Climate of Serbia
The climate of Serbia is between a continental climate in the north, with cold dry winters, and warm, humid summers with well distributed rainfall patterns, and a more Mediterranean climate in the south with hot, dry summers and autumns and average relatively cool and more rainy winters with heavy mountain snowfall. Differences in elevation, proximity to the Adriatic Sea and Aegean Sea and large river basins, as well as exposure to the winds account for climate differences.[1]
Most of Northern Serbia possesses a typical continental climate, with air masses from northern and western Europe which shape its climatic profile. South and South-east of Serbia is subject to strong Mediterranean influences (hotter summers and milder winters). However, the Dinaric Alps and other mountain ranges contribute to the cooling down a large part of the warm air masses. Winters are quite harsh in Raška (region) because of the mountains which encircle the plateau.[2] One of the climatic features of Serbia is Košava, a cold and very squally southeastern wind which starts in the Carpathian Mountains and follows the Danube northwest through the Iron Gate where it gains a jet effect and continues to Belgrade and can spread as far south as Niš.[3] Mediterranean micro-regions exist throughout southern Serbia,[4] in Zlatibor[5] and the Pčinja District around valley and river Pčinja.[6]
The average annual air temperature for the period 1981–2017 for the area with an altitude of up to 300 m (984 ft) is 11.6 °C (52.9 °F). The areas with an altitude of 300 to 500 m (984 to 1,640 ft) have an average annual temperature of around 11.0 °C (51.8 °F), and over 1,000 m (3,281 ft) of altitude around 7.5 °C (45.5 °F).[7]
Extreme weather and records
Serbia is one of few European countries with a very high risk exposure to natural hazards (earthquakes, storms, floods and droughts).[8] It is estimated that potential floods, particularly in areas of Central Serbia, threaten over 500 larger settlements and an area of 16,000 square kilometres.[9] The most disastrous were the floods in May 2014, when 57 people died and a damage of over 1.5 billion euros was inflicted.[10]
The lowest recorded temperature in Serbia was −39.5 °C (−39.1 °F) (January 26, 2006, Karajukića Bunari in Pešter), and the highest was 45.2 °C or 113.4 °F (July 24, 2007, Leskovac).[7][11]
Examples
| Climate data for Belgrade (1991–2020, extremes 1936–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 20.7 (69.3) |
23.9 (75.0) |
30.0 (86.0) |
32.4 (90.3) |
34.9 (94.8) |
37.4 (99.3) |
43.6 (110.5) |
40.0 (104.0) |
41.8 (107.2) |
33.7 (92.7) |
28.4 (83.1) |
22.6 (72.7) |
43.6 (110.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 5.2 (41.4) |
7.8 (46.0) |
13.1 (55.6) |
18.9 (66.0) |
23.6 (74.5) |
27.1 (80.8) |
29.3 (84.7) |
29.7 (85.5) |
24.3 (75.7) |
18.7 (65.7) |
12.2 (54.0) |
6.1 (43.0) |
18.0 (64.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 1.9 (35.4) |
3.8 (38.8) |
8.3 (46.9) |
13.6 (56.5) |
18.2 (64.8) |
21.9 (71.4) |
23.8 (74.8) |
23.8 (74.8) |
18.5 (65.3) |
13.3 (55.9) |
8.1 (46.6) |
3.0 (37.4) |
13.0 (55.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −0.7 (30.7) |
0.6 (33.1) |
4.2 (39.6) |
8.8 (47.8) |
13.2 (55.8) |
16.7 (62.1) |
18.4 (65.1) |
18.5 (65.3) |
14.1 (57.4) |
9.4 (48.9) |
5.1 (41.2) |
0.5 (32.9) |
9.1 (48.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −24.5 (−12.1) |
−20.5 (−4.9) |
−12.4 (9.7) |
−3.4 (25.9) |
0.4 (32.7) |
4.6 (40.3) |
8.3 (46.9) |
6.7 (44.1) |
0.6 (33.1) |
−6.9 (19.6) |
−8.3 (17.1) |
−15.8 (3.6) |
−24.5 (−12.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 47.9 (1.89) |
43.5 (1.71) |
48.7 (1.92) |
51.5 (2.03) |
72.3 (2.85) |
95.6 (3.76) |
66.5 (2.62) |
55.1 (2.17) |
58.6 (2.31) |
54.8 (2.16) |
49.6 (1.95) |
54.8 (2.16) |
698.9 (27.52) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 13.5 | 12.3 | 11.3 | 12.4 | 13.5 | 12.2 | 10.0 | 8.4 | 9.5 | 10.5 | 10.8 | 13.8 | 138.2 |
| Average snowy days | 9.7 | 7.3 | 4.2 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 3.0 | 7.8 | 32.8 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 77.9 | 71.4 | 62.7 | 59.9 | 61.9 | 62.5 | 59.8 | 59.5 | 65.8 | 71.4 | 75.1 | 79.5 | 67.3 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 70.7 | 96.2 | 146.7 | 186.7 | 224.7 | 253.9 | 278.8 | 262.6 | 192.6 | 155.0 | 92.1 | 60.3 | 2,020.3 |
| Average ultraviolet index | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
| Source 1: Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia[12] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV),[13] Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[14] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Niš (1991–2020, extremes 1940–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 21.7 (71.1) |
24.0 (75.2) |
33.5 (92.3) |
33.0 (91.4) |
35.3 (95.5) |
40.3 (104.5) |
44.2 (111.6) |
42.2 (108.0) |
39.6 (103.3) |
35.0 (95.0) |
29.0 (84.2) |
22.2 (72.0) |
44.2 (111.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 5.3 (41.5) |
8.3 (46.9) |
13.6 (56.5) |
19.0 (66.2) |
23.8 (74.8) |
27.9 (82.2) |
30.4 (86.7) |
30.9 (87.6) |
25.4 (77.7) |
19.5 (67.1) |
13.0 (55.4) |
6.3 (43.3) |
18.6 (65.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.9 (33.6) |
3.1 (37.6) |
7.5 (45.5) |
12.6 (54.7) |
17.2 (63.0) |
21.1 (70.0) |
23.1 (73.6) |
23.1 (73.6) |
18.0 (64.4) |
12.6 (54.7) |
7.4 (45.3) |
2.3 (36.1) |
12.4 (54.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −2.5 (27.5) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
2.4 (36.3) |
6.7 (44.1) |
11.1 (52.0) |
14.6 (58.3) |
16.2 (61.2) |
16.2 (61.2) |
12.1 (53.8) |
7.6 (45.7) |
3.3 (37.9) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
7.1 (44.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −23.7 (−10.7) |
−21.6 (−6.9) |
−13.2 (8.2) |
−5.6 (21.9) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
4.2 (39.6) |
4.1 (39.4) |
4.6 (40.3) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
−6.8 (19.8) |
−14.0 (6.8) |
−16.6 (2.1) |
−23.7 (−10.7) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 42.9 (1.69) |
39.0 (1.54) |
47.6 (1.87) |
55.9 (2.20) |
69.8 (2.75) |
57.6 (2.27) |
49.4 (1.94) |
43.9 (1.73) |
49.0 (1.93) |
55.8 (2.20) |
49.0 (1.93) |
53.9 (2.12) |
613.8 (24.17) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 13.1 | 12.4 | 12.3 | 12.6 | 13.2 | 10.9 | 9.0 | 7.5 | 9.5 | 9.6 | 10.4 | 13.6 | 134.1 |
| Average snowy days | 9.8 | 8.0 | 4.9 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 3.0 | 8.2 | 35.1 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 79.1 | 73.3 | 65.3 | 63.0 | 66.0 | 64.6 | 60.6 | 60.3 | 66.8 | 73.5 | 76.5 | 80.3 | 69.1 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 67.5 | 93.7 | 156.0 | 179.2 | 212.5 | 250.2 | 272.7 | 275.6 | 200.6 | 142.4 | 84.4 | 51.6 | 1,986.4 |
| Source 1: Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia[15][16] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[17] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Rimski Šančevi, Novi Sad (1991–2020, extremes 1948–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 18.9 (66.0) |
22.4 (72.3) |
30.0 (86.0) |
31.5 (88.7) |
34.2 (93.6) |
37.6 (99.7) |
41.6 (106.9) |
40.0 (104.0) |
37.4 (99.3) |
30.1 (86.2) |
26.9 (80.4) |
21.0 (69.8) |
41.6 (106.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 4.3 (39.7) |
6.9 (44.4) |
12.7 (54.9) |
18.4 (65.1) |
23.1 (73.6) |
26.6 (79.9) |
28.8 (83.8) |
29.2 (84.6) |
23.9 (75.0) |
18.3 (64.9) |
11.5 (52.7) |
5.1 (41.2) |
17.4 (63.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.7 (33.3) |
2.3 (36.1) |
7.0 (44.6) |
12.4 (54.3) |
17.3 (63.1) |
20.9 (69.6) |
22.5 (72.5) |
22.4 (72.3) |
17.2 (63.0) |
12.0 (53.6) |
6.8 (44.2) |
1.8 (35.2) |
11.9 (53.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −2.5 (27.5) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
1.9 (35.4) |
6.6 (43.9) |
11.4 (52.5) |
14.9 (58.8) |
16.1 (61.0) |
16.1 (61.0) |
11.8 (53.2) |
7.3 (45.1) |
3.2 (37.8) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
7.0 (44.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −30.7 (−23.3) |
−28.6 (−19.5) |
−19.9 (−3.8) |
−6.2 (20.8) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
0.2 (32.4) |
5.4 (41.7) |
6.9 (44.4) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
−6.4 (20.5) |
−13.8 (7.2) |
−24.0 (−11.2) |
−30.7 (−23.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 38.9 (1.53) |
36.4 (1.43) |
38.6 (1.52) |
46.6 (1.83) |
77.3 (3.04) |
92.2 (3.63) |
68.1 (2.68) |
59.7 (2.35) |
58.8 (2.31) |
58.6 (2.31) |
51.5 (2.03) |
49.1 (1.93) |
675.8 (26.61) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 12.1 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 11.2 | 13.4 | 11.1 | 9.9 | 8.1 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 10.8 | 12.9 | 130.8 |
| Average snowy days | 6.4 | 5.8 | 2.7 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 1.9 | 4.9 | 22.2 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 85.5 | 80.2 | 70.8 | 64.4 | 67.9 | 69.7 | 68.2 | 67.4 | 72.5 | 77.1 | 82.1 | 86.7 | 74.5 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 67.9 | 100.6 | 164.1 | 205.8 | 257.3 | 284.8 | 316.2 | 298.9 | 207.1 | 160.9 | 94.7 | 59.4 | 2,217.7 |
| Source 1: Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia[18][19] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[20] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Kragujevac (1991–2020, extremes 1961–2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 20.6 (69.1) |
25.2 (77.4) |
29.4 (84.9) |
32.0 (89.6) |
35.4 (95.7) |
39.4 (102.9) |
43.9 (111.0) |
40.4 (104.7) |
37.8 (100.0) |
34.7 (94.5) |
27.6 (81.7) |
21.0 (69.8) |
43.9 (111.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 5.7 (42.3) |
8.2 (46.8) |
13.1 (55.6) |
18.4 (65.1) |
23.0 (73.4) |
26.9 (80.4) |
29.3 (84.7) |
29.6 (85.3) |
24.3 (75.7) |
18.8 (65.8) |
12.7 (54.9) |
6.5 (43.7) |
18.0 (64.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 1.3 (34.3) |
3.0 (37.4) |
7.1 (44.8) |
12.1 (53.8) |
16.7 (62.1) |
20.7 (69.3) |
22.6 (72.7) |
22.3 (72.1) |
17.3 (63.1) |
12.2 (54.0) |
7.4 (45.3) |
2.4 (36.3) |
12.1 (53.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −2.4 (27.7) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
2.0 (35.6) |
6.1 (43.0) |
10.5 (50.9) |
14.4 (57.9) |
15.9 (60.6) |
15.6 (60.1) |
11.6 (52.9) |
7.2 (45.0) |
3.3 (37.9) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
6.8 (44.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −27.6 (−17.7) |
−24.4 (−11.9) |
−18.3 (−0.9) |
−5.8 (21.6) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
2.7 (36.9) |
7.2 (45.0) |
4.6 (40.3) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
−6.6 (20.1) |
−16.4 (2.5) |
−20.7 (−5.3) |
−27.6 (−17.7) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 42.1 (1.66) |
40.1 (1.58) |
46.6 (1.83) |
54.3 (2.14) |
70.3 (2.77) |
77.2 (3.04) |
65.8 (2.59) |
56.0 (2.20) |
53.6 (2.11) |
54.2 (2.13) |
44.6 (1.76) |
47.0 (1.85) |
651.8 (25.66) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 12.8 | 12.5 | 11.6 | 11.9 | 13.4 | 11.3 | 9.3 | 7.6 | 9.7 | 10.2 | 10.7 | 12.8 | 133.8 |
| Average snowy days | 8.5 | 7.7 | 3.8 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 2.5 | 6.6 | 29.9 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 79.5 | 74.9 | 68.5 | 66.6 | 69.4 | 67.7 | 64.2 | 65.3 | 70.7 | 75.4 | 76.7 | 80.8 | 71.6 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 71.9 | 91.3 | 148.4 | 184.7 | 225.7 | 260.1 | 293.3 | 280.2 | 197.0 | 148.5 | 92.5 | 62.3 | 2,055.9 |
| Source: Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia[21][22] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Leskovac (1991–2020, extremes 1961–2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 20.0 (68.0) |
24.8 (76.6) |
27.8 (82.0) |
32.6 (90.7) |
35.0 (95.0) |
38.6 (101.5) |
43.7 (110.7) |
41.3 (106.3) |
37.4 (99.3) |
35.0 (95.0) |
28.6 (83.5) |
21.4 (70.5) |
43.7 (110.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 4.8 (40.6) |
8.0 (46.4) |
13.3 (55.9) |
18.7 (65.7) |
23.4 (74.1) |
27.5 (81.5) |
30.0 (86.0) |
30.5 (86.9) |
25.1 (77.2) |
19.1 (66.4) |
12.4 (54.3) |
5.7 (42.3) |
18.2 (64.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.2 (32.4) |
2.4 (36.3) |
6.9 (44.4) |
11.8 (53.2) |
16.4 (61.5) |
20.4 (68.7) |
22.3 (72.1) |
22.0 (71.6) |
16.8 (62.2) |
11.5 (52.7) |
6.4 (43.5) |
1.7 (35.1) |
11.6 (52.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −3.6 (25.5) |
−2.1 (28.2) |
1.3 (34.3) |
5.3 (41.5) |
9.9 (49.8) |
13.5 (56.3) |
14.7 (58.5) |
14.3 (57.7) |
10.5 (50.9) |
6.0 (42.8) |
1.9 (35.4) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
5.8 (42.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −30.5 (−22.9) |
−26.8 (−16.2) |
−18.2 (−0.8) |
−6.1 (21.0) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
2.7 (36.9) |
5.4 (41.7) |
4.4 (39.9) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
−8.7 (16.3) |
−19.6 (−3.3) |
−21.7 (−7.1) |
−30.5 (−22.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 46.2 (1.82) |
45.5 (1.79) |
52.1 (2.05) |
62.8 (2.47) |
69.4 (2.73) |
61.7 (2.43) |
51.2 (2.02) |
45.1 (1.78) |
52.2 (2.06) |
60.7 (2.39) |
55.5 (2.19) |
58.2 (2.29) |
660.6 (26.01) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 13.9 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.9 | 14.2 | 11.0 | 8.5 | 7.3 | 9.7 | 10.4 | 11.3 | 14.0 | 138.2 |
| Average snowy days | 9.0 | 7.4 | 4.7 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 2.8 | 7.6 | 32.6 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 81.6 | 76.1 | 69.0 | 67.6 | 69.8 | 66.9 | 63.8 | 64.3 | 71.1 | 76.7 | 79.7 | 83.1 | 72.5 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 67.0 | 88.3 | 146.1 | 178.6 | 219.6 | 264.6 | 301.2 | 293.0 | 202.6 | 139.8 | 84.8 | 50.5 | 2,036.1 |
| Source: Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia[23][24] | |||||||||||||
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- ^ "Monthly and annual means, maximum and minimum values of meteorological elements for the period 1981–2010" (in Serbian). Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia. Archived from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
- ^ "Monthly and annual means, maximum and minimum values of meteorological elements for the period 1991–2020" (in Serbian). Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia. Archived from the original on 21 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
- ^ "Monthly and annual means, maximum and minimum values of meteorological elements for the period 1981-2010" (in Serbian). Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia. Archived from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
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