. Berlin: Springer. p. 217. ISBN 1-84882-088-7.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Schubert, MC; Sridhar, S; Schade, RR; Wexner, SD (July 2009). "What every gastroenterologist needs to know about common anorectal disorders". World J Gastroenterol. 15 (26): 3201–9. doi:10.3748/wjg.15.3201. ISSN 1007-9327. PMC 2710774. PMID 19598294.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
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  10. ^ a b c d Ellesmore, Windsor (2002). "Surgical History of Haemorrhoids". In Charles MV (ed.). Surgical Treatment of Haemorrhoids. London: Springer.
  11. ^ a b c d e Davies, RJ (June 2006). "Haemorrhoids". Clinical evidence (15): 711–24. PMID 16973032. Archived from the original on 2013-05-20. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ a b c d e Dayton, senior editor, Peter F. Lawrence; editors, Richard Bell, Merril T. (2006). Essentials of general surgery (4th ed.). Philadelphia ;Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. p. 329. ISBN 978-0-7817-5003-5. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Azimuddin, edited by Indru Khubchandani, Nina Paonessa, Khawaja (2009). Surgical treatment of hemorrhoids (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-84800-313-2. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ a b Reese, GE; von Roon, AC; Tekkis, PP (Jan 29, 2009). "Haemorrhoids". Clinical evidence. 2009. PMC 2907769. PMID 19445775.
  15. ^ Bland, Kirby I.; Sarr, Michael G.; Büchler, Markus W.; Csendes, Attila; Garden, Oliver James; Wong, John (2008). General Surgery: Principles and International Practice. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 857. ISBN 9781846288326. Archived from the original on 2017-08-11. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse (November 2004). "Hemorrhoids". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH. Archived from the original on 2010-03-23. Retrieved 18 March 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ Frank J Domino (2012). The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2013 (Griffith's 5 Minute Clinical Consult). Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 572. ISBN 1-4511-3735-4. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ Glass, [edited by] Jill C. Cash, Cheryl A. Family practice guidelines (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. p. 665. ISBN 978-0-8261-1812-7. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ a b Alonso-Coello, P.; Guyatt, G. H.; Heels-Ansdell, D.; Johanson, J. F.; Lopez-Yarto, M.; Mills, E.; Zhuo, Q.; Alonso-Coello, Pablo (2005). Alonso-Coello, Pablo (ed.). "Laxatives for the treatment of hemorrhoids". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4): CD004649. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004649.pub2. PMID 16235372.
  20. ^ Lang, DS; Tho, PC; Ang, EN (December 2011). "Effectiveness of the Sitz bath in managing adult patients with anorectal disorders". Japan journal of nursing science : JJNS. 8 (2): 115–28. doi:10.1111/j.1742-7924.2011.00175.x. PMID 22117576.
  21. ^ "Balsam of Peru contact allergy". Dermnetnz.org. December 28, 2013. Archived from the original on March 5, 2014. Retrieved March 5, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ The ASCRS Textbook of Colon and Rectal Surgery: Second Edition. 2011. ISBN 978-1-4419-1581-8. Archived from the original on 2014-07-04. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ Alonso-Coello P, Zhou Q, Martinez-Zapata MJ, et al. (August 2006). "Meta-analysis of flavonoids for the treatment of haemorrhoids". Br J Surg. 93 (8): 909–20. doi:10.1002/bjs.5378. PMID 16736537.
  24. ^ Quijano, CE; Abalos, E (Jul 20, 2005). "Conservative management of symptomatic and/or complicated haemorrhoids in pregnancy and the puerperium". Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) (3): CD004077. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004077.pub2. PMID 16034920.
  25. ^ Gan, Tao; Liu, Yue-dong; Wang, Yiping; Yang, Jinlin (2010-10-06). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006791.pub2. Archived from the original on 2017-09-04. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ Misra, MC; Imlitemsu, (2005). "Drug treatment of haemorrhoids". Drugs. 65 (11): 1481–91. doi:10.2165/00003495-200565110-00003. PMID 16134260.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  27. ^ Pescatori, M; Gagliardi, G (March 2008). "Postoperative complications after procedure for prolapsed hemorrhoids (PPH) and stapled transanal rectal resection (STARR) procedures". Techniques in coloproctology. 12 (1): 7–19. doi:10.1007/s10151-008-0391-0. PMC 2778725. PMID 18512007.
  28. ^ Ommer, A; Wenger, FA; Rolfs, T; Walz, MK (November 2008). "Continence disorders after anal surgery—a relevant problem?". International journal of colorectal disease. 23 (11): 1023–31. doi:10.1007/s00384-008-0524-y. PMID 18629515.
  29. ^ a b Lagares-Garcia, JA; Nogueras, JJ (December 2002). "Anal stenosis and mucosal ectropion". The Surgical clinics of North America. 82 (6): 1225–31, vii. doi:10.1016/s0039-6109(02)00081-6. PMID 12516850.
  30. ^ Shanmugam, V; Thaha, MA; Rabindranath, KS; Campbell, KL; Steele, RJ; Loudon, MA (Jul 20, 2005). "Rubber band ligation versus excisional haemorrhoidectomy for haemorrhoids". Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) (3): CD005034. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005034.pub2. PMID 16034963.
  31. ^ Ratnasingham, K; Uzzaman, M; Andreani, SM; Light, D; Patel, B (2010). "Meta-analysis of the use of glyceryl trinitrate ointment after haemorrhoidectomy as an analgesic and in promoting wound healing". International journal of surgery (London, England). 8 (8): 606–11. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2010.04.012. PMID 20691294.
  32. ^ Jayaraman, S; Colquhoun, PH; Malthaner, RA (Oct 18, 2006). "Stapled versus conventional surgery for hemorrhoids". Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) (4): CD005393. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005393.pub2. PMID 17054255.
  33. ^ Christian Lynge, Dana; Weiss, Barry D. 20 Common Problems: Surgical Problems And Procedures In Primary Care. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-07-136002-9.
  34. ^ a b c Agbo, SP (1 January 2011). "Surgical management of hemorrhoids". Journal of Surgical Technique and Case Report. 3 (2): 68. doi:10.4103/2006-8808.92797.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  35. ^ Cataldo, Peter (2005). "Hemorrhoids". Arlington Heights, IL: American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  36. ^ hæmorrhoida Archived 2011-02-25 at the Wayback Machine, Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, on Perseus Digital Library
  37. ^ αἷμα Archived 2011-06-05 at the Wayback Machine, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
  38. ^ ῥόος Archived 2011-06-05 at the Wayback Machine, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
  39. ^ ῥέω Archived 2011-06-05 at the Wayback Machine, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
  40. ^ Dick Kaegel (March 5, 2009). "Memories fill Kauffman Stadium". Major League Baseball. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  41. ^ "Brett in Hospital for Surgery". The New York Times. Associated Press. March 1, 1981. Archived from the original on February 11, 2009. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  42. ^ "Glenn Beck: Put the 'Care' Back in Health Care". ABC Good Morning America. Jan 8, 2008. Archived from the original on 28 November 2012. Retrieved 17 September 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  43. ^ "Beck From the Dead". YouTube (Mr·Beck speaking from home shortly after hospital). GlennBeckVideos. Archived from the original on 2016-03-09. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  44. ^ "Carter Leaves Hospital". The New York Times. January 19, 1984. Archived from the original on 9 March 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  45. ^ "The Five: Wounded pride". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 3 February 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hemorrhoids.

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