Democratic Constitutional Rally
Constitutional Democratic Rally التجمع الدستوري الديمقراطي | |
|---|---|
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| French name | Rassemblement constitutionnel démocratique |
| First Leader | Zine El Abidine Ben Ali |
| Last Leader | Mohamed Ghannouchi |
| Founded | February 27, 1988 |
| Dissolved | March 9, 2011 |
| Preceded by | Socialist Destourian Party a |
| Headquarters | Tunis, Tunisia |
| Ideology | Secularism Social Democracy Neoliberalism[1][2](contemporary) |
| International affiliation | Socialist International (expelled) |
| Colors | Red |
| Website | |
| www | |
^ a. The RCD is the successor of the following parties : Destour (1920), Neo-Destour (1934) and Socialist Destourian Party (1964). | |
The Constitutional Democratic Rally (Arabic: التجمع الدستوري الديمقراطي at-Tajammu‘ ad-Dustūrī ad-Dīmuqrāṭī, French: Rassemblement Constitutionel Démocratique), also referred to by its French acronym RCD, formerly called Neo Destour then Socialist Destourian Party, was the ruling party in Tunisia from its formation in 1988 until it was overthrown and dissolved in the 2011 Tunisian revolution.[3][4] The party held strong majorities in both the Chamber of Deputies and the Chamber of Councillors. In the 2009 general election, the last held before the revolution, the RCD won 161 of 214 seats with the remaining 53 seats going to minority parties.[5]
These elections were widely seen as fraudulent, and this proved to be a major cause of the revolution which forced President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali to resign and leave Tunisia.[6] In response to the RCD government's attempt to suppress the protests, the Socialist International ceased the membership of the RCD.[7] In order to placate protesters and designated coalition participants, the incumbent president and prime minister resigned from their memberships in the RCD on January 18[8] and all remaining RCD-aligned ministers resigned their party memberships on the 20th,[9] the effect of which left the RCD with only a parliamentary majority. On January 27, Prime Minister Mohamed Ghannouchi carried out a major reshuffle, removing all former RCD members other than himself from the government. On March 9, the party was finally dissolved by the Tunisian courts.[10]
History
In 1920, Tunisian nationalists formed the Destour (Constitutional) Party in opposition to French rule. As the party developed, a schism occurred within the party, leading to the founding of the Neo Destour Party in 1934 by Habib Bourguiba. Under his leadership, the Neo Destour Party successfully garnered independence from France in 1956. Eight years later, in 1964, the Neo Destour Party became the Destourian Socialist Party (PSD). From 1963–1981, the PSD was the only legal political party in Tunisia.[11]
In 1981, the PSD faced opposition from Hizb ut-Tahrir, the Islamic Tendency Movement, the Tunisian Communist Party, the Movement for Popular Unity and student groups, weakening its influence. On November 7, 1987, Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali, the Prime Minister at the time, became president after Bourguiba was declared medically unfit for office.[12] The following year, President Ben Ali instituted economic reforms increasing economic privatization and renamed the party the Constitutional Democratic Rally (RCD).[13]
On 6 February 2011, the Ministry of Interior banned all meetings and activities of the party, and requested the courts to dissolve it. This happened on 9 March, when a court in Tunis announced the dissolution of the former ruling party and the liquidation of its assets and funds, although the party said it would appeal the decision.[14]
Leaders
- Habib Bourguiba (1934–1987) (Leader of Neo Destour Party: 1934–1964; Leader of Socialist Destourian Party: 1964–1987)
- Zine El Abidine Ben Ali (1987–2011) (Leader of Neo Destour Party: 1987–1988)
- Mohamed Ghannouchi (2011)
Congresses
- July 29–31, 1993
- July 29–31, 1998
- August 30 – September 2, 1998
- July 28–31, 2003
Election results
Presidential Elections
| Election date | Party candidate | Number of votes received | Percentage of votes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1989 | Zine El Abidine Ben Ali | 2,087,028 | 100% |
| 1994 | Zine El Abidine Ben Ali | 2,987,375 | 100% |
| 1999 | Zine El Abidine Ben Ali | 3,269,067 | 99.4% |
| 2004 | Zine El Abidine Ben Ali | 4,204,292 | 94.4% |
| 2009 | Zine El Abidine Ben Ali | 4,238,711 | 89.6% |
Parliamentary Elections
| Election date | Party leader | Number of votes received | Percentage of votes | Number of deputies |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1989 | Zine El Abidine Ben Ali | 1,633,004 | 80.6% | 141 |
| 1994 | Zine El Abidine Ben Ali | 2,768,667 | 97.7% | 144 |
| 1999 | Zine El Abidine Ben Ali | Unknown | Unknown | 148 |
| 2004 | Zine El Abidine Ben Ali | 3,678,645 | 87.5% | 152 |
| 2009 | Zine El Abidine Ben Ali | 3,754,559 | 84.5% | 161 |
See also
References
- ^ Geography and Map of Tunisia About.com
- ^ Dictatorship and Neo-Liberalism: The Tunisian People's Uprising Mahdi Darius Nazemroaya, Global Research, January 19, 2011
- ^ Tunis Afrique Presse (7 February 2011). "Minister of Interior Suspends the RCD party awaiting its dissolution". Retrieved 7 February 2011. Template:Ar
- ^ Al-Jazeera English (9 March 2011). "Tunisia dissolves Ben Ali party". Retrieved 9 March 2011.
- ^ "Final Results of Presidential and Legislative Elections". 26 October 2009. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|source=ignored (help) - ^ Empathy for Tunisian discontent in France euronews, January 13, 2011
- ^ SI decision on Tunisia Socialist International, January 17, 2011
- ^ CNN Wire Staff (January 19, 2011 – Updated 2145 GMT (0545 HKT)). "State TV: 2 top officials depart Ben Ali's party In Tunisia". CNN.
{{cite news}}:|author=has generic name (help); Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Lin Noueihed and Matthew Jones (Thu January 20, 2011 3:40am EST). "All Tunisian ministers quit ruling party- state TV". Reuters.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "Tunisia dissolves Ben Ali party". Al Jazeera. 9 March 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
- ^ "Tunisia: Politics, Government and Taxation". 2010. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|source=ignored (help) - ^ Delaney, Paul (1987-11-09). "Senile Bourguiba Described in Tunis". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|source=ignored (help) - ^ "Tunisia: Politics, Government and Taxation". 2010. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|source=ignored (help) - ^ Al-Jazeera English (9 March 2011). "Tunisia dissolves Ben Ali party". Retrieved 9 March 2011.
