Islam and blasphemy

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Islamic studies
Writer Salman Rushdie was accused of blasphemy and subject of a fatwā issued by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the Supreme Leader of Iran, in February 1989.

Blasphemy in Islam is any irreverent behavior[1] toward holy personages, religious artifacts, customs, and beliefs that Muslims revere. The Quran and the hadith do not speak about blasphemy.[2] Jurists created the offence, and they made it part of Sharia.[2] Where Sharia pertains, the penalties for blasphemy can include fines, imprisonment, flogging, amputation, hanging, or beheading.[3][4] Muslim clerics may call for the punishment of an alleged blasphemer by issuing a fatwā.[5][6]

Contents

[edit] Blasphemy versus apostasy

Muslim jurists dispute about what irreverent behavior amounts to blasphemy. They dispute about whether behavior that is deemed blasphemous amounts to a rejection of Islam, that is, apostasy. Some jurists believe that blasphemy automatically removes an individual from the fold of Islam.[2] Jurists may conflate and confuse apostasy, blasphemy, hypocrisy, heresy, and unbelief. An individual may find himself accused of being an atheist, a heretic, a hypocrite, a blasphemer, and an apostate on the basis of one action or utterance.[7][8]

[edit] Blasphemers

Islamic legal authorities agree that a blasphemer can be Muslim or non-Muslim. To be convicted of blasphemy, an individual must be an adult, of sound mind, and not under duress. Some jurisdictions do not punish individuals who commit blasphemy accidentally. The Maliki school of jurisprudence permits the exoneration of accused individuals who are converts to Islam.[8]

[edit] Blasphemy against holy personages

Individuals have been accused of blasphemy or of insulting Islam for:

[edit] Blasphemy against beliefs and customs

Individuals have been accused of blasphemy or of insulting Islam for:

  • finding fault with Islam.[41][42][43][44]
  • saying Islam is an Arab religion; prayers five times a day are unnecessary; and the Qur'an is full of lies (Indonesia).[45]
  • believing in transmigration of the soul or reincarnation or disbelieving in the afterlife (Indonesia).[46][47]
  • finding fault with a belief or a practice which the Muslim community (Ummah) has adopted.[46]
  • finding fault with or cursing apostles (Rasul or Messenger), prophets, or angels.[46]
  • expressing an atheist or a secular point of view[6][20][48][49][50][51] or publishing or distributing such a point of view.[5][20][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61]
  • using words that Muslims use because the individuals were not Muslims (Malaysia).[25][62][63]
  • praying that Muslims become something else (Indonesia).[64]
  • whistling during prayers (Indonesia).[65]
  • flouting the rules prescribed for Ramadan.[65]
  • reciting Muslim prayers in a language other than Arabic (Indonesia).[65]
  • consuming alcohol.[65][66]
  • gambling.[65]
  • being alone with persons of the opposite sex who are not blood relatives.[65]
  • finding amusement in Islamic customs (Bangladesh).[67][68][69][70]
  • publishing an unofficial translation of the Qur'an (Afghanistan).[71]
  • practicing yoga (Malaysia).[72]
  • watching a film or listening to music (Somalia).[73]
  • wearing make-up on television (Iran).[74]
  • insulting religious scholarship.[8]
  • wearing the clothing of Jews or of Zoroastrians.[8]
  • claiming that forbidden acts are not forbidden.[8]
  • uttering "words of infidelity" (sayings that are forbidden).[8]
  • participating in non-Islamic religious festivals.[8]

[edit] Blasphemy against artifacts

Individuals have been accused of blasphemy or of insulting Islam for:

[edit] Punishment

The punishments for different instances of blasphemy in Islam vary by jurisdiction,[2][85][86] but may be very severe. A convicted blasphemer may, among other penalties, lose all legal rights. The loss of rights may cause a blasphemer's marriage to be dissolved, religious acts to be rendered worthless, and claims to property—including any inheritance—to be rendered void. Repentance may restore lost rights except for marital rights; lost marital rights are regained only by remarriage. Women have blasphemed and repented to end a marriage. Women may be permitted to repent, and may receive a lesser punishment than would befall a man who committed the same offense.[8] In some jurisdictions blasphemy may be subject to the death penalty[87]. Many severe punishments are imposed in various Islamic societies, but not actually required or recommended by Islam or the Quran.

[edit] Blasphemy against God

 This section improperly uses one or more religious texts as primary sources without referring to secondary sources that critically analyze them. Please help improve this article by adding references to reliable secondary sources.

Islamic law makes a distinction between a blasphemer who insults God and a blasphemer who finds fault with Muhammad. The distinction is based on the notions of the "right of God" and the "right of Man." Reviling God violates the "right of God," who has the power to avenge the insult. Reviling Muhammad violates the "right of Man," who, in the case of Muhammad, does not have the power to avenge the insult. A blasphemer who violates the "right of God" can seek forgiveness through repentance.[2]

The Qur'an[88] advises Muslims to shun those who find fault with God:

  • "...when ye hear the signs of Allah held in defiance and ridicule, ye are not to sit with them unless they turn to a different theme: if ye did, ye would be like them. For Allah will collect the hypocrites and those who defy faith - all in Hell:-"[89]
  • "Hold to forgiveness; command what is right; But turn away from the ignorant."[90]
  • "...but indeed they uttered blasphemy,...If they repent, it will be best for them; but if they turn back (to their evil ways), Allah will punish them..."[91]
  • "For Allah is with those who restrain themselves,..."[92]
  • "Therefore be patient with what they say, and celebrate (constantly) the praises of thy Lord, before the rising of the sun, and before its setting; yea, celebrate them for part of the hours of the night, and at the sides of the day: that thou mayest have (spiritual) joy."[93]
  • "And the servants of (Allah) Most Gracious are those who walk on the earth in humility, and when the ignorant address them, they say, "Peace!";"[94]
  • "And when they hear vain talk, they turn away therefrom and say: "To us our deeds, and to you yours; peace be to you: we seek not the ignorant.""[95]
  • "And have patience with what they say, and leave them with noble (dignity)."[96]
  • "Tell those who believe, to forgive those who do not look forward to the Days of Allah: It is for Him to recompense (for good or ill) each People according to what they have earned."[97]
  • "Bear, then, with patience, all that they say, and celebrate the praises of thy Lord, before the rising of the sun and before (its) setting."[98]

The Qur'an speaks of punishment in relation only to those who make war and mischief in opposition to God and Muhammad:

The punishment of those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger, and strive with might and main for mischief through the land is: execution, or crucifixion, or the cutting off of hands and feet from opposite sides, or exile from the land: that is their disgrace in this world, and a heavy punishment is theirs in the Hereafter;
—Qur'an, sura 5 (Al-Ma'ida), ayah 33[99]

[edit] Blasphemy against Muhammad

A blasphemer who violates the "right of Man" must seek forgiveness from the person insulted. In the case of an insult to Muhammad, the Muslim community is considered to be under an obligation to avenge the insult because the possibility of forgiveness expired upon the death of Muhammad.[2]

[edit] Blasphemy against beliefs and customs

The punishment for non-conformity with prevailing beliefs and customs varies by jurisdiction.[85] In September 2009, Abdul Kahar Ahmad pleaded guilty in a Malaysian Sharia court to charges of spreading false doctrines, blasphemy, and violating religious precepts. The court sentenced Ahmad to ten years in prison and six lashes from a rattan cane.[100] In October 2009, Somalia's hardline Islamist group al-Shabaab whipped women who were wearing a bra, and whipped men for being beardless. The group said violation of Islamic custom deserved whipping.[101]

[edit] References

  1. ^ Blasphemy at dictionary.com
  2. ^ a b c d e f Saeed, Abdullah; Hassan Saeed (2004). Freedom of Religion, Apostasy and Islam. Burlington VT: Ashgate Publishing Company. pp. 38–39. ISBN 978-0754630838. 
  3. ^ See the articles about Islamic jurisdictions under Blasphemy law.
  4. ^ Islamic Voice
  5. ^ a b "Blasphemy Salman Rushdie". Constitutional Rights Foundation. 2009. http://www.crf-usa.org/america-responds-to-terrorism/blasphemy-salman-rushdie.html. Retrieved 10 July 2009. 
  6. ^ a b Doran, Michael Scott (January/February 2004). "The Saudi Paradox". Foreign Affairs. http://www.udel.edu/global/agenda/2004/student/readings/FASaudi-Doran.html. Retrieved 27 July 2009. [dead link]
  7. ^ Saeed and Saeed, p. 48.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Blasphemy: Islamic Concept". Encyclopedia of Religion. 2. Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale. 2005. pp. 974–976. 
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  46. ^ a b c d The Peace FAQ: Blasphemy
  47. ^ Patung (27 February 2006). "Abdul Rahman, Blasphemer". Indonesia Matters. http://www.indonesiamatters.com/130/abdul-rahman-blasphemer/. Retrieved 23 June 2009. 
  48. ^ In Egypt, writer, Salaheddin Mohsen is sentenced to three years in prison for atheism and blasphemy against Islam
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  51. ^ Censorship and Persecution in the Name of Islam: A Tunisian Weekly Counts the Ways
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  85. ^ a b See Blasphemy law.
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  87. ^ France 24: Praying for a pardon: Christian sentenced to death for 'blaspheming against Islam'
  88. ^ The Qur'an
  89. ^ Quran 4:140
  90. ^ Quran 7:199
  91. ^ Quran 9:74
  92. ^ Quran 16:128
  93. ^ Quran 20:130
  94. ^ Quran 25:63
  95. ^ Quran 28:55
  96. ^ Quran 73:10
  97. ^ Quran 45:14
  98. ^ Quran 50:39
  99. ^ Quran 5:33
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  101. ^ Sheikh, Abdi (17 October 2009). "Hardliners whip young women for bra-wearing 'deception'". The Scotsman. http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/latestnews/Hardliners-whip-young-women-for.5742459.jp. Retrieved 15 November 2009. 
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