Haplogroup J2 (Y-DNA)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search
Haplogroup J2
Time of origin 18,500 +/- 3,500 thousand years ago[1].
Place of origin Mesopotamia[2], [3].
Ancestor J
Defining mutations M172
Highest frequencies Azerbaijanis 24%[4]-48%[5], Iraqis 25.2%[6]-29.7%[7], Lebanese 25%[1]-30%[5], Syrians 14%[4]-29%[citation needed], Kurds 28.4%[8], Turks 13.3%[9]-40%[10], Georgians 21%[11]-33%[10], Balkarians 24%[12], Iranians 10%[13]-24%[14], Sephardic Jews 15.4%[8]-28.6%[1], Ashkenazi Jews 15%[15]-24%[8], Armenians 21.3%[5]-24%[11], Albanians 16%[12]-23.5%[10], Greeks 14.6%-22.8%, Yadavas 20.2%[5], Uyghurs 19.5%[5], Italians 19.3% (Onofri et al. 2008), Tajiks 19%[5], Turkmens 17%[5], Palestinians 16.8%[8], Uzbeks 10%-16%[5]

In human genetics, Haplogroup J2 (M172) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup which is a subdivision of haplogroup J. It is further divided into two complementary clades, J2a-M410 and J2b-M12[16].

Contents

[edit] Origins

Haplogroup J2 is widely believed to be associated with the spread of agriculture from the Mesopotamian regions of the Levant & Anatolia[9],[1]. The age of J2 has been estimated as 18,500 +/- 3,500 thousand years ago[1]. Its distribution, centered in West Asia and Southeastern Europe, its association with the presence of Neolithic archaeological artifacts, such as figurines and painted pottery [17], and its association with annual precipitation have been interpreted as evidence that J2, and in particular its J2a-M410 subclade belonged to the agricultural innovators who followed the rainfall[18]. However, Di Giacomo stressed the role of post-Neolithic migratory phenomenon, specifically that of the Greeks, as being even more important in the dispersal of Hg J2.[4]

[edit] Distribution

J2 Distribution
subclades of J2 Haplogroup
Distribution of Cardial Pottery corresponds with that of Hg J2
Distribution of Ancient Greek colonies corresponding to that of Hg J2a-M92

Haplogroup J2 is found mainly in the Fertile Crescent, the Mediterranean (including Southern Europe and North Africa), the Iranian plateau, and Central Asia[1]. More specifically it is found in Iraq,[19] Syria, Lebanon,[20] Turkey, Israel, Palestine, Greece, Italy and the eastern coasts of the Iberian Peninsula[21], and more frequently in Iraqis 29.7% (Sanchez et al. 2005), Lebanese 30% (Wells et al. 2001), Palestinians 16.8% [1], Syrians 29%, Sephardic Jews 29%, Kurds 28.4%, Jordan 14.3%, Oman 15% (Di Giacomo et al. 2004) & 10% (Luis et al. 2004), UAE 10.4%, Yemen 9.7%[22], in Israel[1], in Palestine[1], in Turkey[9], and in the southern Caucasus region [11]. According to Semino et al. and the National Geographic Genographic Project, the frequency of haplogroup J2 generally declines as one moves away from the Northern fertile crescent. Haplogroup J2 is carried by 6% of Europeans and its frequency drops dramatically as one moves northward away from the Mediterranean.

Another important fact about the distribution of Haplogroup J2 is that it appears to have dispersed from a Middle Eastern homeland to the west through a primarily maritime or littoral route, as it is found in high concentrations among the populations of the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea in both Eurasia and Africa, and particularly along the coasts of the eastern Mediterranean in Europe. This distribution may be more consonant with a Neolithic or post-Neolithic maritime dispersal from the Middle East, such as through Greek colonization[4] or Phoenician commercial and colonial activities.

In Italy, J2 is found in about 19.3% of Italians [23]. Turkey is one of the countries with major J2 population. Approximately 24% of Turkish men are J2 according to a recent study[9], with regional frequencies ranging between 13% and 31%. Combined with J1, one third of the total population of Turkish people belongs to Haplogroup J. Haplogroup J2 is also common in neighboring Greece, with regional frequencies ranging between 11% and 46%.

It has been proposed that haplogroup J2a-M410 was linked to populations on ancient Crete by examining the relationship between Anatolian, Cretan, and Greek populations from around early Neolithic sites[24]. Haplogroup J2b-M12 was associated with Neolithic Greece (ca. 8500 - 4300 BCE) and was reported to be found in modern Crete (3.1%) and mainland Greece (Macedonia 7.0%, Thessaly 8.8%, Argolis 1.8%) [25].

Sephardic Jews have about 29% of haplogroup J2[1] and Ashkenazi Jews have 23%[1], or 19%[26]. It was reported in an early study which tested only four STR markers [27] that a small sample of Italian Cohens belonged to Network 1.2, an early designation for the overall clade now known as J2a4, defined by the deletion at DYS413. However, a large number of all Jewish Cohens in the world belong to haplogroup J1 (see Cohen modal haplotype).

J2 subclades are also found in the South Caucasus (Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan), Iran, Central Asia, and South Asia.

Haplogroup J2 has been shown to have a more northern distribution in the Middle East, although it exists in significant amounts in the southern middle-east regions, a lesser amount of it was found when compared to its brother haplogroup, J1, which has a high frequency southerly distribution. This suggests that, if the occurrence of Haplogroup J among modern populations of Europe, Central Asia, and South Asia does reflect Neolithic demic diffusion from the Middle East, the source population is more likely to have originated from Anatolia, the Levant or northern Mesopotamia than from regions further south.

Haplogroup J2a-M410 in India was found to be largely confined to the upper castes[28] with little occurrence in the middle and lower castes, but a new study [29] has found it at higher percentages (10%) among the Tharu indigenous people of Terai, Nepal.

A substantial presence of J2b is found in the Balkans and neighboring parts of Greece in the West, and in both tribal and caste populations of the Indian subcontinent to the East. The high variance of J2b2 in South Asia indicates a probable pre-Neolithic migration.[16][29]

[edit] Subdivisions

Haplogroup J2 is subdivided into two complementary sub-haplogroups: J2a, defined by the M410 genetic marker, and J2b, defined by the M12 genetic marker.

Below are the subclades of Haplogroup J with their defining mutations, according to the ISOGG tree (as of April 2009). Note that the descent-based identifiers may be subject to change, as new SNPs are discovered that augment and clarify the tree.

  • J2 (M172) Typical of populations of the Near East, Southeast Europe, Southwest Asia and the Caucasus, with a moderate distribution through much of Central Asia, South Asia, and North Africa
    • J2*
    • J2a (M410)
      • J2a*
      • J2a1 (not currently in use by ISOGG)
      • J2a2 (M340)
      • J2a3 (P279)
      • J2a4 (DYS413≤18, L26/S57, L27)
        • J2a4*
        • J2a4a (M47, M322)
        • J2a4b (M67)
          • J2a4b*
          • J2a4b1 (M92, M260)
            • J2a4b1*
            • J2a4b1a (M327)
          • J2a4b2 (M163, M166)
        • J2a4c (M68)
        • J2a4d (M319)
        • J2a4e (M339)
        • J2a4f (M419)
        • J2a4g (P81)
        • J2a4h (L24)
          • J2a4h*
          • J2a4h1 (L25)
            • J2a4h1*
            • J2a4h1a (DYS445≤7)
              • J2a4h1a*
              • J2a4h1a1 (L70)
                • J2a4h1a1*
                • J2a4h1a1a (M137)
                • J2a4h1a1b (M289) (location under DYS445≤7 uncertain)
                • J2a4h1a1c (M318)
          • J2a4h2 (M158) (location under L24 uncertain)
    • J2b (M12, M102, M221, M314)
      • J2b*
      • J2b1 (M205)
      • J2b2 (M241)
        • J2b2*
        • J2b2a (M99)
        • J2b2b (M280)
        • J2b2c (M321)
        • J2b2d (P84)
        • J2b2e (DYS455≤9)


[edit] References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Ornella Semino et al., "Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area," American Journal of Human Genetics 74:1023–1034, 2004.
  2. ^ Al-Zahery et al. 2003
  3. ^ Semino2004
  4. ^ a b c d F. Di Giacomo et al. (2004), Y chromosomal haplogroup J as a signature of the post-neolithic colonization of Europe, Human Genetics 115(5):357-71.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h R. Spencer Wells et al., "The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity," PNAS (August 28, 2001), vol. 98, no. 18.
  6. ^ N. Al-Zahery et al., "Y-chromosome and mtDNA polymorphisms in Iraq, a crossroad of the early human dispersal and of post-Neolithic migrations," Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution (2003)
  7. ^ Juan J Sanchez et al., "High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males," European Journal of Human Genetics (2005) 13, 856–866.
  8. ^ a b c d A. Nebel et al. (2001), The Y chromosome pool of Jews as part of the genetic landscape of the Middle East, Americal Journal of Human Genetics 69(5):1095-112.
  9. ^ a b c d Cengiz Cinnioğlu, Roy King, Toomas Kivisild, Ersi Kalfoğlu, Sevil Atasoy, Gianpiero L. Cavalleri, Anita S. Lillie, Charles C. Roseman, Alice A. Lin, Kristina Prince, Peter J. Oefner, Peidong Shen, Ornella Semino, L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza, and Peter A. Underhill, "Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia," Hum Genet (2004) 114 : 127–148, DOI 10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4.
  10. ^ a b c Ornella Semino et al., "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective," Science Vol 290 10 November 2000.
  11. ^ a b c I. Nasidze et al. (2003), Testing hypotheses of language replacement in the Caucasus: evidence from the Y-chromosome, Human Genetics 112(3):255-61.
  12. ^ a b Vincenza Battaglia et al., "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe," European Journal of Human Genetics advance online publication 24 December 2008; doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2008.249.
  13. ^ I. Nasidze, E. Y. S. Ling, D. Quinque et al., "Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Variation in the Caucasus," Annals of Human Genetics (2004) 68,205–221. http://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics/pdf/Caucasus_big_paper.pdf
  14. ^ Regueiro M, Cadenas AM, Gayden T, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ (2006). "Iran: tricontinental nexus for Y-chromosome driven migration". Hum. Hered. 61 (3): 132–43. doi:10.1159/000093774. PMID 16770078. 
  15. ^ Peidong Shen, Tal Lavi, Toomas Kivisild et al., "Reconstruction of Patrilineages and Matrilineages of Samaritans and Other Israeli Populations From Y-Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation," American Journal of Human Genetics 73:768–779, 2003.
  16. ^ a b Sanghamitra Sengupta et al. (2006), Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists, American Journal of Human Genetics, 78:202-221
  17. ^ R. King and P.A. Underhill (2002), Congruent distribution of Neolithic painted pottery and ceramic figurines with Y-chromosome lineages, Antiquity 76:704-714
  18. ^ J. Chiaroni et al. (2008), Correlation of annual precipitation with human Y-chromosome diversity and the emergence of Neolithic agricultural and pastoral economies in the Fertile Crescent, Antiquity Volume: 82 Number: 316 Page: 281–289
  19. ^ N. Al-Zahery et al., "Y-chromosome and mtDNA polymorphisms in Iraq, a crossroad of the early human dispersal and of post-Neolithic migrations," Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution (2003)
  20. ^ Pierre A. Zalloua et al., "Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events," The American Journal of Human Genetics 82, 873–882, April 2008.
  21. ^ F. Di Giacomo et al. (2003), Clinal patterns of human Y chromosomal diversity in continental Italy and Greece are dominated by drift and founder effects, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 28(3):387-95.
  22. ^ Cadenas et al. (2008), Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman, European Journal of Human Genetics (2008) 16, 374–386
  23. ^ "212/1096", V. Onofri et al. (2008), Y chromosome J2 subtyping in an Italian sample: Population and forensic implications, Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement
  24. ^ Wikipedia article: Archaeogenetics of the Near East#Crete
  25. ^ King, R. J.; Ozcan, S. S., Carter, T., Kalfoglu, E., Atasoy, S., Triantaphyllidis, C., Kouvatsi, A., Lin, A. A., Chow, C-E. T., Zhivotovsky, L. A., Michalodimitrakis, M., Underhill, P. A., (2008). "Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian Influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic". Annals of Human Genetics 72 Issue 2 March 2008: 205–214. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00414.x. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00414.x. 
  26. ^ D. Behar et al. (2004), Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome variation in Ashkenazi Jewish and host non-Jewish European populations, Hum Genet. 2004 Mar;114(4):354-65
  27. ^ P. Malaspina et al. (2001), A multistep process for the dispersal of a Y chromosomal lineage in the Mediterranean area, Ann Hum Genet. 2001 Jul;65(Pt 4):339-49
  28. ^ Sengupta, 2006. Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2006_v78_p202-221.pdf
  29. ^ a b Simona Fornarino et al, "Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation," BMC Evolutionary Biology 9:154, 2009.

[edit] Bibliography

  1. ^  Renfrew, A.C. (1987). Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins, London: Pimlico. ISBN 0-7126-6612-5
  2. ^  A. Nebel et al. (2001), The Y chromosome pool of Jews as part of the genetic landscape of the Middle East, Americal Journal of Human Genetics 69(5):1095-112.
  3. ^  P. Malaspina et al. (2001), A multistep process for the dispersal of a Y chromosomal lineage in the Mediterranean area, Ann Hum Genet. 2001 Jul;65(Pt 4):339-49.

[edit] External links


Human Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups (by ethnic groups · famous haplotypes)
most recent common Y-ancestor
|
A BT
|
B CT
|
CF DE
| |
C F D E
|
G H IJK
|
IJ K
| |
I J L M NOP S T
|
NO P
| |
N O Q R

Гаплогруппа J2 (Y-ДНК)

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_J2_(Y-DNA)"
Personal tools
Languages