Phenolic acid
Phenolic acids or phenolcarboxylic acids are types of aromatic acid compound. Included in that class are substances containing a phenolic ring and an organic carboxylic acid function (C6-C1 skeleton). There are several categories of phenolic acids including:
- Monohydroxybenzoic acids: salicylic acid, 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid
- Some esters of this group include paraben, methyl paraben, propyl paraben
- Dihydroxybenzoic acids: vanillin, vanillic acid, gentisic acid, protocatechuic acid
- Trihydroxybenzoic acids: gallic acid, ellagic acid, syringic acid, eudesmic acid, phloroglucinol carboxylic acid
- This type of phenolic acids (especially gallic acid, ellagic acid) is a component of hydrolysable tannins.
Occurrences
Phenolic acids can be found in many plant species. Their content in dried fruits can be high.
Natural phenols in horse grams (Macrotyloma uniflorum) are mostly phenolic acids, namely 3,4-dihydroxy benzoic, p-hydroxy benzoic, vanillic, caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic, syringic and sinapinic acids.[1]
Phenolic acids can be found in mushroom Basidiomycetes species.[2] It is also a part of the humic substances, which are the major organic constituents of soil humus.
Many phenolic acids can be found in human urine.[3]
Chemistry
Immobilized Candida antarctica lipase can be used to catalyze the direct acetylation of flavonoids with phenolic acids.[4]
See also
References
- ^ Identification and quantification of phenolic acids in Macrotyloma uniflorum by reversed phase HPLC. Kawsar, S.M.A., E. Huq, N. Nahar and Y. Ozeki, Am. J. Plant Physiol., 3: 165-172, 2008, doi:10.3923/ajpp.2008.165.172
- ^ Barros, L.; Dueñas, M.; Ferreira, I. C.; Baptista, P.; Santos-Buelga, C. (June 2009). "Phenolic acids determination by HPLC–DAD–ESI/MS in sixteen different Portuguese wild mushrooms species". Food and Chemical Toxicology. 47 (6): 1076–1079. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2009.01.039. PMID 19425182.
- ^ Armstrong, M. D.; Shaw, K. N.; Wall, P. E. (January 1, 1956). "The phenolic acids of human urine. Paper chromatography of phenolic acids" (pdf). The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 218: 293–303. PMID 13278337.
- ^ Direct acylation of flavonoid glycosides with phenolic acids catalysed by Candida antarctica lipase B (Novozym 435®). David E. Stevenson, Reginald Wibisono, Dwayne J. Jensen, Roger A. Stanley and Janine M. Cooney, Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 3 October 2006, Volume 39, Issue 6, Pages 1236–1241, doi:10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.03.006