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Arbitration Ruling on Race and Intelligence

The article Race and intelligence, along with other articles relating to the area of conflict (namely, the intersection of race/ethnicity and human abilities and behaviour, broadly construed), is currently subject to active arbitration remedies, described in a 2010 Arbitration Committee case where the articulated principles included:

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This article has been mentioned by multiple media organizations:

"Topics that spark Wikipedia 'edit wars' revealed". BBC News. 18 July 2013. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
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Justin Ward (March 12, 2018). "Wikipedia wars: inside the fight against far-right editors, vandals and sock puppets". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on March 12, 2018. Retrieved March 17, 2018. In the article on "race and intelligence," relatively equal weight is given to the two sides of the debate — hereditarian and environmentalist — though environmentalism is the mainstream perspective in psychology.

Section sizes

Section size for Race and intelligence (31 sections)
Section name	Byte count	Section total
(Top)	2,595	2,595
History of the controversy	3,119	11,774
Early IQ testing	3,699	3,699
The Pioneer Fund and The Bell Curve	4,956	4,956
Conceptual issues	25	12,614
Intelligence and IQ	3,408	3,408
Race	9,181	9,181
Group differences	2,017	11,780
Test scores	6,651	6,651
Flynn effect and the closing gap	3,112	3,112
Environmental factors	26	28,718
Health and nutrition	8,887	8,887
Education	4,630	4,630
Socioeconomic environment	3,656	3,656
Test bias	2,671	2,671
Stereotype threat and minority status	8,848	8,848
Research into possible genetic factors	4,994	26,427
Genetics of race and intelligence	3,223	3,223
Heritability within and between groups	4,588	4,588
Spearman's hypothesis	3,826	3,826
Adoption studies	4,255	4,255
Racial admixture studies	2,450	2,450
Mental chronometry	1,939	1,939
Brain size	937	937
Archaeological data	215	215
Policy relevance and ethics	2,717	2,717
See also	142	142
References	18	50,123
Notes	28	28
Citations	31	31
Bibliography	50,046	50,046
Total	146,890	146,890

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Frequently asked questions

Is there really a scientific consensus that there is no evidence for a genetic link between race and intelligence?

Yes, and for a number of reasons. Primarily:

No evidence for such a connection has ever been published. A statement signed by 143 senior human population geneticists states categorically that genetics research in no way supports the view that "recent natural selection has led to worldwide differences in I.Q. test results". (See this, this, and this for context.)
As understanding of the human genome and the science of population genetics advances, it has become increasingly clear that race is not a biologically meaningful way to categorize human population groups. See for example this statement by the American Association of Physical Anthropologists.
Even if we take ancestral population groups to be proxies for race, most subject-matter experts agree that cognitive differences between such such groups are unlikely to exist. A group of prominent geneticists explain why here.
Extensive evidence has been published which indicates that observed differences in IQ test performance between racial groups are environmental in origin. A group of leading psychologists summarizes some of these findings here.
Most researchers view the idea of a genetic connection between race and intelligence as scientifically obsolete. See e.g. this statement by the editorial board of Nature.

Isn't it true that different races have different average IQ test scores?

On average and in certain contexts, yes, though these differences have fluctuated and in many cases steadily decreased over time. Crucially, the existence of such average differences today does not mean what racialists have asserted that it means (i.e. that races can be ranked according to their genetic predisposition for intelligence). Most IQ test data comes from North America and Europe, where non-White individuals represent ethnic minorities and often carry systemic burdens which are known to affect test performance. Studies which purport to compare the IQ averages of various nations are considered methodologically dubious and extremely unreliable. Further, important discoveries in the past several decades, such as the Flynn effect and the steady narrowing of the gap between low-scoring and high-scoring groups, as well as the ways in which disparities such as access to prenatal care and early childhood education affect IQ, have led to an understanding that environmental factors are sufficient to account for observed between-group differences.

And isn't IQ a measure of intelligence?

Not exactly. IQ tests are designed to measure intelligence, but it is widely acknowledged that they measure only a very limited range of an individual's cognitive capacity. They do not measure mental adaptability or creativity, for example. You can read more about the limitations of IQ measurements here. These caveats need to be kept in mind when extrapolating from IQ measurements to statements about intelligence. But even if we were to take IQ to be a measure of intelligence, there would still be no good reason to assert a genetic link between race and intelligence (for all the reasons stated elsewhere in this FAQ).

Isn't there research showing that there are genetic differences between races?

Yes and no. A geneticist could analyze a DNA sample and then in many cases make an accurate statement about that person's race, but no single gene or group of genes has ever been found that defines a person's race. Such variations make up a minute fraction of the total genome, less even than the amount of genetic material that varies from one individual to the next. It's also important to keep in mind that racial classifications are socially constructed, in the sense that how a person is classified racially depends on perceptions, racial definitions, and customs in their society and can often change when they travel to a different country or when social conventions change over time (see here for more details).

So how can different races look different, without having different genes?

They do have some different genes, but the genes that vary between any two given races will not necessarily vary between two other races. Race is defined phenotypically, not genotypically, which means it's defined by observable traits. When a geneticist looks at the genetic differences between two races, there are differences in the genes that regulate those traits, and that's it. So comparing Africans to Europeans will show differences in genes that regulate skin color, hair texture, nose and lip shape, and other observable traits. But the rest of the genetic code will be essentially the same. In fact, there is much less genetic material that regulates the traits used to define the races than there is that regulates traits that vary from person to person. In other words, if you compare the genomes of two individuals within the same race, the results will likely differ more from each other than a comparison of the average genomes of two races. If you've ever heard people saying that the races "are more alike than two random people" or words to that effect, this is what they were referring to.

Why do people insist that race is "biologically meaningless"?

Mostly because it is. As explained in the answer to the previous question, race isn't defined by genetics. Race is nothing but an arbitrary list of traits, because race is defined by observable features. The list isn't even consistent from one comparison to another. We distinguish between African and European people on the basis of skin color, but what about Middle Eastern, Asian, and Native American people? They all have more or less the same skin color. We distinguish African and Asian people from European people by the shape of some of their facial features, but what about Native American and Middle Eastern people? They have the same features as the European people, or close enough to engender confusion when skin color is not discernible. Australian Aborigines share numerous traits with African people and are frequently considered "Black" along with them, yet they are descended from an ancestral Asian population and have been a distinct cultural and ethnic group for fifty thousand years. These standards of division are arbitrary and capricious; the one drop rule shows that visible differences were not even respected at the time they were still in use.

But IQ is at least somewhat heritable. Doesn't that mean that observed differences in IQ test performance between ancestral population groups must have a genetic component?

This is a common misconception, sometimes termed the "hereditarian fallacy". [1] In fact, the heritability of differences between individuals and families within a given population group tells us nothing about the heritability of differences between population groups. [2] [3] As geneticist and neuroscientist Kevin Mitchell explains:

We need to get away from thinking about intelligence as if it were a trait like milk yield in a herd of cattle, controlled by a small, persistent and dedicated bunch of genetic variants that can be selectively bred into animals from one generation to the next. It is quite the opposite – thousands of variants affect intelligence, they are constantly changing, and they affect other traits. It is not impossible for natural selection to produce populations with differences in intelligence, but these factors make it highly unlikely.
To end up with systematic genetic differences in intelligence between large, ancient populations, the selective forces driving those differences would need to have been enormous. What’s more, those forces would have to have acted across entire continents, with wildly different environments, and have been persistent over tens of thousands of years of tremendous cultural change. Such a scenario is not just speculative – I would argue it is inherently and deeply implausible.
The bottom line is this. While genetic variation may help to explain why one person is more intelligent than another, there are unlikely to be stable and systematic genetic differences that make one population more intelligent than the next. [4]

What about all the psychometricians who claim there's a genetic link?

The short answer is: they're not geneticists. The longer answer is that there remains a well-documented problem of scientific racism, which has infiltrated psychometry (see e.g. [5] and [6]). Psychometry is a field where people who advocate scientific racism can push racist ideas without being constantly contradicted by the very work they're doing. And when their data did contradict their racist views, many prominent advocates of scientific racism simply falsified their work or came up with creative ways to explain away the problems. See such figures as Cyril Burt, J. Phillipe Rushton, Richard Lynn, and Hans Eysenck, who are best known in the scientific community today for the poor methodological quality of their work, their strong advocacy for a genetic link between race and intelligence, and in some cases getting away with blatant fraud for many years.

Isn't it a conspiracy theory to claim that psychometricians do this?

No. It is a well-documented fact that there is an organized group of psychometricians pushing for mainstream acceptance of racist, unscientific claims. See this, this and this, as well as our article on scientific racism for more information.

Isn't this just political correctness?

No, it's science. As a group of scholars including biological anthropologists Agustín Fuentes of Princeton and Jonathan M. Marks of the University of North Carolina explain: "while it is true that most researchers in the area of human genetics and human biological diversity no longer allocate significant resources and time to the race/IQ discussion, and that moral concerns may play an important role in these decisions, an equally fundamental reason why researchers do not engage with the thesis is that empirical evidence shows that the whole idea itself is unintelligible and wrong-headed". These authors compare proponents of a genetic link between race and IQ to creationists, vaccine skeptics, and climate change deniers. [7] At the same time, researchers who choose to pursue this line of inquiry have in no way been hindered from doing so, as is made clear by this article: [8]. It's just that all the evidence they find points to environmental rather than genetic causes for observed differences in average IQ-test performance between racial groups.

What about the surveys which say that most "intelligence experts" believe in some degree of genetic linkage between race and IQ?

These surveys are almost invariably conducted by advocates of scientific racism, and respondents to these surveys are also almost exclusively members of groups that promote scientific racism. In short, they are not representative samples of mainstream scientific opinion.
These surveys tend to have very low participation rates, and often consist of fewer than 100 respondents.
Many of the surveys suffer from methodological flaws, such as using leading questions. This leads to an increase in responses from those who agree, and a decrease from those who disagree.
Generally speaking, the better the methodology of the survey, the lower agreement it shows with the claim of a genetic link between race and intelligence.
Even the most poorly structured surveys, conducted among members of groups that are dominated by advocates for scientific racism, show much doubt and difference of opinion among respondents.
The vast majority of respondents have absolutely no qualifications to speak on genetics.

Is there really no evidence at all for a genetic link between race and intelligence?

No evidence for such a link has ever been presented in the scientific community. Much data has been claimed to be evidence by advocates of scientific racism, but each of these claims has been universally rejected by geneticists. Statistical arguments claiming to detect the signal of such a difference in polygenic scores have been refuted as fundamentally methodologically flawed (see e.g. [9]), and neither genetics nor neuroscience are anywhere near the point where a mechanistic explanation could even be meaningfully proposed (see e.g. [10]). This is why the question of a genetic link between race and intelligence is largely considered pseudoscience; it is assumed to exist primarily by advocates of scientific racism, and in these cases the belief is based on nothing but preconceived notions about race.

What is the current state of the science on a link between intelligence and race?

Please see the article itself for an outline of the scientific consensus.

What is the basis for Wikipedia's consensus on how to treat the material?

Wikipedia editors have considered this topic in detail and over an extended period. In short, mainstream science treats the claim that genetics explains the observable differences in IQ between races as a fringe theory, so we use our own guidelines on how to treat such material when editing our articles on the subject. Please refer to the following past discussions:

Adding the latest genetic research

Relentless parade of WP:BLUDGEON, WP:FORUMSHOP and WP:ASPERSION. Generalrelative (talk) 00:30, 9 December 2021 (UTC)[reply]

The following discussion has been closed. Please do not modify it.

How about we add the polygenic scores on educational attainment SNPs for the relevant races. https://www.mdpi.com/2624-8611/1/1/5 Please do not say we cannot add them because the author on the paper has said mean stuff on twitter btw. 93.149.193.190 (talk) 19:37, 30 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Please refer to the previous discussions about this launched by the same IP here, here and here. At this point I would suggest that their bludgeoning and forum shopping can be safely denied recognition.Generalrelative (talk) 19:45, 30 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]
I'm with Generalrelative here. Please don't take my continued silence here as a concession toward this disruptive editors views. Firefangledfeathers 22:21, 30 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]
(edit conflict) I don't think it's Davide Piffer's Twitter posts that are most concerning. Besides, the journal and its publisher also have poor reputations (see MDPI). I'm sure you're also aware of WP:PRIMARY. clpo13_(talk) 19:48, 30 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

You guys REALLY don't care if this is true or not right? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.149.193.190 (talk) 22:02, 30 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

There is also the article in the journal Intelligence ^[1] Given that the journal Intelligence is cited over a dozen times in this article, there should not be a problem with it right? (apart from the fact that the facts hurt your feelings that is) 93.149.193.190 (talk) 22:18, 30 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

(apart from the fact that the facts hurt your feelings that is) Thanks for making it clear you're not here in good faith. clpo13_(talk) 22:24, 30 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]

References

^ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308783343_A_review_of_intelligence_GWAS_hits_their_relationship_to_country_IQ_and_the_issue_of_spatial_autocorrelation

Making clear the polygenic scores do NOT support hereditarianism

Profoundly WP:NOTHERE. Generalrelative (talk) 00:27, 9 December 2021 (UTC)[reply]

The following discussion has been closed. Please do not modify it.

In recent years scientists have found thousands of the SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) associated with educational attainment (a close proxy for IQ) in what are known as genome-wide association studies. Collectively, these SNPs account for about 10% of the variance in educational attainment in European populations.^[1]^[2] The distribution of these genetic variants across races does not support the hereditarian hypothesis for observed racial differences in IQ scores.^[3]

Let us add this. The second sentence is straight from the American Journal of Physical Anthropology, the paragraph is right in line with modern scientific consensus. We have to add it now. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2800:484:877C:94F0:FD2A:567D:EA90:669A (talk) 15:14, 4 December 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Thoughts? 2800:484:877C:94F0:8099:F3B9:18C1:D346 (talk) 21:15, 6 December 2021 (UTC)[reply]

I think my time is being wasted. Firefangledfeathers 21:19, 6 December 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Do you disagree with that paragraph? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2800:484:877C:94F0:410F:1804:8F60:40B4 (talk) 17:46, 7 December 2021 (UTC)[reply]

References

Removing outdated material

The section on "Genetics of race and intelligence" has many sentences to the effect that no genetic variants affecting intelligence in the normal range have been discovered. That is not longer true. We should remove that.

2800:484:877C:94F0:C026:2849:7482:9EF6 (talk) 20:36, 8 December 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Adding a section on the high European Jewish average IQ

This is one of the more interesting areas of Race and Intelligence that is not explored at all in this article.

2800:484:877C:94F0:C026:2849:7482:9EF6 (talk) 20:36, 8 December 2021 (UTC)[reply]

semi-protection

I've indef semi-protected the talk page due to serious signal to noise ratio issues and disruption. This is logged under the Arbitration log as an enforcement issue, a continuation of the previous AE case. Dennis Brown - 2¢ 00:33, 9 December 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Latest evidence against hereditarianism

Why was this reverted?

In recent years scientists have found thousands of Single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with intelligence. The distribution of these genetic variants across races can be summarized in polygenic scores. These scientific developments have provided no support for the hereditarian hypothesis for racial differences in cognitive ability.^[1] — Preceding unsigned comment added by Fq90 (talk • contribs)

A short stroll through recent discussions on this talk page (and its archives) will demonstrate that there is a clear consensus against including this content. Edit warring it back into the article after being reverted is disruptive, and such behavior will not result in the content being included. Generalrelative (talk) 17:35, 19 January 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Having looked at the archives I saw there was clear consensus against the addition of a statement to the opposite effect, on the basis that the Journal Intelligence and MDPI were not reliable sources, but I have not seen a consensus or any reason given to exclude the above paragraph, which says exactly the opposite of what the paragraph that was shut down by the consensus of the editors. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Fq90 (talk • contribs) 17:40, 19 January 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Without assuming bad faith, I'd like to know whether you are the same editor who was posting in those above discussions as an IP. Your language style and reasoning appear to be identical. Generalrelative (talk) 17:43, 19 January 2022 (UTC)[reply]

No clue what you are talking about. Removing the most up to date and accurate information from an encyclopedia entry is also disruptive. Users who come to the article and read the section on "Genetics of race and intelligence" are going to go home thinking that no genetic variants contributing to variation in intelligence in the normal range have been found yet, and that is not the current state of the science. Do you not think this is problematic? Fq90 (talk) 17:45, 19 January 2022 (UTC)[reply]

If you have no clue what I am talking about then you have not done the work of familiarizing yourself with previous discussions of this topic. Generalrelative (talk) 17:52, 19 January 2022 (UTC)[reply]

I have, I only meant to say that I am not the user you mentioned. So is it problematic in your view that the readers of Wikipedia are going home thinking this encyclopedia has given them the most up to date and accurate information when as a matter of fact it has not? Fq90 (talk) 18:02, 19 January 2022 (UTC)[reply]

^ "No support for the hereditarian hypothesis of the Black–White achievement gap using polygenic scores and tests for divergent selection". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 175 (2).

[1] ttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/308783343_A_review_of_intelligence_GWAS_hits_their_relationship_to_country_IQ_and_the_issue_of_spatial_autocorrelation

[2] ttps://www.nature.com/articles/mp2014188

[3] ttps://www.genomeweb.com/genetic-research/analysis-11m-people-ties-more-thousand-snps-educational-attainment

[4] ttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33529393/

[5] "No support for the hereditarian hypothesis of the Black–White achievement gap using polygenic scores and tests for divergent selection". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 175 (2).

[1]

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@@ Line 173: / Line 173: @@
 Having looked at the archives I saw there was clear consensus against the addition of a statement to the opposite effect, on the basis that the Journal Intelligence and MDPI were not reliable sources, but I have not seen a consensus or any reason given to exclude the above paragraph, which says exactly the opposite of what the paragraph that was shut down by the consensus of the editors.  <!-- Template:Unsigned --><span class="autosigned" style="font-size:85%;">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Fq90|Fq90]] ([[User talk:Fq90#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Fq90|contribs]]) 17:40, 19 January 2022 (UTC)</span> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
+:Without assuming bad faith, I'd like to know whether you are the same editor who was posting in those above discussions as an IP. Your language style and reasoning appear to be identical. [[User:Generalrelative|Generalrelative]] ([[User talk:Generalrelative|talk]]) 17:43, 19 January 2022 (UTC)
+No clue what you are talking about. Removing the most up to date and accurate information from an encyclopedia entry is also disruptive. Users who come to the article and read the section on "Genetics of race and intelligence" are going to go home thinking that no genetic variants contributing to variation in intelligence in the normal range have been found yet, and that is not the current state of the science. Do you not think this is problematic?
+[[User:Fq90|Fq90]] ([[User talk:Fq90|talk]]) 17:45, 19 January 2022 (UTC)
+:If you have no clue what I am talking about then you have not done the work of familiarizing yourself with previous discussions of this topic. [[User:Generalrelative|Generalrelative]] ([[User talk:Generalrelative|talk]]) 17:52, 19 January 2022 (UTC)
+I have, I only meant to say that I am not the user you mentioned. So is it problematic in your view that the readers of Wikipedia are going home thinking this encyclopedia has given them the most up to date and accurate information when as a matter of fact it has not?
+[[User:Fq90|Fq90]] ([[User talk:Fq90|talk]]) 18:02, 19 January 2022 (UTC)