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| death_place = Istanbul |
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| resting_place = [[Aşiyan Asri Cemetery]] |
| resting_place = [[Aşiyan Asri Cemetery]] |
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| nationality = |
| nationality = Turkish |
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| other_names = |
| other_names = |
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| parents = Hüseyin Efendi (father), Hatice Refia Hanım (mother) |
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'''Tevfik Fikret''' (December 26, 1867 – August 19, 1915) (توفیق فکرت, born Mehmed Tevfik) was |
'''Tevfik Fikret''' (December 26, 1867 – August 19, 1915) (توفیق فکرت, born Mehmed Tevfik) was the pseudonym of Turkish poet Mehmed Tevfik<ref>Charles Kurzman, ''Democracy Denied, 1905-1915: Intellectuals and the Fate of Democracy'', Harvard University Press, 2008, ISBN 9780674030923, [http://books.google.com/books?id=HQhsG9v0umsC&pg=PA246&dq=%22Tevfik+Fikret,+an+Ottoman+poet%22&hl=en&ei=YHwWTr7xNML3mAWClugE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Tevfik%20Fikret%2C%20an%20Ottoman%20poet%22&f=false p. 246.]</ref> who is considered the founder of the modern school of [[Turkish literature#Early 20th-century Turkish literature|Turkish poetry]].<ref>"Tevfik Fikret", ''The New Encyclopaedia Britannica'', Volume 11, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1994, ISBN 9780852295915, [http://books.google.com/books?id=RshWAAAAMAAJ&q=%22+who+is+considered+the+founder+of+the+modern+school+of+Turkish+poetry.%22&dq=%22+who+is+considered+the+founder+of+the+modern+school+of+Turkish+poetry.%22&hl=en&ei=VX0WTu-zH833mAXv4vgt&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAQ p. 662.]</ref> |
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==Biography== |
==Biography== |
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Mehmed Tevfik was born in Constantinople<ref>''The Encyclopædia Britannica'', Vol.7, Edited by Hugh Chisholm, (1911), 3; "''Constantinople, the capital of the Turkish Empire...''".</ref> (present day [[Istanbul]]) [[Ottoman Empire]], on December 26, 1867.<ref name="Biyografya17">Ayşegül Yaraman-Başbuğu, ''Biyografya: Tevfik Fikret'', Bağlam, 2006, ISBN 9789758803606, [http://books.google.com/books?id=t19mAAAAMAAJ&q=%22K%C3%B6kleri,+baba+taraf%C4%B1ndan+%C3%87ank%C4%B1r%C4%B1+%27sanca%C4%9F%C4%B1%27n%C4%B1n+%C3%87erke%C5%9F+kazas%C4%B1na,+anne+taraf%C4%B1ndan+ise+Sak%C4%B1z+adal%C4%B1,+Isl%C3%A2miyeti+benimseyen+Rum+as%C4%B1ll%C4%B1+bir+aileye+uzanan+Mehmet+Tevfik+(sonradan+Tevfik+Fikret)+24+Aral%C4%B1k+1867+tarihinde+%C4%B0stanbul%27da+do%C4%9Fmu%C5%9F%22&dq=%22K%C3%B6kleri,+baba+taraf%C4%B1ndan+%C3%87ank%C4%B1r%C4%B1+%27sanca%C4%9F%C4%B1%27n%C4%B1n+%C3%87erke%C5%9F+kazas%C4%B1na,+anne+taraf%C4%B1ndan+ise+Sak%C4%B1z+adal%C4%B1,+Isl%C3%A2miyeti+benimseyen+Rum+as%C4%B1ll%C4%B1+bir+aileye+uzanan+Mehmet+Tevfik+(sonradan+Tevfik+Fikret)+24+Aral%C4%B1k+1867+tarihinde+%C4%B0stanbul%27da+do%C4%9Fmu%C5%9F%22&hl=en&ei=xFYRTs2FJc3wmAWhhJzTDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA p. 17.], {{Tr icon}} "Kökleri, baba tarafından [[Çankırı]] 'sancağı'nın [[Çerkeş]] kazasına, anne tarafından ise Sakız adalı, [[List of converts to Islam|Islâmiyeti benimseyen]] [[Greek people|Rum]] asıllı bir aileye uzanan Mehmet Tevfik (sonradan Tevfik Fikret) 24 Aralık 1867 tarihinde İstanbul'da doğmuş..."</ref> His father (Hüseyin Efendi), originally from the district of [[Çerkeş]] in the sanjak of [[Çankırı]]<ref name="Biyografya17"/>, was mostly absent, as he was exiled for being a political foe of the ruling regime; while his mother (Hatice Refia Hanım), a [[Greek people|Greek]] Muslim convert from the island of Sakız ([[Chios]])<ref name="Biyografya17"/><ref>Mehmet Kaplan, ''Tevfik Fikret: Devir- Şahsiyet- Eser'', Dergâh Yayınları, 1987, [http://books.google.com/books?id=pZgbAQAAMAAJ&q=Ana+taraf%C4%B1na+gelince:+Fikret%27in+annesi+Hatice+Refia+Han%C4%B1m,+annesi+ve+babas%C4%B1+ihtida+etmi%C5%9F+bir+Sak%C4%B1zl%C4%B1+Rum+ailesinden&dq=Ana+taraf%C4%B1na+gelince:+Fikret%27in+annesi+Hatice+Refia+Han%C4%B1m,+annesi+ve+babas%C4%B1+ihtida+etmi%C5%9F+bir+Sak%C4%B1zl%C4%B1+Rum+ailesinden&hl=en&ei=z1gRTsa1KpD2mAXvj_iCAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA p. 63.], {{Tr icon}} "Ana tarafına gelince: Fikret'in annesi Hatice Refia Hanım, annesi ve babası ihtida etmiş bir Sakızlı Rum ailesinden"</ref>, died when he was very young. |
Mehmed Tevfik was born in Constantinople<ref>''The Encyclopædia Britannica'', Vol.7, Edited by Hugh Chisholm, (1911), 3; "''Constantinople, the capital of the Turkish Empire...''".</ref> (present day [[Istanbul]]) [[Ottoman Empire]], on December 26, 1867.<ref name="Biyografya17">Ayşegül Yaraman-Başbuğu, ''Biyografya: Tevfik Fikret'', Bağlam, 2006, ISBN 9789758803606, [http://books.google.com/books?id=t19mAAAAMAAJ&q=%22K%C3%B6kleri,+baba+taraf%C4%B1ndan+%C3%87ank%C4%B1r%C4%B1+%27sanca%C4%9F%C4%B1%27n%C4%B1n+%C3%87erke%C5%9F+kazas%C4%B1na,+anne+taraf%C4%B1ndan+ise+Sak%C4%B1z+adal%C4%B1,+Isl%C3%A2miyeti+benimseyen+Rum+as%C4%B1ll%C4%B1+bir+aileye+uzanan+Mehmet+Tevfik+(sonradan+Tevfik+Fikret)+24+Aral%C4%B1k+1867+tarihinde+%C4%B0stanbul%27da+do%C4%9Fmu%C5%9F%22&dq=%22K%C3%B6kleri,+baba+taraf%C4%B1ndan+%C3%87ank%C4%B1r%C4%B1+%27sanca%C4%9F%C4%B1%27n%C4%B1n+%C3%87erke%C5%9F+kazas%C4%B1na,+anne+taraf%C4%B1ndan+ise+Sak%C4%B1z+adal%C4%B1,+Isl%C3%A2miyeti+benimseyen+Rum+as%C4%B1ll%C4%B1+bir+aileye+uzanan+Mehmet+Tevfik+(sonradan+Tevfik+Fikret)+24+Aral%C4%B1k+1867+tarihinde+%C4%B0stanbul%27da+do%C4%9Fmu%C5%9F%22&hl=en&ei=xFYRTs2FJc3wmAWhhJzTDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA p. 17.], {{Tr icon}} "Kökleri, baba tarafından [[Çankırı]] 'sancağı'nın [[Çerkeş]] kazasına, anne tarafından ise Sakız adalı, [[List of converts to Islam|Islâmiyeti benimseyen]] [[Greek people|Rum]] asıllı bir aileye uzanan Mehmet Tevfik (sonradan Tevfik Fikret) 24 Aralık 1867 tarihinde İstanbul'da doğmuş..."</ref> His father (Hüseyin Efendi), originally from the district of [[Çerkeş]] in the sanjak of [[Çankırı]]<ref name="Biyografya17"/>, was mostly absent, as he was exiled for being a political foe of the ruling regime; while his mother (Hatice Refia Hanım), a [[Greek people|Greek]] Muslim convert from the Ottoman island of Sakız ([[Chios]])<ref name="Biyografya17"/><ref>Mehmet Kaplan, ''Tevfik Fikret: Devir- Şahsiyet- Eser'', Dergâh Yayınları, 1987, [http://books.google.com/books?id=pZgbAQAAMAAJ&q=Ana+taraf%C4%B1na+gelince:+Fikret%27in+annesi+Hatice+Refia+Han%C4%B1m,+annesi+ve+babas%C4%B1+ihtida+etmi%C5%9F+bir+Sak%C4%B1zl%C4%B1+Rum+ailesinden&dq=Ana+taraf%C4%B1na+gelince:+Fikret%27in+annesi+Hatice+Refia+Han%C4%B1m,+annesi+ve+babas%C4%B1+ihtida+etmi%C5%9F+bir+Sak%C4%B1zl%C4%B1+Rum+ailesinden&hl=en&ei=z1gRTsa1KpD2mAXvj_iCAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA p. 63.], {{Tr icon}} "Ana tarafına gelince: Fikret'in annesi Hatice Refia Hanım, annesi ve babası ihtida etmiş bir Sakızlı Rum ailesinden"</ref>, died when he was very young. |
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[[File:Tevfik Fikret - GS Museum.JPG|thumb|Portrait of Tevfik Fikret at Galatasaray Museum]] |
[[File:Tevfik Fikret - GS Museum.JPG|thumb|Portrait of Tevfik Fikret at Galatasaray Museum]] |
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He received his education at the prestigious [[Galatasaray Lisesi]] and graduated in 1888 as the [[valedictorian]] with the highest grades. He later became the school's principal. His sister suffered a tragic early death. In 1890 he married his cousin Nazime, and the couple had a son named Haluk in 1895. He left Galatasaray in 1894 and started teaching at another prestigious institution on the [[Bosphorus]], [[Robert College]], in 1896, where he kept working until his death. In 1906, he built a house inside the Robert College campus for his wife and son. Named ''Aşiyan'', the house is now a museum. |
He received his education at the prestigious [[Galatasaray Lisesi]] and graduated in 1888 as the [[valedictorian]] with the highest grades. He later became the school's principal. His sister suffered a tragic early death. In 1890 he married his cousin Nazime, and the couple had a son named Haluk in 1895. He left Galatasaray in 1894 and started teaching at another prestigious institution on the [[Bosphorus]], [[Robert College]], in 1896, where he kept working until his death. In 1906, he built a house inside the Robert College campus for his wife and son. Named ''Aşiyan'', the house is now a museum<ref>http://www.ibb.gov.tr/sites/ks/tr-TR/1-Gezi-Ulasim/muzeler/Pages/asiyan-muzesi.aspx</ref>. |
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He was investigated by the Ottoman police numerous times because of his political views and writings, and his association with known political opponents of Sultan [[Abdülhamid II]]. {{citation needed|date=March 2010}} |
He was investigated by the Ottoman police numerous times because of his political views and writings, and his association with known political opponents of Sultan [[Abdülhamid II]]. {{citation needed|date=March 2010}} |
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Fikret's first poem, executed in the divan style, was published on December 31 st 1883, in the paper Tercüman-i Hakikat . He kept publishing poems until 1885. In 1891, the periodical Mirsat published his poem Bahar. As other newspapers and periodicals followed suit, he became one of the better-known poets of his age. Fikret enjoys a privileged status in Turkish literature, as he was responsible for the demystification of the act of composing poetry. Unlike many of his predecessors and contemporaries, he openly stated that poetic composition involved knowledge, aesthetics and philosophy rather than divine inspiration. This was deemed the aesthetic miracle that Fikret offered to Turkish poetry; once seen as a divine chosen by God as his voice, the poet became an ordinary person. Hence the idea that composing poems was a matter of discipline and aesthetics took hold in Turkish literary circles. What the poet needed was a sound literary background, an insight fed by sensibility, a natural aptitude for perception, and aesthetic awareness. Hence, Turkish poetry would no longer be seen to appeal to a small elite group. Even though this influence is not directly perceptible in Fikret's poems, due to the spread and acceptance of this new concept, he nevertheless is seen as a pioneer, breaking path for future poetic movements. Fikret spent a long time composing his poems, and he painstakingly revised them many times until he deemed them perfect. Although Fikret was influenced by French poetry, he always remained open to variety in verse forms. Just like other poets of the era, he had profound knowledge of [[Turkish music]], and while composing his poems he utilized sonic and musical harmony consciously. He would pick vowel and consonant sounds in accordance with the subject matter of the poem, and he made ample use of sonic techniques such as [[alliteration]] and [[assonance]]. However, in order to make this possible, he frequently resorted to [[Persian]] and [[Arabic]] words in his poems, making his work quite difficult to understand for the average reader. As a result of this, ironically, Fikret took his place among the poets who appealed to an elite crowd<ref>Akyüz, Kenan. Modern Türk Edebiyatinin Ana Çizgileri , Inkilâp Yayinevi, 1995</ref><ref>Yesim Gokce (Bilkent University)/Turkish Cultural Foundation</ref>. |
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His works were deeply influenced by the French Symbolists, many of whose works he translated into [[Turkish language|Turkish]]. Possessor of a bold, innovative style, his frequent use of arcane words contributed to the difficulty of his works. {{citation needed|date=March 2010}} |
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In 1894 he published the literary magazine ''Malûmat''. In 1896 he became the chief editor of the famous ''Servet-i Fünun'' magazine where he worked with other Ottoman literary lumineries such as [[Halit Ziya Uşaklıgil]], İsmail Safa, Mehmet Rauf, Samipaşazade Sezai and Hüseyin Cahit Yalçın. In 1908, after the [[Young Turk Revolution]], he began publishing the newspaper ''Tanin'', which became a strong supporter of the ruling party, the [[Committee of Union and Progress]] (''Ittihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti''). He was eventually disappointed with their politics too, and returned to Galatasaray Lisesi as the principal. During the [[31 March Incident]] (''31 Mart Vakası'') of 1909, he chained himself to the school gates as a protest and resigned the same day. {{citation needed|date=March 2010}} |
In 1894 he published the literary magazine ''Malûmat''. In 1896 he became the chief editor of the famous ''Servet-i Fünun'' magazine where he worked with other Ottoman literary lumineries such as [[Halit Ziya Uşaklıgil]], İsmail Safa, Mehmet Rauf, Samipaşazade Sezai and Hüseyin Cahit Yalçın. In 1908, after the [[Young Turk Revolution]], he began publishing the newspaper ''Tanin'', which became a strong supporter of the ruling party, the [[Committee of Union and Progress]] (''Ittihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti''). He was eventually disappointed with their politics too, and returned to Galatasaray Lisesi as the principal. During the [[31 March Incident]] (''31 Mart Vakası'') of 1909, he chained himself to the school gates as a protest and resigned the same day. {{citation needed|date=March 2010}} |
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[[az:Tofiq Fikrət]] |
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Revision as of 19:20, 10 July 2011
Tevfik Fikret | |
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![]() | |
Born | Mehmed Tevfik December 26, 1867 Istanbul, Ottoman Empire |
Died | August 19, 1915 Istanbul | (aged 47)
Resting place | Aşiyan Asri Cemetery |
Nationality | Turkish |
Alma mater | Galatasaray High School |
Known for | Founder of the modern school of Turkish poetry. |
Spouse | Nazime (married 1890) |
Children | Haluk (1895-1965) |
Parent(s) | Hüseyin Efendi (father), Hatice Refia Hanım (mother) |
Tevfik Fikret (December 26, 1867 – August 19, 1915) (توفیق فکرت, born Mehmed Tevfik) was the pseudonym of Turkish poet Mehmed Tevfik[1] who is considered the founder of the modern school of Turkish poetry.[2]
Biography
Mehmed Tevfik was born in Constantinople[3] (present day Istanbul) Ottoman Empire, on December 26, 1867.[4] His father (Hüseyin Efendi), originally from the district of Çerkeş in the sanjak of Çankırı[4], was mostly absent, as he was exiled for being a political foe of the ruling regime; while his mother (Hatice Refia Hanım), a Greek Muslim convert from the Ottoman island of Sakız (Chios)[4][5], died when he was very young.
He received his education at the prestigious Galatasaray Lisesi and graduated in 1888 as the valedictorian with the highest grades. He later became the school's principal. His sister suffered a tragic early death. In 1890 he married his cousin Nazime, and the couple had a son named Haluk in 1895. He left Galatasaray in 1894 and started teaching at another prestigious institution on the Bosphorus, Robert College, in 1896, where he kept working until his death. In 1906, he built a house inside the Robert College campus for his wife and son. Named Aşiyan, the house is now a museum[6].
He was investigated by the Ottoman police numerous times because of his political views and writings, and his association with known political opponents of Sultan Abdülhamid II. [citation needed]
Fikret's first poem, executed in the divan style, was published on December 31 st 1883, in the paper Tercüman-i Hakikat . He kept publishing poems until 1885. In 1891, the periodical Mirsat published his poem Bahar. As other newspapers and periodicals followed suit, he became one of the better-known poets of his age. Fikret enjoys a privileged status in Turkish literature, as he was responsible for the demystification of the act of composing poetry. Unlike many of his predecessors and contemporaries, he openly stated that poetic composition involved knowledge, aesthetics and philosophy rather than divine inspiration. This was deemed the aesthetic miracle that Fikret offered to Turkish poetry; once seen as a divine chosen by God as his voice, the poet became an ordinary person. Hence the idea that composing poems was a matter of discipline and aesthetics took hold in Turkish literary circles. What the poet needed was a sound literary background, an insight fed by sensibility, a natural aptitude for perception, and aesthetic awareness. Hence, Turkish poetry would no longer be seen to appeal to a small elite group. Even though this influence is not directly perceptible in Fikret's poems, due to the spread and acceptance of this new concept, he nevertheless is seen as a pioneer, breaking path for future poetic movements. Fikret spent a long time composing his poems, and he painstakingly revised them many times until he deemed them perfect. Although Fikret was influenced by French poetry, he always remained open to variety in verse forms. Just like other poets of the era, he had profound knowledge of Turkish music, and while composing his poems he utilized sonic and musical harmony consciously. He would pick vowel and consonant sounds in accordance with the subject matter of the poem, and he made ample use of sonic techniques such as alliteration and assonance. However, in order to make this possible, he frequently resorted to Persian and Arabic words in his poems, making his work quite difficult to understand for the average reader. As a result of this, ironically, Fikret took his place among the poets who appealed to an elite crowd[7][8].
In 1894 he published the literary magazine Malûmat. In 1896 he became the chief editor of the famous Servet-i Fünun magazine where he worked with other Ottoman literary lumineries such as Halit Ziya Uşaklıgil, İsmail Safa, Mehmet Rauf, Samipaşazade Sezai and Hüseyin Cahit Yalçın. In 1908, after the Young Turk Revolution, he began publishing the newspaper Tanin, which became a strong supporter of the ruling party, the Committee of Union and Progress (Ittihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti). He was eventually disappointed with their politics too, and returned to Galatasaray Lisesi as the principal. During the 31 March Incident (31 Mart Vakası) of 1909, he chained himself to the school gates as a protest and resigned the same day. [citation needed]
He had projects for a new school and magazines, however, due to complications from diabetes he refused to treat, he died in 1915 and was buried in the family plot at Eyüp. Along with many of his avant-garde contemporaries, he contributed to the literary magazine Servet-i Fünun ("The Wealth of Knowledge") until it was censored by the Ottoman government in 1901. Fikret's volumes of verse include Rubab-ı Şikeste ("The Broken Lute") from 1900, and Haluk'un Defteri ("Haluk's Notebook") from 1911. Because of his very fiery writings and poetry in which he criticised the Ottoman regime of Abdülhamid II, he was immortalized as the "freedom poet". [citation needed]
Bibliography
- "Rubab-ı Şikeste" (1900)
- "Tarih-i Kadim" (1905)
- "Haluk'un Defteri" (1911)
- "Rubabın Cevabı" (1911)
- "Şermin" (1914)
- "Son Şiirler" (1952)
Notes
- ^ Charles Kurzman, Democracy Denied, 1905-1915: Intellectuals and the Fate of Democracy, Harvard University Press, 2008, ISBN 9780674030923, p. 246.
- ^ "Tevfik Fikret", The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Volume 11, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1994, ISBN 9780852295915, p. 662.
- ^ The Encyclopædia Britannica, Vol.7, Edited by Hugh Chisholm, (1911), 3; "Constantinople, the capital of the Turkish Empire...".
- ^ a b c Ayşegül Yaraman-Başbuğu, Biyografya: Tevfik Fikret, Bağlam, 2006, ISBN 9789758803606, p. 17., Template:Tr icon "Kökleri, baba tarafından Çankırı 'sancağı'nın Çerkeş kazasına, anne tarafından ise Sakız adalı, Islâmiyeti benimseyen Rum asıllı bir aileye uzanan Mehmet Tevfik (sonradan Tevfik Fikret) 24 Aralık 1867 tarihinde İstanbul'da doğmuş..."
- ^ Mehmet Kaplan, Tevfik Fikret: Devir- Şahsiyet- Eser, Dergâh Yayınları, 1987, p. 63., Template:Tr icon "Ana tarafına gelince: Fikret'in annesi Hatice Refia Hanım, annesi ve babası ihtida etmiş bir Sakızlı Rum ailesinden"
- ^ http://www.ibb.gov.tr/sites/ks/tr-TR/1-Gezi-Ulasim/muzeler/Pages/asiyan-muzesi.aspx
- ^ Akyüz, Kenan. Modern Türk Edebiyatinin Ana Çizgileri , Inkilâp Yayinevi, 1995
- ^ Yesim Gokce (Bilkent University)/Turkish Cultural Foundation
See also
References
- Kuiper, Kathleen. Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature. Merriam-Webster, 1995.
- Biyografi.info - Biography of Tevfik Fikret Template:Tr icon
External links