Global Peace Index

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Global Peace Index 2022 (countries appearing with a deeper shade of green are ranked as more peaceful, countries appearing more red are ranked as more violent).[1]

Global Peace Index (GPI) is a report produced by the Institute for Economics & Peace (IEP) which measures the relative position of nations' and regions' peacefulness.[2] The GPI ranks 163 independent states and territories (collectively accounting for 99.7 per cent of the world's population) according to their levels of peacefulness. In the past decade, the GPI has presented trends of increased global violence and less peacefulness.[3]

The GPI is developed in consultation with an international panel of peace experts from peace institutes and think tanks with data collected and collated by the Economist Intelligence Unit. The Index was first launched in May 2009, with subsequent reports being released annually. In 2015 it ranked 165 countries, up from 121 in 2007. The study was conceived by Australian technology entrepreneur Steve Killelea, and is endorsed by individuals such as former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, the Dalai Lama, archbishop Desmond Tutu, former President of Finland and 2008 Nobel Peace Prize laureate Martti Ahtisaari, Nobel laureate Muhammad Yunus, economist Jeffrey Sachs, former president of Ireland Mary Robinson, former Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations Jan Eliasson and former United States president Jimmy Carter. The updated index is released each year at events in London, Washington, DC, and at the United Nations Secretariat in New York.

The 2022 GPI indicates Iceland, New Zealand, Ireland, Denmark, and Austria to be the most peaceful countries, and Afghanistan, Yemen, Syria, Russia, and South Sudan to be the least peaceful.[4] Long-term findings of the 2017 GPI include a less peaceful world over the past decade, a 2.14 per cent deterioration in the global level of peace in the past decade, growing inequality in peace between the most and least peaceful countries, a long-term reduction in the GPI Militarization domain, and widening consequences of terrorism, with historically high numbers of people killed in terrorist incidents over the past 10 years.[2]

The main findings of the 2017 Global Peace Index are:[2]

  • The overall score for the 2017 GPI improved slightly this year due to gains in six of the nine geographical regions represented. More countries improved their levels of peacefulness than deteriorated: 93 compared to 68.
  • Peace-building activities can be highly cost-effective, providing cost savings 16 times the cost of the intervention.
  • The global economic cost of violence was $14.3 trillion PPP in 2016, equivalent to 12.6 per cent of global GDP, or $1,953 per person.
  • In Low-Peace environments, the most important factors are related to Well-Functioning Government, Low Levels of Corruption, Acceptance of the Rights of Others and Good Relations with Neighbours.
  • Due to armed conflict in MENA, many related indicators such as deaths from internal conflict, number of refugees and IDPs, and organized internal conflict are at high levels.
  • Safety and Security improved due to many countries recording a lower homicide rate and lower levels of political terror.

International panel

The international panel for the 2016 and 2017 GPI consisted of:

  • Kevin P. Clements, Foundation Chair of Peace and Conflict Studies and Director, National Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies, University of Otago, New Zealand
  • Sabina Alkire, Director, Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative (OPHI), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
  • Ian Anthony, Research Coordinator and Director of the Programme on Arms Control, Disarmament and Non-proliferation, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), Sweden
  • Isabelle Arrandon, Director of Research and Deputy Director of Communications & Outreach, International Crisis Group, Belgium
  • Manuela Mesa, Director, Centre for Education and Peace Research (CEIPAZ) and President, Spanish Association for Peace Research (AIPAZ), Madrid, Spain
  • Nick Grono, CEO, The Freedom Fund, United Kingdom
  • Ekaterina Stepanova, Head, Unit on Peace and Conflict Studies, Institute of the World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO), Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia

Methodology

In assessing peacefulness, the GPI investigates the extent to which countries are involved in ongoing domestic and international conflicts and seeks to evaluate the level of harmony or discord within a nation. Ten indicators broadly assess what might be described as safety and security in society. Their assertion is that low crime rates, minimal incidences of terrorist acts and violent demonstrations, harmonious relations with neighbouring countries, a stable political scene, and a small proportion of the population being internally displaced or refugees can be suggestive of peacefulness.

In 2017, 23 indicators were used to establish peacefulness scores for each country. The indicators were originally selected with the assistance of an expert panel in 2007 and are reviewed by the expert panel on an annual basis. The scores for each indicator are normalized on a scale of 1–5, whereby qualitative indicators are banded into five groupings, and quantitative ones are scored from 1–5, to the third decimal point. A table of the indicators is below.[5] In the table, UCDP stands for the Uppsala Conflict Data Program maintained by the University of Uppsala in Sweden, EIU for The Economist Intelligence Unit, UNSCT for the United Nations Survey of Criminal Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems, ICPS is the International Centre for Prison Studies at King's College London, IISS for the International Institute for Strategic Studies publication The Military Balance, and SIPRI for the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Arms Transfers Database.

Indicator Source Coding
1 Number and duration of internal conflicts[a] UCDP, IEP Total number
2 Number of deaths from external organized conflict UCDP Armed Conflict Dataset Total number
3 Number of deaths from internal organized conflict International Institute for Strategic Studies, Armed Conflict Database Total number
4 Number, duration, and role in external conflicts UCDP Battle-related Deaths Dataset, IEP Total number
5 Intensity of organized internal conflict EIU Qualitative scale, ranked 1 to 5
6 Relations with neighbouring countries EIU Qualitative scale, ranked 1 to 5
7 Level of perceived criminality in society EIU Qualitative scale, ranked 1 to 5
8 Number of refugees and displaced persons as percentage of population UNHCR and IDMC Refugee population by country or territory of origin, plus the number of a country's internally displaced people (IDP's) as a percentage of the country's total population
9 Political instability EIU Qualitative scale, ranked 1 to 5
10 Impact of terrorism Global Terrorism Index (IEP) Quantitative scale, ranked 1 to 5
11 Political terror Amnesty International and US State Department Qualitative scale, ranked 1 to 5
12 Number of homicides per 100,000 people UNODC Surveys on Crime Trends and the Operations of Criminal Justice Systems (CTS); EIU estimates Total number
13 Level of violent crime EIU Qualitative scale, ranked 1 to 5
14 Likelihood of violent demonstrations EIU Qualitative scale, ranked 1 to 5
15 Number of jailed persons per 100,000 people World Prison Brief, Institute for Criminal Policy Research at Birkbeck, University of London Total number
16 Number of internal security officers and police per 100,000 people UNODC CTS; EIU estimates Total number; Civil police force distinct from national guards or local militia[b]
17 Military expenditure as a percentage of GDP The Military Balance and IISS Cash outlays of central or federal government to meet costs of national armed forces, as a percentage of GDP, scores from 1 to 5 based on percentages[c]
18 Number of armed-services personnel per 100,000 The Military Balance and IISS All full-time active armed-services personnel
19 Volume of transfers of major conventional weapons as recipient (imports) per 100,000 people SIPRI Arms Transfers Database Imports of major conventional weapons per 100,000 people[d]
20 Volume of transfers of major conventional weapons as supplier (exports) per 100,000 people SIPRI Arms Transfers Database Exports of major conventional weapons per 100,000 people
21 Financial contribution to UN peacekeeping missions United Nations Committee on Contributions and IEP percentage of countries' "outstanding payments versus their annual assessment to the budget of the current peacekeeping missions" over an average of three years, scored from 1–5 scale based on percentage of promised contributions met
22 Nuclear and heavy weapons capability The Military Balance, IISS, SIPRI, UN Register of Conventional Arms and IEP 1–5 scale based on accumulated points; 1 point per armoured vehicle and artillery pieces, 5 points per tank, 20 points per combat aircraft, 100 points per warship, 1000 points for aircraft carrier and nuclear submarine[e]
23 Ease of access to small arms and light weapons EIU Qualitative scale, ranked 1 to 5

Indicators not already ranked on a 1 to 5 scale were converted by using the following formula: x = [x - min(x)] / [max(x) - min(x)], where max(x) and min(x) are the highest and lowest values for that indicator of the countries ranked in the index. The 0 to 1 scores that resulted were then converted to the 1 to 5 scale. Individual indicators were then weighted according to the expert panel's judgment of their importance. The scores were then tabulated into two weighted sub-indices: internal peace, weighted at 60% of a country's final score, and external peace, weighted at 40% of a country's final score. "Negative Peace", defined as the absence of violence or of the fear of violence, is used as the definition of peace to create the Global Peace Index. An additional aim of the GPI database is to facilitate deeper study of the concept of positive peace, or those attitudes, institutions, and structures that drive peacefulness in society. The GPI also examines relationships between peace and reliable international measures, including democracy and transparency, education and material well-being. As such, it seeks to understand the relative importance of a range of potential determinants, or "drivers", which may influence the nurturing of peaceful societies, both internally and externally.[6]

Statistical analysis is applied to GPI data to uncover specific conditions conducive of peace. Researchers have determined that Positive Peace, which includes the attitudes, institutions, and structures that pre-empt conflict and facilitate functional societies, is the main driver of peace. The eight pillars of positive peace are well-functioning government, sound business environment, acceptance of the rights of others, good relations with neighbours, free flow of information, high levels of human capital, low levels of corruption, and equitable distribution of resources. Well-functioning government, low levels of corruption, acceptance of the rights of others, and good relations with neighbours are more important in countries suffering from high levels of violence. Free flow of information and sound business environment become more important when a country is approaching the global average level of peacefulness, also described as the Mid-Peace level. Low levels of corruption is the only Pillar that is strongly significant across all three levels of peacefulness. This suggests it is an important transformational factor at all stages of a nation's development.

Global Peace Index 2022 ranking

Country Rank Score[4]
 Iceland 1 1.107
 New Zealand 2 1.269
 Ireland 3 1.288
 Denmark 4 1.296
 Austria 5 1.300
 Portugal 6 1.301
 Slovenia 7 1.316
 Czech Republic 8 1.318
 Singapore 9 1.326
 Japan 10 1.336
  Switzerland 11 1.357
 Canada 12 1.389
 Hungary 13 1.411
 Finland 14 1.439
 Croatia 15 1.440
 Germany 16 1.462
 Norway 17 1.465
 Malaysia 18 1.471
 Bhutan 19 1.481
 Slovakia 20 1.499
 Netherlands 21 1.522
 Belgium 22 1.526
 Qatar 23 1.533
 Bulgaria 24 1.541
 Poland 25 1.552
 Sweden 26 1.564
 Australia 27 1.565
 Mauritius 28 1.570
 Spain 29 1.603
 Taiwan 30 1.618
 Romania 31 1.640
 Italy 32 1.643
 Estonia 33 1.662
 United Kingdom 34 1.667
 Latvia 35 1.673
 North Macedonia 36 1.704
 Lithuania 37 1.724
 Costa Rica 38 1.732
 Kuwait 39 1.739
 Ghana 40 1.759
 Albania 41 1.761
 Mongolia 42 1.775
 South Korea 43 1.779
 Vietnam 44 1.786
 The Gambia 45 1.792
 Uruguay 46 1.795
 Indonesia 47 1.800
 Botswana 48= 1.801
 Montenegro 48= 1.801
 Sierra Leone 50 1.803
 Laos 51 1.809
 Serbia 52 1.832
 Greece 53 1.838
 Timor-Leste 54 1.839
 Chile 55 1.840
 Zambia 56 1.841
 Jordan 57 1.849
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 58 1.850
 Equatorial Guinea 59 1.863
 United Arab Emirates 60 1.865
 Panama 61 1.876
 Cambodia 62= 1.882
 Moldova 62= 1.882
 Oman 64 1.889
 France 65= 1.895
 Malawi 65= 1.895
 Cyprus 67 1.903
 Namibia 68 1.908
 Argentina 69 1.911
 Senegal 70 1.916
 Kosovo 71 1.938
 Rwanda 72 1.945
   Nepal 73 1.947
 Morocco 74 1.969
 Gabon 75= 1.973
 Liberia 75= 1.973
 Paraguay 77 1.976
 Angola 78 1.982
 Ecuador 79 1.988
 Bolivia 80 1.989
 Dominican Republic 81= 1.990
 Jamaica 81= 1.990
 Armenia 83 1.992
 Madagascar 84 1.995
 Tunisia 85 1.996
 Tanzania 86= 2.001
 Uzbekistan 86= 2.001
 Trinidad and Tobago 88 2.005
 China 89 2.010
 Sri Lanka 90 2.020
 Kyrgyz Republic 91 2.028
 Tajikistan 92 2.031
 Eswatini 93 2.033
 Papua New Guinea 94 2.046
 Georgia 95 2.065
 Bangladesh 96 2.067
 Kazakhstan 97 2.071
 Cuba 98 2.083
 Bahrain 99 2.085
 Lesotho 100 2.089
 Peru 101 2.091
 Togo 102 2.094
 Thailand 103 2.098
 Turkmenistan 104 2.116
 Benin 105 2.125
 Guatemala 106 2.139
 Guyana 107 2.140
 Cote d'Ivoire 108 2.144
 Algeria 109 2.146
 Guinea-Bissau 110 2.156
 Republic of the Congo 111 2.184
 Mauritania 112 2.193
 Djibouti 113 2.213
 El Salvador 114 2.231
 Haiti 115 2.254
 Belarus 116 2.259
 Honduras 117 2.269
 South Africa 118 2.283
 Saudi Arabia 119 2.288
 Kenya 120 2.303
 Uganda 121 2.309
 Mozambique 122 2.316
 Guinea 123 2.332
 Nicaragua 124 2.334
 Philippines 125 2.339
 Egypt 126 2.342
 Zimbabwe 127 2.350
 Azerbaijan 128 2.437
 United States of America 129 2.440
 Brazil 130 2.465
 Burundi 131 2.470
 Eritrea 132 2.494
 Palestine 133 2.552
 Israel 134 2.576
 India 135 2.578
 Chad 136 2.591
 Mexico 137 2.612
 Lebanon 138 2.615
 Myanmar 139 2.631
 Niger 140 2.655
 Iran 141 2.687
 Cameroon 142 2.709
 Nigeria 143 2.725
 Colombia 144 2.729
 Turkey 145 2.785
 Burkina Faso 146 2.786
 Pakistan 147 2.789
 Venezuela 148 2.798
 Ethiopia 149 2.806
 Mali 150 2.911
 Libya 151 2.930
 North Korea 152 2.942
 Ukraine 153 2.971
 Sudan 154 3.007
 Central African Republic 155 3.021
 Somalia 156 3.125
 Iraq 157 3.157
 Democratic Republic of the Congo 158 3.166
 South Sudan 159 3.184
 Russia 160 3.275
 Syria 161 3.356
 Yemen 162 3.394
 Afghanistan 163 3.554

Global Peace Index rankings (2007–2021)

Country 2021 rank 2021 score[7] 2020 rank 2020 score[8] 2019 rank 2019 score[9] 2018 rank 2018 score[10] 2017 rank 2017 score[11] 2016 rank 2016 score[12] 2015 rank 2015 score[13] 2014 rank 2014 score[14] 2013 rank 2013 score[15] 2012 rank 2012 score[16] 2011 rank 2011 score[17] 2010 rank 2010 score[18] 2009 rank 2009 score[19] 2008 rank 2008 score[20] 2007 rank 2007 score[21][22]
 Luxembourg — — — — — — — — — — — 7= 1.341 13 1.341 9 1.446 —
 Hong Kong — — — — — — — — — — — — — 23 1.608 23 1.657
 Iceland 1 1.100 1 1.078 1 1.072 1 1.096 1 1.111 1 1.192 1 1.148 1 1.189 1 1.162 1 1.113 1 1.148 2 1.212 4 1.225 1 1.176 —
 New Zealand 2 1.253 2 1.198 2 1.221 2 1.192 2 1.241 4 1.287 4 1.221 4 1.236 3 1.237 2= 1.239 2 1.279 1 1.188 1 1.202 4 1.350 2 1.363
 Denmark 3 1.256 5 1.283 5 1.316 5 1.353 5 1.337 2 1.246 2 1.150 2 1.193 2 1.207 2= 1.239 4 1.289 7= 1.341 2= 1.217 2 1.333 3 1.377
 Portugal 4 1.267 3 1.247 3 1.274 4 1.318 3 1.258 5 1.356 11 1.344 18 1.425 18 1.467 16 1.470 17 1.453 13 1.366 14 1.348 7 1.412 8= 1.481
 Slovenia 5 1.315 11 1.369 8 1.355 11 1.396 7 1.364 10 1.408 15 1.378 14 1.398 13 1.374 8 1.330 10 1.358 11 1.358 9= 1.322 16 1.491 15 1.539
 Austria 6 1.317 4 1.275 4 1.291 3 1.274 4 1.265 3 1.278 3 1.198 3 1.200 4 1.250 6= 1.328 6 1.337 4 1.290 5 1.252 10 1.449 10 1.483
  Switzerland 7 1.323 10 1.366 11 1.383 12 1.407 9 1.373 7 1.370 5 1.275 5 1.258 5 1.272 10 1.349 16 1.421 18 1.424 18 1.393 12 1.465 14 1.526
 Ireland 8 1.326 12 1.375 12 1.390 10 1.393 10= 1.408 12 1.433 12 1.354 13 1.384 12 1.370 6= 1.328 11 1.370 6 1.337 12 1.333 6 1.410 4 1.396
 Czech Republic 9 1.329 8 1.337 10 1.375 7 1.381 6 1.360 6 1.360 10 1.341 11= 1.381 14 1.404 13 1.396 5 1.320 12 1.360 11 1.328 17 1.501 13 1.524
 Canada 10 1.330 6 1.298 6 1.327 6 1.372 8 1.371 8 1.388 7 1.287 7 1.306 8 1.306 4 1.317 8 1.355 14 1.392 8 1.311 11 1.451 8= 1.481
 Singapore 11 1.347 7 1.321 7 1.347 8 1.382 21 1.534 20 1.535 24 1.490 25 1.545 16= 1.438 23 1.521 24 1.585 30 1.624 23 1.533 29 1.673 29 1.692
 Japan 12 1.373 9 1.360 9 1.369 9 1.391 10= 1.408 9 1.395 8 1.322 8 1.316 6 1.293 5 1.326 3 1.287 3 1.247 7 1.272 5 1.358 5 1.413
 Finland 13 1.402 14 1.404 14 1.488 15 1.506 17 1.515 11 1.429 6 1.277 6 1.297 7 1.297 9 1.348 7 1.352 9 1.352 9= 1.322 8 1.432 6 1.447
 Norway 14 1.438 17= 1.496 20 1.536 16 1.519 14 1.486 17 1.500 17 1.393 10 1.371 11 1.359 18 1.480 9 1.356 5 1.322 2= 1.217 3 1.343 1 1.357
 Sweden 15 1.460 15 1.479 18= 1.533 14 1.502 18 1.516 14 1.461 13 1.360 11= 1.381 9 1.319 14 1.419 13 1.401 10 1.354 6 1.269 13 1.468 7 1.478
 Australia 16 1.470 13 1.386 13 1.419 13 1.435 12 1.425 15 1.465 9 1.329 15 1.414 16= 1.438 22 1.494 18 1.455 19 1.467 19 1.476 27 1.652 25 1.664
 Croatia 17= 1.480 26 1.615 28 1.645 27 1.639 31 1.665 26 1.633 27 1.550 26= 1.548 28 1.571 35 1.648 37 1.699 41 1.707 49 1.741 60 1.926 67 2.030
 Germany 17= 1.480 16 1.494 22 1.547 17= 1.531 16 1.500 16 1.486 16 1.379 17 1.423 15 1.431 15 1.424 15 1.416 16 1.398 16= 1.392 14 1.475 12 1.523
 Hungary 19 1.494 24 1.559 21 1.540 17= 1.531 15 1.494 19 1.534 22 1.463 21 1.482 23 1.520 17 1.476 20 1.495 20 1.495 27 1.575 18= 1.576 18 1.575
 Belgium 20 1.496 17= 1.496 18= 1.533 21 1.560 19= 1.525 18 1.528 14 1.368 9 1.354 10 1.339 11 1.376 14 1.213 17 1.400 15 1.359 15 1.485 11 1.498
 Netherlands 21 1.506 21 1.528 17 1.530 23 1.574 19= 1.525 21 1.541 20 1.432 20 1.475 22 1.508 28 1.606 25 1.628 27 1.610 22 1.531 22 1.607 20 1.620
 Bhutan 22 1.510 19 1.501 15 1.506 19 1.545 13 1.474 13 1.445 18 1.416 16 1.422 20 1.487 19 1.481 34 1.693 36 1.665 40= 1.667 26 1.616 19 1.611
 Malaysia 23 1.515 20 1.525 16 1.529 25 1.619 29 1.637 30 1.648 28 1.561 33 1.659 29 1.574 20 1.485 19 1.467 22 1.539 26 1.561 38 1.721 37 1.744
 Poland 24 1.524 29 1.657 29 1.654 32 1.727 33 1.676 22 1.557 19 1.430 23 1.532 25 1.530 24 1.524 22 1.545 29 1.618 32 1.599 31 1.687 27 1.683
 Romania 25 1.530 22 1.541 25 1.606 24 1.596 25 1.600 31 1.649 26 1.542 35 1.677 30 1.584 32 1.627 40 1.742 45 1.749 31 1.591 24 1.611 26 1.682
 Slovakia 26 1.557 25 1.568 23 1.550 22 1.568 26 1.611 24 1.603 23 1.478 19 1.467 33 1.622 26 1.590 23 1.576 21 1.536 24 1.539 18= 1.576 17 1.571
 Bulgaria 27 1.577 28 1.628 26 1.607 26 1.635 28 1.631 29 1.646 32 1.607 32 1.637 34= 1.663 39 1.699 53 1.845 50 1.785 56 1.775 57 1.903 54 1.936
 Mauritius 28 1.592 23 1.544 24 1.562 20 1.548 22 1.547 23 1.559 25 1.503 24 1.544 21 1.497 21 1.487 — — — — —
 Qatar 29 1.605 27 1.616 31 1.696 56 1.869 30 1.664 34 1.716 30 1.568 22 1.491 19 1.480 12 1.395 12 1.398 15 1.394 16= 1.392 33 1.694 30= 1.702
 Estonia 30 1.612 30 1.680 37 1.727 33 1.732 36 1.712 36 1.732 38 1.677 31 1.635 38 1.710 41 1.715 47 1.798 46 1.751 38 1.661 35 1.702 28 1.684
 Spain 31 1.621 38 1.712 32 1.699 30 1.678 23 1.568 25 1.604 21 1.451 26= 1.548 27 1.563 25 1.548 28 1.641 25 1.588 28 1.577 30 1.683 21 1.633
 Italy 32 1.652 31 1.690 39 1.754 38= 1.766 38 1.737 39 1.774 36 1.669 34 1.675 34=[f] 1.663 38 1.690 45 1.775 40 1.701 36 1.648 28 1.653 33 1.724
 United Kingdom 33 1.658 42 1.770 45= 1.801 57 1.876 41= 1.786 47 1.830 39 1.685 47 1.798 44 1.787 29 1.609 26 1.631 31 1.631 35 1.647 49 1.801 49 1.898
 Taiwan 34 1.662 37 1.707 36 1.725 34 1.736 40 1.782 41 1.787 35 1.657 28 1.558 26 1.538 27 1.602 27 1.637 35 1.664 37 1.652 44 1.779 36 1.731
 Latvia 35 1.686 34 1.700 35 1.718 31 1.689 32 1.670 32 1.680 40 1.695 39 1.745 41= 1.772 45 1.774 46 1.793 54 1.827 54= 1.773 39= 1.723 47 1.848
 Kuwait 36 1.688 39= 1.723 43 1.794 42 1.799 58 1.909 51 1.842 33 1.626 37 1.679 37 1.705 47 1.792 29 1.667 39 1.693 42 1.680 45 1.786 46 1.818
 Lithuania 37 1.689 36 1.705 38 1.728 36 1.749 37 1.732 37 1.735 37 1.674 46 1.797 43 1.784 43 1.741 43 1.760 42 1.713 43 1.687 39= 1.723 43 1.788
 Ghana 38 1.715 43 1.776 44 1.796 41 1.772 43 1.793 44 1.809 54 1.840 61= 1.902 58 1.899 50 1.807 42 1.752 48 1.781 52 1.761 39= 1.723 40 1.765
 Costa Rica 39 1.735 32 1.691 33 1.706 40 1.767 34 1.701 33 1.699 34 1.654 42 1.781 40 1.755 36 1.659 31 1.681 26 1.590 29 1.578 34 1.701 30= 1.702
 North Macedonia 40 1.744 62 1.900 65= 1.933 87 2.058 102 2.133 94 2.092 71= 1.944 87= 2.056 79 2.044 68 1.935 78 2.048 83= 2.048 88 2.039 87 2.119 82 2.170
 Botswana 41 1.753 33 1.693 30 1.676 29 1.659 27 1.622 28 1.639 31 1.597 36 1.678 32 1.598 31 1.621 35 1.695 33 1.641 34 1.643 46 1.792 42 1.786
 Indonesia 42= 1.783 49 1.831 41 1.785 55 1.853 52 1.850 42 1.799 46= 1.768 54 1.853 54 1.879 63 1.913 68 1.979 67 1.946 67 1.853 68 1.983 78 2.111
 Mongolia 42= 1.783 39= 1.723 42 1.792 46= 1.821 46 1.801 50 1.838 43 1.706 41 1.778 64 1.921 58 1.884 57 1.880 92 2.101 89 2.040 88 2.155 —
 Serbia 44 1.797 51 1.846 50 1.812 54 1.851 56 1.888 48 1.834 46= 1.768 52= 1.849 62 1.912 64 1.920 84 2.071 90 2.071 78 1.951 85 2.110 84 2.181
 Laos 45 1.809 50 1.843 45= 1.801 46= 1.821 45 1.800 52 1.852 41 1.700 38 1.723 39 1.724 37 1.662 32 1.687 34 1.661 45 1.701 51 1.810 —
 Sierra Leone 46 1.813 46 1.820 52 1.822 35 1.740 39 1.760 43 1.805 59 1.864 66= 1.942 59 1.904 52 1.855 61 1.904 53 1.818 — — —
 Uruguay 47 1.817 35 1.704 34 1.711 37 1.761 35 1.709 35 1.726 44 1.721 29 1.565 24 1.528 33 1.628 21 1.521 24 1.568 25 1.557 21 1.606 24 1.661
 Albania 48 1.824 55 1.872 51 1.821 52= 1.849 57 1.908 54 1.867 52 1.821 65 1.939 69 1.961 66= 1.927 63 1.912 65 1.925 75= 1.925 79 2.044 —
 Chile 49 1.831 45 1.804 27 1.634 28 1.649 24 1.595 27 1.635 29 1.563 30 1.591 31 1.589 30 1.616 38 1.710 28 1.616 20 1.481 18= 1.576 16 1.568
 Vietnam 50 1.835 64= 1.920 57 1.877 60 1.905 59 1.919 59 1.906 56 1.848 45 1.792 41= 1.772 34 1.641 30 1.670 38 1.691 39 1.664 37 1.720 34= 1.729
 Montenegro 51 1.847 69 1.944 67 1.939 58 1.893 67 1.950 57 1.884 57 1.854 55 1.860 73 1.976 81= 2.006 89 2.113 88 2.060 91 2.046 — —
 United Arab Emirates 52 1.848 41 1.752 53 1.847 45 1.820 65 1.944 61 1.931 49= 1.805 40 1.748 36 1.679 46 1.785 33 1.690 44 1.739 40= 1.667 42 1.745 38 1.747
 The Gambia 53 1.853 60= 1.891 62 1.908 76 1.989 110 2.211 92= 2.091 99 2.086 94 2.085 93 2.091 74 1.961 62 1.910 63 1.890 — — —
 Senegal 54 1.864 47 1.824 58 1.883 52= 1.849 60 1.929 70 1.978 49= 1.805 72 1.974 85 2.061 78 1.994 77 2.047 79 2.031 80 1.984 71 2.011 65 2.017
 France 55 1.868 66 1.930 60= 1.892 61 1.909 51 1.839 46 1.829 45 1.742 48= 1.808 53 1.863 40 1.710 36 1.697 32 1.636 30 1.579 36 1.707 34= 1.729
 East Timor 56 1.873 54 1.863 48= 1.805 59 1.895 53 1.866 56 1.879 58 1.860 69 1.947 51 1.854 — — — — — —
 South Korea 57 1.877 48 1.829 55= 1.867 49 1.823 47 1.823 53 1.858 42 1.701 52= 1.849 47 1.822 42 1.734 50 1.829 43 1.715 33 1.627 32 1.691 32 1.719
 Tanzania 58 1.892 52 1.850 54 1.860 51 1.837 54 1.876 58 1.899 64= 1.903 59= 1.889 55 1.887 55 1.873 56 1.858 55 1.832 59= 1.798 58= 1.919 57 1.966
 Malawi 59= 1.909 59 1.885 40 1.779 44 1.811 48 1.825 45 1.817 51 1.814 77 1.995 74= 1.984 60 1.894 39 1.740 51= 1.813 47 1.711 73 2.024 68 2.038
 Moldova 59= 1.909 71 1.950 68 1.951 64 1.939 62 1.938 65 1.953 70 1.942 71 1.971 74= 1.984 66= 1.927 59 1.892 66 1.938 75= 1.925 83 2.091 71= 2.059
 Cyprus 61 1.912 64= 1.920 63 1.914 62 1.913 64 1.940 71 1.994 68 1.924 51 1.844 49= 1.840 73 1.957 71 2.013 76 2.013 48 1.737 52 1.847 51 1.915
 Equatorial Guinea 62 1.915 60= 1.891 70 1.957 65 1.946 61 1.930 62 1.940 81 1.987 93 2.079 89 2.072 87 2.039 75 2.041 68= 1.948 61= 1.801 64 1.964 71= 2.059
 Jordan 63 1.916 72 1.958 77= 2.012 98= 2.104 95 2.087 96 2.127 71= 1.944 56 1.861 52 1.858 62 1.905 64 1.918 68= 1.948 64 1.832 65 1.969 63 1.997
 Panama 64 1.919 56 1.875 47 1.804 50 1.826 49 1.835 49 1.837 64= 1.903 57 1.877 56 1.893 61 1.899 49 1.812 61 1.878 59= 1.798 47= 1.797 45 1.798
 Namibia 65 1.927 53 1.861 60= 1.892 43 1.806 50 1.838 55 1.873 48 1.784 48= 1.808 46 1.807 49 1.804 54 1.850 59 1.864 65 1.841 77 2.042 64 2.003
 Greece 66 1.932 57= 1.877 65= 1.933 79 2.020 73 1.998 82 2.044 61 1.878 86 2.052 68 1.957 77 1.976 65 1.947 62 1.887 57 1.778 54 1.867 44 1.791
 Kazakhstan 67 1.936 70 1.948 64 1.932 70 1.974 72 1.992 75 2.019 87 2.008 103 2.150 78 2.031 105 2.151 93 2.137 95= 2.113 84 2.018 72 2.018 61= 1.995
 Argentina 68 1.945 74 1.978 75 1.989 66 1.947 55 1.880 67 1.957 60 1.865 43 1.789 60 1.907 44 1.763 55 1.852 71 1.962 66 1.851 56 1.895 52 1.923
 Eswatini 69 1.995 67 1.934 72= 1.986 72 1.980 77 2.010 90 2.074 101 2.102 87= 2.056 88 2.069 85= 2.028 69= 1.995 73 1.966 — — —
 Madagascar 70 1.963 63 1.905 55= 1.867 38= 1.766 44 1.797 38 1.763 67 1.911 66= 1.942 90= 2.074 99= 2.124 105 2.239 77= 2.019 72 1.912 43 1.770 41 1.766
 Zambia 71 1.964 44 1.794 48= 1.805 48 1.822 41= 1.786 40 1.783 55 1.846 44 1.791 48 1.832 51 1.830 52 1.833 51= 1.813 58 1.779 53 1.856 53 1.930
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 72 1.970 79 2.040 81 2.019 89 2.065 84= 2.035 60 1.915 53 1.839 61= 1.902 71 1.967 65 1.923 60 1.893 60 1.873 50 1.755 66 1.974 75 2.089
 Oman 73 1.982 68 1.941 69 1.953 73 1.984 70 1.983 74 2.016 74= 1.947 59= 1.889 45 1.806 59 1.887 41 1.743 23 1.561 21 1.520 25 1.612 22 1.641
 Jamaica 74 1.992 80 2.041 83 2.038 90 2.068 92 2.072 92= 2.091 109 2.153 107 2.203 117 2.274 113 2.222 106 2.244 98 2.138 102 2.111 96 2.226 81 2.164
 Paraguay 75 1.997 75 1.991 88 2.055 77 1.997 68 1.961 80 2.037 89 2.023 73 1.976 84 2.060 76 1.973 66 1.954 77= 2.019 73 1.916 70 1.997 55 1.946
 Kyrgyz Republic 76= 1.998 93 2.094 95 2.105 108 2.181 111 2.216 124 2.297 121 2.249 125 2.382 131 2.391 131 2.359 114 2.296 — — — —
 Liberia 76= 1.998 57= 1.877 59 1.889 63 1.931 82 2.023 72= 1.998 78 1.963 84 2.014 80 2.048 101 2.131 96= 2.159 99 2.148 — — —
 Cambodia 78 2.008 78 2.011 89 2.066 96= 2.101 89 2.065 104 2.161 111= 2.179 106 2.201 115 2.263 108 2.207 115 2.301 111 2.252 105 2.179 91 2.179 85 2.197
 Morocco 79 2.015 83 2.057 90 2.070 71 1.979 75 2.004 91 2.086 86 2.002 63 1.915 57 1.897 54 1.867 58 1.887 58 1.861 63 1.811 62= 1.954 48 1.893
 Angola 80= 2.017 91 2.087 77= 2.012 83 2.048 100 2.116 98 2.140 88 2.020 102 2.143 102 2.148 95= 2.105 87 2.109 86 2.057 100 2.105 110 2.364 112 2.587
 Kosovo 80= 2.017 85 2.070 86 2.049 92 2.078 76 2.007 77 2.022 69 1.938 64 1.929 72 1.969 — — — — — —
 Dominican Republic 82 2.024 76 1.992 84 2.041 91 2.073 99 2.114 99= 2.143 100 2.089 95= 2.093 94 2.103 90 2.068 91 2.125 93 2.103 70 1.890 82 2.069 74 2.071
 Rwanda 83 2.028 81 2.049 79 2.014 103 2.140 113 2.227 128 2.323 139 2.420 137 2.494 135 2.444 119 2.250 99 2.185 75 2.012 86 2.027 76 2.030 —
 Trinidad and Tobago 84 2.029 88 2.078 93 2.094 84= 2.053 97= 2.095 84 2.056 97 2.070 89 2.065 90= 2.074 94 2.082 79 2.051 94 2.107 87 2.035 98 2.230 94 2.286
   Nepal 85 2.033 73 1.974 76 2.003 84= 2.053 93 2.080 78 2.026 62 1.882 76 1.989 82 2.058 80 2.001 95 2.152 82 2.044 77 1.939 — —
 Peru 86 2.034 84 2.066 80 2.016 74 1.986 71 1.986 85= 2.057 92= 2.029 119 2.304 113= 2.258 79 1.995 85 2.077 89 2.067 79 1.972 80 2.046 70 2.056
 Cuba 87 2.042 86= 2.074 91 2.073 81 2.037 88 2.056 85= 2.057 82 1.988 75 1.986 65 1.922 70 1.951 67 1.964 72 1.964 68 1.856 62= 1.954 59 1.968
 Ecuador 88 2.044 90 2.085 71 1.980 75 1.987 66 1.948 76 2.020 84= 1.997 85 2.042 83 2.059 85= 2.028 90 2.116 101 2.185 109 2.211 100 2.274 86= 2.219
 Georgia 89 2.054 95= 2.116 99 2.122 102 2.130 94 2.084 85= 2.057 79 1.973 111= 2.225 139 2.511 141 2.541 134 2.558 142 2.970 134= 2.736 — —
 Uzbekistan 90 2.062 103 2.158 102 2.166 104= 2.144 101 2.132 109 2.216 113 2.187 104 2.179 124 2.333 110 2.219 109= 2.260 110 2.242 106= 2.202 111 2.377 110 2.542
 Bangladesh 91 2.068 97 2.121 101 2.128 93 2.084 84= 2.035 83 2.045 84= 1.997 98 2.106 105 2.159 91 2.071 83 2.070 87 2.058 90 2.045 86 2.118 86= 2.219
 Guinea 92 2.069 89 2.082 100 2.125 96= 2.101 96 2.089 101= 2.148 117 2.214 118 2.296 116 2.272 92 2.073 92 2.126 — — — —
 Gabon 93 2.074 95= 2.116 96 2.112 95 2.099 87 2.052 79 2.033 66 1.904 68 1.945 76 1.995 75 1.972 81 2.059 74 1.981 51 1.758 55 1.878 56 1.952
 Armenia 94 2.075 99= 2.135 118 2.294 120 2.287 112 2.220 110 2.218 91 2.028 97 2.097 98 2.123 115 2.238 109= 2.260 113 2.266 — — —
 Sri Lanka 95 2.083 77 2.003 72= 1.986 67 1.954 80 2.019 97 2.133 114 2.188 105 2.197 110 2.230 103 2.145 126 2.407 133 2.621 125 2.485 125 2.584 111 2.575
 Benin 96 2.093 106 2.182 72= 1.986 69 1.973 79 2.014 72= 1.998 77 1.958 100 2.129 104 2.156 114 2.231 — — — — —
 Tajikistan 97 2.095 107 2.188 105= 2.196 114 2.266 118 2.263 122 2.293 108 2.152 126= 2.395 118 2.282 99= 2.124 103 2.225 — — — —
 Tunisia 98 2.108 92 2.090 82 2.035 78 1.998 69 1.977 64 1.949 76 1.952 79 2.001 77 2.005 72 1.955 44 1.765 37 1.678 44 1.698 47= 1.797 39 1.762
 Guinea-Bissau 99 2.113 101= 2.157 112 2.237 116= 2.275 122 2.309 116 2.264 120 2.235 145 2.591 132 2.431 95= 2.105 — — — — —
 China 100= 2.114 104 2.166 110 2.217 112 2.243 116 2.242 120 2.288 124 2.267 108 2.207 101 2.142 89 2.061 80 2.054 80 2.034 74 1.921 67 1.981 60 1.980
 Guyana 100= 2.114 82 2.050 92 2.075 82 2.043 81 2.021 95 2.105 92= 2.029 83 2.003 70 1.962 69 1.937 88 2.112 91 2.095 97 2.098 — —
 Bahrain 102 2.121 110 2.209 124 2.357 130 2.437 131 2.404 132 2.398 107 2.142 111= 2.225 95 2.109 118 2.247 123 2.398 70 1.956 69 1.881 74 2.025 61= 1.995
 Cote d'Ivoire 103= 2.123 105 2.169 107 2.203 110 2.207 121 2.307 118 2.279 105 2.133 140 2.520 151 2.732 134 2.419 128 2.417 118 2.297 117 2.342 122 2.451 113 2.638
 Mozambique 103= 2.123 99= 2.135 94 2.099 86 2.056 78 2.013 68 1.963 80 1.976 82 2.004 61 1.910 48 1.796 48 1.809 47 1.779 53 1.765 50 1.803 50 1.909
 Bolivia 105 2.140 86= 2.074 85 2.044 94 2.092 86 2.045 81 2.038 90 2.025 70 1.969 86 2.062 84 2.021 76 2.045 81 2.037 81 1.990 78 2.043 69 2.052
 Djibouti 106 2.146 112 2.215 109 2.207 115 2.269 107 2.196 121 2.292 102 2.113 74 1.979 63 1.917 56= 1.881 — — — — —
 Papua New Guinea 107 2.149 101= 2.157 98 2.118 100 2.109 97= 2.095 99= 2.143 96 2.064 90 2.066 99= 2.126 93 2.076 94 2.139 95= 2.113 93 2.059 95 2.224 88 2.223
 Haiti 108 2.151 111 2.211 87 2.052 88 2.064 83 2.026 89 2.066 98 2.074 99 2.127 92 2.075 107 2.179 113 2.288 114 2.270 116 2.330 109 2.362 —
 Turkmenistan 109 2.154 116 2.276 115 2.265 119 2.283 119 2.270 106= 2.202 106 2.138 95= 2.093 103 2.154 117 2.242 108 2.248 117 2.295 101 2.110 102 2.302 —
 El Salvador 110 2.184 113 2.243 113 2.262 116= 2.275 115 2.239 111= 2.237 123 2.263 116 2.280 112 2.240 111= 2.220 102 2.215 103 2.195 94 2.068 89 2.163 89 2.244
 Guatemala 111 2.195 115 2.267 114 2.264 111 2.214 117 2.245 117 2.270 118 2.215 115 2.248 109 2.221 124 2.287 125 2.405 112 2.258 111 2.218 103 2.328 93 2.285
 Lesotho 112 2.202 98 2.131 103 2.167 104= 2.144 90 2.066 63 1.941 63 1.891 50 1.839 49=[g] 1.840 53 1.864 — — — — —
 Thailand 113 2.205 114 2.245 117 2.278 113 2.259 120 2.286 125 2.312 126 2.303 126= 2.395 130 2.378 126 2.303 107 2.247 124 2.393 118 2.353 118 2.424 105 2.491
 Uganda 114 2.219 109 2.202 105= 2.196 107 2.168 105 2.182 101= 2.148 111= 2.179 110 2.221 106 2.180 98 2.121 96= 2.159 100 2.165 103 2.140 114 2.391 104 2.489
 Togo 115 2.239 108 2.201 108 2.205 98= 2.104 63 1.939 66 1.954 71= 1.944 80= 2.003 67 1.954 — — — — — —
 Kenya 116 2.254 125 2.375 119 2.300 123 2.315[h] 125 2.336 131 2.379 133 2.342 132 2.452 136 2.466 120 2.252 111 2.276 120 2.369 113 2.266 119 2.429 91 2.258
 Belarus 117 2.285 94 2.111 97 2.115 101 2.112 103 2.141 106= 2.202 110 2.173 92 2.078 96 2.117 109 2.208 112 2.283 105 2.204 98 2.103 94 2.194 —
 Mauritania 118 2.290 117= 2.287 122 2.333 127 2.355 128 2.355 123 2.295 122 2.262 120 2.350 122 2.326 125 2.301 130 2.425 123 2.389 124 2.478 120 2.435 —
 Republic of the Congo 119 2.291 124 2.343 121 2.323 126 2.343 124 2.334 114 2.249 115 2.196 109 2.211 107 2.183 104 2.148 98 2.165 102 2.192 106= 2.202 117 2.417 —
 Algeria 120 2.310 117= 2.287 111 2.219 109 2.182 109 2.201 108 2.213 104 2.131 114 2.239 119 2.284 121 2.255 129 2.423 116 2.277 110 2.212 112 2.378 107 2.503
 Azerbaijan 121 2.334 120 2.300 130 2.425 132 2.454 132 2.426 134 2.450 132 2.325 123 2.365 126 2.350 132 2.360 122 2.379 119 2.367 114= 2.327 101 2.287 101 2.448
 United States 122 2.337 121 2.307 128 2.401 121 2.300 114 2.232 103 2.154 94 2.038 101 2.137 99= 2.126 88 2.058 82 2.063 85 2.056 83 2.015 97 2.227 96 2.317
 South Africa 123 2.344 123 2.317 127 2.399 125 2.328 123 2.324 126 2.316 136 2.376 122 2.364 121 2.292 127 2.321 118[i] 2.35[i] 121 2.380 123 2.437 116 2.412 99 2.399
 Honduras 124 2.371 119 2.288 123 2.341 118 2.282 106 2.185 111= 2.237 116 2.210 117 2.281 123 2.332 129 2.339 117 2.327 125 2.395 112 2.265 104 2.335 98 2.390
 Saudi Arabia 125 2.376 128 2.443 129 2.409 129 2.417 133 2.474 129 2.338 95 2.042 80= 2.003 97 2.119 106 2.178 101 2.192 107= 2.216 104 2.167 108 2.357 90 2.246
 Egypt 126 2.397 130 2.481 136 2.521 142 2.632 139 2.583 142 2.574 137 2.382 143= 2.571 113= 2.258 111= 2.220 73 2.023 49 1.784 54= 1.773 69 1.987 73 2.068
 Philippines 127 2.417 129 2.471 134 2.516 137 2.512 138 2.555 139 2.511 141 2.462 134 2.456 129 2.374 133 2.415 136 2.574 130 2.574 114= 2.327 113 2.385 100 2.428
 Brazil 128 2.430 126 2.413 116 2.271 106 2.160 108 2.199 105 2.176 103 2.122 91 2.073 81 2.051 83 2.017 74 2.040 83= 2.048 85 2.022 90 2.168 83 2.173
 Burundi 129 2.434 132 2.506 135 2.520 134 2.488 141 2.641 138 2.500 130= 2.323 130 2.418 144 2.593 138 2.524 132 2.532 131 2.577 127 2.529 — —
 Nicaragua 130 2.445 135 2.553 120 2.312 68 1.960 74 2.002 69 1.975 74= 1.947 58 1.882 66 1.931 81= 2.006 72 2.021 64 1.924 61= 1.801 58= 1.919 66 2.020
 Myanmar 131 2.457 127 2.424 125 2.393 122 2.302 104 2.179 115 2.256 130= 2.323 136 2.473 140 2.528 139 2.525 133 2.538 132 2.580 126 2.501 126 2.590 108 2.524
 Chad 132 2.489 134 2.538 137 2.522 135 2.498 135 2.495 136 2.464 140 2.429 142 2.558 138 2.493 145 2.671 141 2.740 141 2.964 138 2.880 135 3.007 —
 Zimbabwe 133 2.490 131 2.485 132 2.463 124 2.326 127 2.352 127 2.322 125 2.294 148 2.662 149 2.696 140 2.538 140 2.722 135 2.678 134= 2.736 124 2.513 106 2.495
 Burkina Faso 134 2.527 122 2.316 104 2.176 80 2.029 91 2.070 88 2.063 83 1.994 78 1.998 87 2.064 56= 1.881 51 1.832 57 1.852 71 1.905 81 2.062 —
 India 135 2.553 139 2.628 141 2.605 136 2.504 137 2.541 141 2.566 143 2.504 143= 2.571 141 2.570 142 2.549 135 2.570 128 2.516 122 2.422 107 2.355 109 2.530
 Eritrea 136 2.555 136 2.567 133 2.504 138 2.522 136 2.505 135 2.460 127 2.309 124 2.377 120 2.288 122 2.264 104 2.227 — — — —
 Niger 137 2.589 138 2.608 126 2.394 128 2.359 126 2.343 113 2.239 129 2.320 121 2.351 127 2.362 116 2.241 119= 2.356 — — — —
 Palestine 138 2.610 143 2.699 142 2.608 141 2.621 145 2.774 148 2.832 — — — — — — — — —
 Ethiopia 139 2.613 133 2.526 131 2.434 139 2.524 134 2.477 119 2.284 119 2.234 139 2.502 146 2.630 137 2.504 131 2.468 127 2.444 128 2.551 121 2.439 103 2.479
 Mexico 140 2.620 137 2.572 140 2.600 140 2.583 142 2.646 140 2.557 144 2.530 138 2.500 133 2.434 135 2.445 121 2.362 107= 2.216 108 2.209 93 2.191 79 2.125
 Iran 141 2.637 142 2.672 139 2.542 131 2.439 129 2.364 133 2.411 138 2.409 131 2.437 137 2.473 128 2.324 119= 2.356 104 2.202 99 2.104 105 2.341 97 2.320
 Ukraine 142 2.660 148 2.927 150 2.950 152 3.113 154 3.184 156 3.287 150 2.845 141 2.546 111 2.238 71 1.953 69= 1.995 97 2.115 82 2.010 84 2.096 80 2.150
 Israel 143 2.669 145 2.775 146 2.735 146 2.764 144 2.707 144 2.656 148 2.781 149 2.689 150 2.730 150 2.842 145 2.901 144 3.019 141 3.035 136 3.052 119 3.033
 Colombia 144 2.694 140 2.646 143 2.661 145 2.729 146= 2.777 147 2.764 146 2.720 150 2.701 147 2.634 144 2.625 139 2.700 138 2.787 130 2.645 130 2.757 116 2.770
 Cameroon 145 2.700 141 2.650 138 2.538 133 2.484 130 2.390 130 2.356 134 2.349 113 2.235 108 2.191 97 2.113 86 2.104 106 2.210 95 2.073 92 2.182 76 2.093
 Nigeria 146 2.712 147 2.865 148 2.898 148 2.873 149 2.849 149 2.877 151 2.910 151 2.710 148 2.693 146 2.801 142 2.743 137 2.756 129 2.602 129 2.724 117 2.898
 Lebanon 147 2.797 146 2.828 147 2.800 147 2.778 148 2.782 146 2.752 145 2.623 146 2.620 142 2.575 136 2.459 137 2.597 134 2.639 132 2.718 132 2.840 114 2.662
 Mali 148 2.813 144 2.729 145 2.710 144 2.686 140 2.596 137 2.489 128 2.310 135 2.465 125 2.346 102 2.132 100 2.188 109 2.240 96 2.086 99 2.238 —
 Turkey 149 2.843 150 2.959 152 3.015 149 2.898 146= 2.777 145 2.710 135 2.363 128 2.402 134 2.437 130 2.344 127 2.411 126 2.420 121 2.389 115 2.403 92 2.272
 Pakistan 150 2.868 152 2.973 153 3.072 151 3.079 152 3.058 153 3.145 154 3.049 154 3.107 157 3.106 149 2.833 146 2.905 145 3.050 137 2.859 127 2.694 115 2.697
 North Korea 151 2.923 151 2.962 151 2.995 150 2.950 150 2.967 150 2.944 153 2.977 153 3.071 154 3.044 152 2.932 149 3.092 139 3.855 131 2.717 133 2.850 —
 Venezuela 152 2.934 149 2.936 144 2.671 143 2.642 143 2.652 143 2.651 142 2.493 129 2.410 128 2.370 123 2.278 124 2.403 122 2.387 120 2.381 123 2.505 102 2.453
 Sudan 153 2.936 153 3.043 149 2.921 153 3.155 155= 3.213 155 3.269 156 3.295 157 3.362 158 3.242 156 3.193 151 3.223 146 3.125 140 2.922 138 3.189 120 3.182
 Russia 154 2.993 154 3.049 154 3.093 154 3.160 151 3.047 151 3.079 152 2.954 152 3.039 155 3.060 153 2.938 147 2.966 143 3.013 136 2.750 131 2.777 118 2.903
 Central African Republic 155 3.131 155 3.237 157 3.296 155 3.236 155= 3.213 157 3.354 158 3.332 156 3.331 153 3.031 151 2.872 144 2.869 136 2.753 133 2.733 134 2.857 —
 Libya 156 3.166 157 3.258 156 3.285 157 3.262 157 3.328 154 3.200 149 2.819 133 2.453 145 2.604 147= 2.830 143 2.816 56 1.839 46 1.710 61 1.927 58 1.967
 Democratic Republic of the Congo 157 3.196 156 3.243 155 3.218 156 3.251 153 3.061 152 3.112 155 3.085 155 3.213 156 3.085 154 3.073 148 3.016 140 2.925 139 2.888 128 2.707 —
 Somalia 158 3.211 158 3.302 158 3.300 159 3.367 158 3.387 159 3.414 157 3.307 158 3.368 161 3.394 158 3.392 153 3.379 148 3.390 142 3.257 139 3.293 —
 Iraq 159 3.257 161 3.487 159 3.369 160 3.425 161 3.556 161 3.570 161 3.444 159 3.377 159 3.245 155 3.192 152 3.296 149 3.406 144 3.341 140 3.514 121 3.437
 South Sudan 160 3.363 160 3.447 161 3.526 161 3.508 160 3.524 162 3.593 159 3.383 160 3.397 143 2.576 — — — — — —
 Syria 161 3.371 162 3.539 162 3.566 163 3.600 163 3.814 163 3.806 162 3.645 162 3.650 160 3.393 147= 2.830 116 2.322 115 2.274 92 2.049 75 2.027 77 2.106
 Yemen 162 3.407 159 3.411 160 3.412 158 3.305 159 3.412 158 3.399 147 2.751 147 2.629 152 2.747 143 2.601 138 2.670 129 2.573 119 2.363 106 2.352 95 2.309
 Afghanistan 163 3.631 163 3.644 163 3.574 162 3.585 162 3.567 160 3.538 160 3.427 161 3.416 162 3.440 157 3.252 150 3.212 147 3.252 143 3.285 137 3.126 —

Note: The GPI's methodology is updated regularly and is improved to reflect the most up-to-date datasets. Each year's GPI report includes a detailed description of the methodology used. Also, the data is revised periodically and so values from different years may change accordingly.
This table contains the scores and ranking published in the official yearly reports, for the latest revised data please visit the Interactive world map of the Global Peace Index.

International response

The Index has received endorsements as a political project from a number of major international figures, including the former Secretary-General of the United Nations, Kofi Annan; former President of Finland and 2008 Nobel Peace Prize laureate Martti Ahtisaari; the Dalai Lama; Archbishop Desmond Tutu; Muhammad Yunus; and former United States President Jimmy Carter.[23] Steve Killelea, A.M., the Australian philanthropist who conceived the idea of the Index, argues that the Index is "a wake-up call for leaders around the globe".[24]

The Index has been widely recognized. Professor Jeffrey Sachs, Director of the Earth Institute at Columbia University, said: "The GPI continues its pioneering work in drawing the world's attention to the massive resources we are squandering in violence and conflict. The lives and money wasted in wars, incarcerations, weapons systems, weapons trade, and more could be directed to ending poverty, promoting education, and protecting the environment. The GPI will not only draw attention to these crucial issues but help us understand them and to invest productively in a more peaceful world."[25]

Following the release of the 2015 GPI, Professor Sir Lawrence Freedman of King's College in London called the Index "an extraordinarily useful body of information", declaring of its analysis: "The best indicator of future conflict is past conflict. The challenge is how we break that cycle."[26]

The Economist, in publishing the first edition of the index in 2007, admitted: "The index will run into some flak." Specifically, according to The Economist, the weighting of military expenditure "may seem to give heart to freeloaders: countries that enjoy peace precisely because others (often the USA) care for their defence," and said the true utility of the index may lie not in its specific current rankings of countries but in how those rankings change over time, thus tracking when and how countries become more or less peaceful.[27] In 2012, The Economist suggested: "Quantifying peace is a bit like trying to describe how happiness smells." The publication admitted that the GPI has produced some "surprising results" and argued that "part of the appeal of the index is that readers can examine each of the variables in turn and think about how much weight to add to each."[28]

The Australian National University says that the GPI report presents "the latest and most comprehensive global data on trends in peace, violence and war" and "provides the world's best analysis of the statistical factors associated with long-term peace, as well as economic analysis on the macroeconomic impacts of everyday violence and war on the global economy."[29]

The GPI has been criticized for not including indicators specifically relating to violence against women and children. In 2007 Riane Eisler, writing in the Christian Science Monitor, argued: "To put it mildly, this blind spot makes the index very inaccurate." She mentions a number of specific cases, including Egypt, where she claims 90% of women are subject to genital mutilation, and China, where, she says, "female infanticide is still a problem", according to a 2000 UNICEF study.[30]

World leaders talking about the GPI

During a Peace Forum in August 2017, Honduran President Juan Orlando Hernandez said that "receiving such high praise from an institute that once named this country the most violent in the world is extremely significant... My administration will keep fighting to protect all Honduran citizens." The President has recently launched an initiative to build a series of safe parks across Honduras and hopes to see further improvement reflected in future GPI rankings.[31]

Malaysia ranked 29th in the 2017 GPI. The country's Communications and Multimedia Minister, Datuk Seri Salleh Said Keruak said that this ranking along with Malaysia's high place in the 2017 World Happiness Report was proof that the "government's efforts have made Malaysia a safe and prosperous country." He also admitted, "there's still much room for improvement to make Malaysia the best among the better countries and that's what we're doing now."[32]

After the release of the 2016 GPI, the Botswanan Office of the President released a proud statement, "in this year's Index, Botswana was ranked as 28 out of 163 countries, up 3 places from last year. This continues to place Botswana above over half of the European region countries surveyed as well as all five of the Permanent Members of the United Nations Security Council... in addition Botswana was one of only five countries, to achieve a perfect score in the domestic and international conflict domain."[33]

Navid Hanif, Director of the United Nations Office for ECOSOC Support and Coordination said, "it's intuitive that peace is useful and peacefulness is a reward in itself, but the IEP is trying to make the conclusion more evidence-based. Now that the index covers 99% of the population, it has come a long way. The report systemically measures peacefulness and identifies the determinants of peace."[34]

Reacting to the 2017 results of the GPI, which ranked the Philippines 138 out of 163 countries, mainly because of poor scores in societal safety and security due to President Duterte's war on drugs, Philippine Presidential spokesman Ernesto Abella countered, "We're not entirely sure where the GPI, Global Peace Index analyst... who apparently is supposed to be a local, is really coming from. Maybe there's a political slant somewhere... based on survey results, the net satisfaction of Filipino people is quite high."[35]

Sierra Leone ranked 39th in the 2017 Global Peace Index. Former Chief of Staff and Office of National Security (ONS) adviser, Dr. Jonathan PJ Sandy, "welcomed the 2017 Global Peace Index report released recently which ranked Sierra Leone in first position, as the most peaceful country in West Africa and third in the African continent... He observed that going by the report itself, [future] elections might be successfully held." Presidential Spokesman, Abdulai Bayraytay "said the favourable Global Peace rating of Sierra Leone would serve as an impetus for the country to do more."[36]

Media coverage

The Independent: Global Peace Index: US Facing New Era of Instability as Middle East Sinks Further into Turmoil: "An annual global peace index has concluded that US political turmoil had pushed North America into deep instability in 2016 while the Middle East sank deeper into turmoil. Despite depicting tumult across continents, the 2017 Global Peace Index said the world had overall become more peaceful in the past year when measured against a range of indicators."[37]

BBC: Global Peace Index 2017: World 0.28% more peaceful than last year: "Levels of peace around the world have improved slightly for the first time since the Syrian war began, but harmony has decreased in the US and terrorism records have increased, a Sydney-based think-tank has found."[38]

Forbes: "The Global Peace Index, which the Institute compiles annually, paints a sombre picture: The world has become even less peaceful in 2016, continuing a decade-long trend of increased violence and strife. Published every year since 2008, the Index ranks 163 independent states and territories by their level of peacefulness."[3]

Forbes: The World's Most and Least Peaceful Countries [Infographic]: "The 2017 Global Peace Index has found that the world has become a slightly safer place over the past year. However, the political fallout and deep rooted division brought on by the US presidential election campaign has led to a deterioration of peace levels in North America."[39]

The Guardian: Fraught White House Campaign Blamed as US Bucks Global Trend Towards Peace: "The divisive nature of Donald Trump's rise to the White House has increased mistrust of the US government and means social problems are likely to become more entrenched, said the authors of the annual Global Peace Index, in which 163 countries and territories are analysed."[40]

HuffingtonPost: Global Peace Index 2017: Donald Trump Fallout Causes North America To Plummet Down Ranking: "While the world became a safer place to live overall, the 2017 Global Peace Index found disruption caused by the perception of corruption and attacks on media in the US led to its deterioration."[41]

The Washington Times: U.S. Ranked the 114th Most Peaceful Nation on Earth says Annual Global Ranking: "The index is produced by the Australia-based Institute for Economics and Peace, which figures that the impact of strife worldwide is $14.3 trillion. News is not all bad, though. In a nutshell, the index found that 93 nations became 'more peaceful' in the last year, 68 were 'less peaceful.'"[42]

Business Insider: The 12 Safest Countries in the World: "The think tank Institute for Economics and Peace recently published the Global Peace Index 2017, which reveals the safest — as well as the most dangerous — countries in the world. The report ranked 163 countries based on how peaceful they are. The rankings were determined by 23 factors, which included homicide rate, political terror, and deaths from internal conflict."[43]

Indian news websites, ZeeNews, HindustanTimes, and Jagran Josh: The three Indian news agencies described the GPI's ranking system, global peace trends, highlights from that year's GPI and India's own placement in the GPI. The Hindustan Times quoted the GPI and emphasized that "violence impacted India's economy by USD 679.80 billion in 2016, 9 % of India's GDP, or USD 525 per person"[44][45][46]

Philstar, Filipino newspaper: "Among all the 163 countries, the Philippines is ranked 138. For perspective, India is ranked just one notch above, at 137. Despite this low ranking, however, it has remained relatively stable in this low rank over time a long time. Though the raw score has worsened over the previous year, the country's rank has not been far off from this rank in previous years...Though the point of view of the report deserves respect concerning societal safety, another side of the story needs more hearing internationally."[47]

World Economic Forum: These are the Most Peaceful Countries in the World: "The Global Peace Index ranks 163 countries according to their domestic and international conflicts, safety and security and degree of militarization. It found 93 had improved, while 68 had deteriorated, and overall peace levels had inched up 0.28%."[48]

Academic references

The International Journal of Press/Politics: "Social Media and the Arab Spring: Politics comes first": This article utilized the findings of the 2010 GPI to construct a human rights index, which was used in their overall study on the use of social media in political uprisings, and in the Arab Spring context in particular.[49]

Contemporary Security Policy: "Failed states and international order: constructing a post-Westphalian world": The Global Peace Index, along with four other global indices, is used in this study's ranking of 'state failure'. "Although this index focuses primarily on trends of armed conflict and violence it is relevant to state weakness and failure as the indicators measured for the assessment of 'peace' in this context are also indicative of state capacity."[50]

Biological Reviews: "Does Infectious Disease cause Global Variation in the Frequency of Intrastate Armed Conflict and Civil War?": This study used the 2008 Global Peace Index to build what they call a 'path analysis,' in which they sought to uncover "whether infectious disease causes the emergence of a collectivist culture."[51]

Political Research Quarterly: "Measuring the Rule of Law": This article attempts to measure the rule of law, and in doing so "correlated the rule of law indices with a measure of violent crime (for 2007) included in the Global Peace Index."[52]

Applied Energy: "The Analysis of Security Cost for Different Energy Sources": This study utilized the Global Peace Index in calculating a disruption probability from geopolitical instability, with the overall aim of analysing security costs for different sources of energy.[53]

International Political Science Review: "Measuring Effective Democracy: A Defence": In the construction of an effective democracy index (EDI), the authors built a table that includes 2008 GPI scores as a dependent variable in a regression analysis of economic development and various indices of democracy.[54]

Institute for Security Studies: "African Futures 2050- The Next Forty Years": The African human security research institution utilized the findings of the Global Peace Index of 2010 to emphasize trends in drug crime and violence on the African continent.[55][56]

Nature Communications: "Global Priorities for an Effective Information Basis of Biodiversity Distributions": In their article about insufficient digital accessible information about ecosystems and biodiversity, the authors utilized the GPI to model the "effects of secure conditions" based on the index as a measure of political stability, armed conflict, and public safety levels.[57]

Nordic Journal of Religion and Society: "Why are Danes and Swedes so Irreligious": This article uses the Global Peace Index, and its very high rankings of Denmark (3rd in 2008) and Sweden (13th in 2008) to support claims that the countries' lack of religiosity can be linked to prosperous societal structures.[58]

Food Security: "Tracking phosphorus security: indicators of phosphorus vulnerability in the global food system": Along with eleven other indicators, the GPI was used as a measure of political instability for the development of a utilized in the development of a phosphorus vulnerability analysis, aimed at formulating food production methods and government policy.[59]

World Politics: "The System Worked: Global Economic Governance During the Great Recession": Drezner uses GPI measurements, particularly the fact that interstate violence and military expenditures have decreased in the years studied, to bolster an argument suggesting that the Great Recession has not led to an increase in global violence and conflict.[60]

Journal of Sustainable Development Studies: "Insecurity and Socio-economic Development in Nigeria": This sustainable development study utilized the GPI, in conjunction with the Human Development Index and the Corruption Perception Index to track fluctuations in Nigeria's socio-economic climate and insecurity issues over the past decade.[61]

Harvard Educational Review: "Peace Education in a Violent Culture": In criticizing the United States' culture of violence, the author refers to the developed country's remarkably low ranking on the Global Peace Index as evidence of violence's effect on societal peacefulness.[62]

International Security: "The Heart of the Matter: The Security of Women and the Security of States": In this piece, the authors use the Global Peace Index as one of three measures of state security; the GPI is specifically used as a "general measure of state peacefulness". The report concludes that higher levels of women's physical security correlates positively with the GPI.[63]

The Equal Rights Review: "The Mental Health Gap in South Africa: A Human Rights Issue": South Africa's poor GPI ranking, among other measures is cited by the authors as part of their overall argument that the national government is not implementing promises made towards the achievement of equality, as signatories of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD).[64]

Environment, Development and Sustainability: "Creating a 'Values' Chain for Sustainable Development in Developing Nations: Where Maslow meets Porter": This study uses the 'safety and security' measures of the GPI, including political instability, level of violent crime, and likelihood of violent demonstrations, for supporting an argument that renders societal safety and security necessary for sustainable development.[65]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ In this case, a conflict is defined as, "a contested incompatibility that concerns government and/or territory where the use of armed force between two parties, of which at least one is the government of a state, results in at least 25 battle-related deaths in a year."
  2. ^ Excludes militia and national guard forces.
  3. ^ This includes, "cash outlays of central or federal government to meet the costs of national armed forces—including strategic, land, naval, air, command, administration and support forces as well as paramilitary forces, customs forces and border guards if these are trained and equipped as a military force."
  4. ^ This includes transfers, purchases, or gifts of aircraft, armoured vehicles, artillery, radar systems, missiles, ships, engines
  5. ^ Rates the destructive capability of a country's stock of heavy weapons via a categorized system. As of 2013, countries with nuclear capabilities receive a score of five, the highest possible score.
  6. ^ Ranking error in the report's main table, please refer to pg. 7.
  7. ^ Ranking error in the report's main table, please refer to pg. 12.
  8. ^ Wrong value in the report's main table, please refer to pg. 18.
  9. ^ a b Omitted in the report's main table, please refer to pg. 14.

References

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  3. ^ a b Wang, Monica. "The World's Most And Least Peaceful Countries In 2016". Forbes. Retrieved 2017-11-26.
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  5. ^ Information about indicators and methodology "2013 Global Peace Index"(PDF). Institute for Economics and Peace. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-10. Retrieved 2013-06-24.
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External links

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