San Marino: Difference between revisions
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| official_languages = [[Italian language|Italian]]<ref>{{cite web |title=San Marino è |url=https://www.gov.sm/articoli/San-Marino-%C3%A8/San-Marino-%C3%A8.html |website=GOV.SM |publisher=Repubblica di San Marino |access-date=28 August 2020 |archive-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507231603/https://www.gov.sm/articoli/San-Marino-%C3%A8/San-Marino-%C3%A8.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> |
| official_languages = [[Italian language|Italian]]<ref>{{cite web |title=San Marino è |url=https://www.gov.sm/articoli/San-Marino-%C3%A8/San-Marino-%C3%A8.html |website=GOV.SM |publisher=Repubblica di San Marino |access-date=28 August 2020 |archive-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507231603/https://www.gov.sm/articoli/San-Marino-%C3%A8/San-Marino-%C3%A8.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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| languages2 = [[Romagnol dialects|Romagnol]] |
| languages2 = [[Romagnol dialects|Romagnol]] |
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| languages2_type |
| languages2_type rusia is perdezh |
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= Other languages |
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| religion = 91.5% [[Christianity]]<br>5.6% [[agnosticism]]<br>1.9% [[atheism]]<br>1% other<br>''see [[Religion in San Marino]]'' |
| religion = 91.5% [[Christianity]]<br>5.6% [[agnosticism]]<br>1.9% [[atheism]]<br>1% other<br>''see [[Religion in San Marino]]'' |
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| demonym = [[Sammarinese]] |
| demonym = [[Sammarinese]] |
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=== Conventions with Italy === |
=== Conventions with Italy === |
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San Marino and Italy have engaged in conventions since 1862,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esteri.sm/on-line/home/trattati-internazionali/convenzioni-bilaterali/convenzioni-bilaterali---accordi-bilaterali-con-litalia.html |title=Convenzioni Bilaterali – Accordi bilaterali con l'Italia |publisher=Segreteria di stato per gli affari esteri e politici |language=it |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104183908/http://www.esteri.sm/on-line/home/trattati-internazionali/convenzioni-bilaterali/convenzioni-bilaterali---accordi-bilaterali-con-litalia.html |archive-date=4 January 2013}}</ref> dictating some economic activities in San Marino's territory. |
San Marino and Italy have engaged in conventions since 1862,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esteri.sm/on-line/home/trattati-internazionali/convenzioni-bilaterali/convenzioni-bilaterali---accordi-bilaterali-con-litalia.html |title=Convenzioni Bilaterali – Accordi bilaterali con l'Italia |publisher=Segreteria di stato per gli affari esteri e politici |language=it |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104183908/http://www.esteri.sm/on-line/home/trattati-internazionali/convenzioni-bilaterali/convenzioni-bilaterali---accordi-bilaterali-con-litalia.html |archive-date=4 January 2013}}</ref> dictating some economic activities in San Marino's territory. |
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Rashap |
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Cultivation of tobacco and production |
Cultivation of tobacco and production ofidden in San Marino. Direct import is forbidden; all goods coming from a third party have to travel through Italy before reaching the country. Although it is allowed to print its own postal stamps, San Marino is not allowed to coin its own currenc pessidog goat penaldo lox Rasha huniua |
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29938282389892982892892889982982983298 |
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In exchange for these limitations, Italy provides San Marino with an annual stipend, provided at cost, of sea salt (not more than 250 tonnes per year), tobacco (40 tonnes), cigarettes (20 tonnes) and matches (unlimited amount).<ref name="esteri1980">{{cite web |url=http://www.esteri.it/MAE/normative/Normativa_Consolare/ServiziConsolari/Servizio_Militare/san_marino_1980.pdf |title=Convenzione di amicizia e buon vicinato 1939 (1980 transcript) |year=1980 |language=it |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> |
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At the border there are no formalities with Italy. However, at the tourist office visitors can purchase officially cancelled souvenir stamps for their [[passport]]s. |
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== Population == |
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=== Demographics === |
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{{Main|Demographics of San Marino}} |
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{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2022}} |
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San Marino has a population of approximately 33,000, with 4,800 foreign residents, most of whom are Italian citizens. Another 12,000 Sammarinese live abroad (5,700 in Italy, 3,000 in the US, 1,900 in France and 1,600 in Argentina). |
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The first census since 1976 was conducted in 2010. Results were expected by the end of 2011; however, 13% of families did not return their forms. |
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The primary language spoken is Italian; [[Romagnol language|Romagnol]] is also widely spoken. |
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=== Notable people === |
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{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2022}} |
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* [[Giovanni Battista Belluzzi]] (1506 in San Marino – 1554), architect |
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* [[:it:Francesco De Marini|Francesco Maria Marini]] (1630 in Genova – 1700), composer, playwright and [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] archbishop |
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* [[Antonio Onofri]] (1759–1825), statesman, "Father of his Country". |
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* [[Little Tony (singer)|Little Tony]] (1941 in Tivoli – 2013), pop and rock musician |
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* [[Pasquale Valentini]] (born 1953 in San Marino), politician who has held multiple ministerial posts |
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* [[Massimo Bonini]] (born 1959 in San Marino), football player who played for [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] |
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* [[Marco Macina]] (born 1964 in San Marino), footballer who played for [[Bologna F.C. 1909|Bologna FC]], [[Parma Calcio 1913|Parma]], [[A.C. Reggiana 1919|Reggiana]], and [[A.C. Milan|AC Milan]]. |
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* [[Valentina Monetta]] (born 1975 in San Marino), singer who represented San Marino four times in the [[Eurovision Song Contest]] |
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* [[Manuel Poggiali]] (born 1983 in San Marino), Grand Prix motorcycle road racing World Champion |
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* [[Alex de Angelis]] (born 1984 in [[Rimini]]), Grand Prix motorcycle road racer |
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* [[Alessandra Perilli]] (born 1988 in Rimini), shooting Olympic silver and bronze medalist and first San Marino citizen to win a medal ([[2020 Summer Olympics|Tokyo 2020]]) |
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* [[Gian Marco Berti]] (born 1982 in San Marino), shooting Olympic silver medalist and second San Marino citizen to win a medal (Tokyo 2020) |
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* [[Myles Amine|Myles Nazem Amine]] (born 1996 in [[Dearborn, Michigan]]), 2020 86 kg wrestling Olympic bronze medalist and third San Marino citizen to win a medal (Tokyo 2020) |
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=== Religion === |
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{{Main|Religion in San Marino}} |
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[[File:Cathedral San Marino - Exterior.jpg|thumb|right|[[San Marino Cathedral]]]] |
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San Marino is a predominantly [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] state,<ref name="cia"/> though Catholicism is not an [[established religion]]. Over 48.4% of the population profess the Catholic faith, and approximately half of those regularly attend church. There is no [[episcopal see]] in San Marino, although its name is part of the present diocesan title. Historically, the various parishes in San Marino were divided between two Italian [[diocese]]s, mostly in the [[Diocese of Montefeltro]], and partly in the [[Diocese of Rimini]]. In 1977, the border between [[Montefeltro]] and [[Rimini]] was readjusted so that all of San Marino fell within the diocese of Montefeltro. The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of San Marino-Montefeltro|bishop of Montefeltro-San Marino]] resides in [[Pennabilli]], in Italy's province of [[Province of Pesaro and Urbino|Pesaro e Urbino]]. The country's high [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] majority can mainly be traced back to the country's founding, when [[Saint Marinus]] set up the first fortress to protect Christians from Roman persecution.<ref>{{cite web |title=San Marino historical origins |url=https://www.sanmarinosite.com/en/history/origins-of-san-marino/ |website=Sanmarinosite.com |date=30 October 2014 |access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref> The small state's culture has primarily remained Catholic ever since. |
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There is a provision under the income tax rules that taxpayers have the right to request the allocation of 0.3% of their income tax to the Catholic Church or to charities. |
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The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of San Marino-Montefeltro|Diocese of San Marino-Montefeltro]] was until 1977 the historic diocese of Montefeltro. It is a [[suffragan diocese|suffragan]] of the [[metropolis (religious jurisdiction)|metropolitan]] [[Archdiocese of Ravenna-Cervia]].<ref>{{Catholic-hierarchy|diocese|dsmmi|Diocese of San Marino-Montefeltro|21 January 2015}}</ref> The diocese includes all the [[parish]]es of San Marino. The earliest mention of [[Montefeltro]], as ''Mona Feretri'', is in the diplomas by which [[Charlemagne]] confirmed the [[donation of Pepin]]. The first known bishop of Montefeltro was Agatho (826), whose residence was at [[San Leo]]. Under Bishop Flaminios Dondi (1724) the see was again transferred to San Leo, but later it returned to Pennabilli. The historic diocese was a suffragan of the [[archdiocese of Urbino]].<ref name="newadvent.org">{{cite web |last1=Knight |first1=Kevin |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10528a.htm |title=Diocese of Montefeltro |year=2009 |publisher=newadvent.org |access-date=25 November 2012}}</ref> Since 1988, there is formally an [[apostolic nunciature]] to the republic, but it is vested in the nuncio to Italy. |
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Other faiths include the [[Waldensians|Waldensian Church]] and [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]. |
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There has been a [[Jew]]ish presence in San Marino for at least 600 years.<ref name="JewishEncyclopedia.com">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13163-san-marino |title=San Marino |encyclopedia=1906 Jewish Encyclopedia |access-date=25 November 2012}}</ref> The first mention of Jews in San Marino dates to the late 14th century, in official documents recording the business transactions of Jews. There are many documents throughout the 15th to 17th centuries describing Jewish dealings and verifying the presence of a Jewish community in San Marino.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.publibook.com/librairie/livre-universitaire.php?isbn=9782748372236 |title=La communauté juive de la République de Saint-Marin, XVIe-XVIIe siècles (UNIVERSITAIRE) |work=Publibook |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009115356/http://www.publibook.com/librairie/livre-universitaire.php?isbn=9782748372236 |archive-date=9 October 2014}}</ref> Jews were permitted official protection by the government. |
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During [[World War II]], San Marino provided a haven for more than 100,000 Jews and other Italians (approximately 10 times the Sammarinese population at the time) from [[Nazism|Nazi]] persecution. {{As of|2012}}, few Jews remain.<ref |
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name="jewishvirtuallibrary.org">{{cite web |last1=Sheib |first1=Ariel |title=Virtual Jewish history tour: San Marino |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/san_marino.html |publisher=jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=25 November 2012}}</ref> |
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In 2019, the sculpture "Dialogue" by [[Michele Chiaruzzi]] was inaugurated at Saint Anne Chapel, the first monument of its kind devoted to interfaith dialogue.<ref name="AJB Video">{{cite web |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?feature=youtu.be&v=9JMaBpUpOtM |title=Kapela tri religije [Chapel of the Three Religions] |publisher=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] |language=Bosnian |access-date=16 October 2019}}</ref> |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|+Religions in San Marino (2011)<ref name="cia"/> |
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|- |
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!| Religion !! % |
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|- |
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|| [[Roman Catholic]] || 97.2% |
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|- |
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|| [[Protestant]] || 1.1% |
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|- |
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|| Other Christian || 0.7% |
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|- |
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|| [[Jewish]] || 0.1% |
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|- |
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|| Other || 0.1% |
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|- |
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|| Not religious || 0.7% |
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|- |
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|| No answer || 0.1% |
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|} |
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== Transport == |
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{{Main|Transport in San Marino}} |
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{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2022}} |
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There are {{convert|220|km|abbr=on}} of roads in the country, the main road being the [[San Marino Highway]]. Authorities license private vehicles with distinctive [[Vehicle registration plates of San Marino|Sammarinese license plates]], which are white with blue figures and the coat of arms, usually a letter followed by up to four numbers. Many vehicles also carry the international vehicle identification code (in black on a white oval sticker), which is "RSM". |
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There are no public airports in San Marino, but there is a small private [[Torraccia airfield|airstrip located in Torraccia]]. Most tourists who arrive by air land at [[Federico Fellini International Airport]] (close to the Italian city of [[Rimini]]), then make the transfer by bus. |
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Two rivers flow through San Marino, but there is no major water transport, and no port or harbour. |
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=== Public transport === |
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San Marino public transport comprises eight local bus lines entirely within San Marino. Cross-border connection to Rimini is available across a highway bridge in Rovereta. |
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There is a regular bus service between Rimini and the city of San Marino that is popular with both tourists and workers commuting to San Marino from Italy. This service stops at approximately 20 locations in Rimini and within San Marino, with its two terminus stops at [[Rimini railway station]] and San Marino coach station. |
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A limited licensed taxi service operates nationwide. There are seven licensed taxi companies operating in the republic,<ref>Licensed taxi companies are listed on the {{cite web |url=http://www.visitsanmarino.com/default.asp?id=114 |title=Government tourism website |access-date=3 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100501005409/http://www.visitsanmarino.com/default.asp?id=114 |archive-date=1 May 2010 }}</ref> and Italian taxis regularly operate within San Marino when carrying passengers picked up in Italian territory. |
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[[File:Funivia di San Marino - 2019-05-07.jpg|thumb|right|Aerial tramway to Monte Titano]] |
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There is a {{convert|1.5|km|mi|frac=4|adj=on}} aerial tramway connecting the [[City of San Marino]] on top of [[Monte Titano]] with [[Borgo Maggiore]], a major town in the republic, with the second largest population of any Sammarinese settlement. From here a further connection is available to the nation's largest settlement, [[Dogana, San Marino|Dogana]], via the local bus service. |
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Two [[aerial tramway]] cars ([[gondola]]s) operate, with service provided at roughly 15-minute intervals throughout the day. A third vehicle is available on the system, a service car for the use of engineers maintaining the tramway. |
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=== Railway === |
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{{Main|Ferrovia Rimini–San Marino}} |
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Today, there is no railway in San Marino, but for a short period before [[World War II]], it had a single narrow-gauge line called the [[Ferrovia Rimini–San Marino]] which connected the country with the Italian rail network at Rimini. Because of the difficulties in accessing the capital, City of San Marino, with its mountain-top location, the terminus station was planned to be located in the village of [[Valdragone]] but was extended to reach the capital through a steep and winding track comprising many tunnels. The railway was opened on 12 June 1932.<ref>[http://ifef.free.fr/provo/if2005-6.pdf ''Internacia Fervojisto''] (''International Railways''), 2005.6, p. 85. In Esperanto</ref> |
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An advanced system for its time, it was an electric railway, powered from overhead cables. It was well built and had a high frequency of passengers but was almost completely destroyed during World War II. Many facilities such as bridges, tunnels, and stations remain visible today, and some have been converted to parks, public footpaths, or traffic routes. Debate continues on whether the line should be restored, as Rimini is the nearest bigger city and has access to the Adriatic sea, the Italian railway network, and the [[Federico Fellini International Airport]]. |
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== Culture == |
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{{Culture of San Marino}} |
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{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2022}} |
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[[File:Pompeo batoni san marino risolleva la repubblica by stefano bolognini.JPG|thumb|upright=0.9|A painting in the Museo di Stato di San Marino by [[Pompeo Batoni]]]] |
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The [[Three Towers of San Marino]] are located on the three peaks of [[Monte Titano]] in the capital. They are depicted on both the [[flag of San Marino]] and its [[Coat of Arms of San Marino|coat of arms]]. The three towers are: ''[[Guaita]]'', the oldest of the three (it was constructed in the 11th century); the 13th-century ''[[Cesta]]'', located on the highest of Monte Titano's summits; and the 14th-century ''[[Montale (San Marino)|Montale]]'', on the smallest of Monte Titano's summits, still privately owned. |
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=== University === |
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The {{Lang|it|Università degli Studi della Repubblica di San Marino}} ([[University of the Republic of San Marino]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unirsm.sm/ |title=Università degli Studi di San Marino |publisher=Unirsm.sm |access-date=24 October 2009}}</ref> is the main university, which includes the ''[[Scuola Superiore di Studi Storici di San Marino]]'' (Graduate School of Historical Studies), a distinguished research and advanced international study centre governed by an international Scientific Committee coordinated by the emeritus historian [[Luciano Canfora]]. Other important institutes are the {{Lang|it|Istituto Musicale Sammarinese}} (Sammarinese Musical Institute)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ims.sm/ |title=Istituto Musicale Sammarinese |publisher=Ims.sm |access-date=24 October 2009}}</ref> and the [[Akademio Internacia de la Sciencoj San Marino]] or {{Lang|it|Accademia Internazionale delle Scienze San Marino}} (International Academy of Sciences San Marino).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ais-sanmarino.org/ |title=Accademia Internazionale delle Scienze |publisher=Ais-sanmarino.org |access-date=24 October 2009}}</ref> The latter is known for adopting [[Esperanto language|Esperanto]] as the language for teaching and for scientific publications; further, it makes wide use of electronic [[educational technology]] (also called e-learning). |
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Italian author [[Umberto Eco]] had attempted to create a "university without physical structures" in San Marino.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.liquidsky.net/convivio/eco.htm |title=Umberto Eco biography |publisher=Liquidsky.net |date=16 January 1994 |access-date=16 September 2013}}</ref> |
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=== Sport === |
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{{Main|Sport in San Marino}} |
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{{See also|San Marino at the Olympics|Football in San Marino}} |
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In San Marino [[association football|football]] is the most popular sport. [[Basketball]] and [[volleyball]] are also popular. The three sports have their own federations, the [[San Marino Football Federation]], the [[San Marino Basketball Federation]] and the [[Federazione Sammarinese Pallavolo|San Marino Volleyball Federation]]. |
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The [[San Marino national football team]] has had little success, being made up of part-timers, such as local plumbers and farmers. Never qualifying for a major tournament, and recording only one win in over 25 years of its history, a 1–0 victory in 2004 against [[Liechtenstein national football team|Liechtenstein]].<ref>{{cite web |title=San Marino VS. Liechtenstein 1 – 0 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2004/04/28/world/friendlies/san-marino/liechtenstein/633279/ |website=Soccerway |access-date=15 March 2017 |ref=44}}</ref> They have drawn four more, with their most notable result being a 1993 0–0 draw with [[Turkey national football team|Turkey]] during the [[1994 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)|European qualifiers for the 1994 FIFA World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |title=San Marino v Turkey |url=https://scoreshelf.com/gjbb/en/San_Marino/1994fwcSMR_v_TUR |website=Scoreshelf |access-date=15 March 2017 |ref=45 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316114734/https://scoreshelf.com/gjbb/en/San_Marino/1994fwcSMR_v_TUR |archive-date=16 March 2017}}</ref> In the same qualifying competition [[Davide Gualtieri]] scored a goal 8.3 seconds into a match against [[England national football team|England]]; this goal held the record for the fastest in international football until 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=Christian Benteke nets fastest international goal in 8.1 seconds |url=http://www.espnfc.com/belgium/story/2969713/christian-benteke-nets-fastest-international-goal-in-81-seconds |website=Espnfc.com |date=10 October 2016 |access-date=16 March 2017 |ref=46}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bevan |first1=Chris |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/19900296 |title=Davide Gualtieri: The man from San Marino who shocked England |date=11 October 2012 |work=BBC Sport |access-date=2 March 2020 |language=en-GB}}</ref> San Marino has a club in the Italian league system called [[A.S.D.V. San Marino]] and a domestic amateur league, the [[Campionato Sammarinese]], whose teams also participate in European club competitions. Together with Italy, San Marino held the [[2019 UEFA European Under-21 Championship]], with teams playing at the [[Stadio Olimpico (San Marino)|Stadio Olimpico]] in [[Serravalle (San Marino)|Serravalle]]. With Italy being the sole automatic qualifiers, the Sammarinese team was not participating in the final tournament. |
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[[File:GP Imola2005 SchumiAlonso.jpg|thumb|2005 San Marino Grand Prix held in [[Imola]], Italy]] |
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A [[Formula One]] race, the [[San Marino Grand Prix]], was named after the state, although it did not take place there. Instead, it was held at the [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari]] in the Italian town of [[Imola]], about {{convert|100|km|-1|abbr=on}} northwest of San Marino. [[Roland Ratzenberger]] and [[Ayrton Senna]] suffered fatal accidents a day apart during the [[1994 San Marino Grand Prix|1994 Grand Prix]]. This international event was removed from the calendar in [[2007 Formula One season|2007]], although the circuit has since returned to the calendar as the [[Emilia-Romagna Grand Prix]]. |
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The [[San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix]] was reinstated in the schedule in 2007 and takes place at the [[Misano World Circuit Marco Simoncelli]], as does San Marino's round of the [[World Superbike Championship]]. |
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San Marino has [[San Marino (baseball team)|a professional baseball team]] which plays in [[Italian Baseball League|Italy's top division]]. It has participated in the [[European Cup (baseball)|European Cup]] tournament for the continent's top club sides several times, hosting the event in 1996, 2000, 2004, and [[2007 European Cup (baseball)|2007]]. It won the championship in [[2006 Final Four (baseball)|2006]], [[2011 Final Four (baseball)|2011]] and [[2014 Final Four (baseball)|2014]]. |
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Shooting is also very popular in San Marino, with many shooters having taken part in international competitions and the [[Olympic Games]]. San Marino is also the smallest country to have ever won an [[San Marino at the Olympics|Olympic medal]], having won one silver and a bronze in shooting in the [[2020 Summer Olympics]] in Tokyo. Despite their small population, they got their silver in a team event losing the gold medal match to Spain 41–40. |
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=== Cuisine === |
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{{Main|Sammarinese cuisine}} |
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[[File:Piadina.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.9|A ''[[piadina]]'', a dish characteristic of the Italian region of Romagna and of its enclave of San Marino]] |
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The cuisine of San Marino is extremely similar to [[Italian cuisine|Italian]], especially that of the adjoining [[Emilia-Romagna]] and [[Marche]] regions, but it has a number of its own unique dishes and products.<ref name="Marshall Cavendish 2010">{{cite book |title=World and Its Peoples |publisher=Marshall Cavendish Reference |series=World and Its Peoples: Europe |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-7614-7893-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xcYVmUyHG2AC&pg=PA855 |access-date=26 October 2017 |page=855}}</ref> Its best known is probably the ''[[Torta Tre Monti]]'' ("Cake of the Three Mountains" or "Cake of the Three Towers"), a wafer layered cake covered in chocolate depicting the [[Three Towers of San Marino]]. The country also has a small [[Sammarinese wine|wine]] industry. |
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=== UNESCO === |
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The site San Marino: Historic Centre and Mount Titano became part of the [[UNESCO]] World Heritage List in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1245/ |title=San Marino Historic Centre and Mount Titano |accessdate=2023-04-15 }}</ref> The decision was taken during the 32nd Session of the UNESCO [[World Heritage Committee]] composed of 21 countries convened in Québec, Canada. |
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=== Music === |
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{{Main|Music of San Marino|San Marino in the Eurovision Song Contest}} |
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{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2022}} |
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The country has a long and rich musical tradition, closely linked to that of Italy, but which is also highly independent in itself. A well-known 17th-century composer is Francesco Maria Marini. The pop singer [[Little Tony (singer)|Little Tony]] achieved considerable success in the United Kingdom and Italy in the 1950s and 1960s. |
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[[San Marino in the Eurovision Song Contest|San Marino]] has taken part in the [[Eurovision Song Contest]] eleven times, achieving three final qualifications to date (with then-three, eventually four-time contestant and San Marino native [[Valentina Monetta]] with "[[Maybe (Valentina Monetta song)|Maybe]]" in [[Eurovision Song Contest 2014|2014]], Turkish singer [[Serhat (singer)|Serhat]] with "[[Say Na Na Na]]" who achieved 19th place in the final in [[Eurovision Song Contest 2019|2019]] and Italian singer [[Senhit (singer)|Senhit]] along with American rapper [[Flo Rida]] who qualified for the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2021|2021]] final with the song "[[Adrenalina (Senhit song)|Adrenalina]]"). |
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=== Public holidays and festivals === |
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{{Main|Public holidays in San Marino}} |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|- |
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! Date |
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! Name |
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! Explanation |
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|- |
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|1 January |
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| [[New Year's Day]] |
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|Festival marking the beginning of the new year |
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|- |
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|6 January |
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| [[Epiphany (holiday)|Epiphany]] |
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|Commemorates the visit of the [[three wise men]] or magi to the infant Jesus |
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|- |
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|5 February |
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| Feast of [[Saint Agatha]] |
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|Commemoration of Saint Agatha, co-patroness of the Republic after the country was liberated from foreign rule on her feast day in 1740<ref name="Annio Maria Matteimi 2011, p. 23"/> |
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|- |
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| Variable, the first Sunday after the [[Paschal full moon|first full moon]] after the [[equinox|vernal equinox]] |
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| [[Easter]] |
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|[[Resurrection of Jesus]] |
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|- |
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| Variable, the Monday after Easter Sunday |
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| [[Easter Monday]] |
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|Monday after Easter day |
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|- |
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|25 March |
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| Anniversary of the [[Arengo]] |
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|Anniversary of the [[1906 Sammarinese citizenry meeting|1906 Arengo]] and the Festa delle Milizie (Feast of the Militants) |
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|- |
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|1 May |
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| [[Labour Day]] |
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|Celebration of workers and employees |
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|- |
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|''Variable'', the first Thursday after [[Trinity Sunday]] |
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| [[Corpus Christi (feast)|Corpus Christi]] |
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|Commemoration of the body and blood of Jesus Christ |
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|- |
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|28 July |
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| Liberation from Fascism |
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|Commemoration of the fall of the [[Sammarinese Fascist Party]] |
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|- |
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|15 August |
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| [[Ferragosto]] (Assumption) |
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|Commemoration of the [[Assumption of Mary|Virgin Mary's assumption]] into heaven |
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|- |
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|3 September |
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| The Feast of [[Saint Marinus]] and the Republic |
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|National feast of Saint Marinus (San Marino), celebrating the origin of the Republic in 301 |
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|- |
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|1 November |
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| [[All Saints' Day]] |
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|Feast dedicated to all saints |
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|- |
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|2 November |
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| Commemoration of all those who died at war |
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|Remembrance of all those who gave their lives for San Marino in war |
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|- |
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|8 December |
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| [[Immaculate Conception]] |
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|Remembrance of the Virgin Mary's conception without original sin |
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|- |
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|24 December |
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| [[Christmas Eve]] |
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|Day before the commemoration of the birth of [[Jesus]] |
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|- |
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|25 December |
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| [[Christmas]] |
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|Birth of [[Jesus]] |
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|- |
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|26 December |
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| [[Saint Stephen's Day]] |
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|Commemoration of the death of [[Saint Stephen]], the first Christian martyr |
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|- |
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|31 December |
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| [[New Year's Eve]] |
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|Celebration which closes and marks the end of the year |
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|} |
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== See also == |
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* [[The Catholic Guide and Scout Association of San Marino]] |
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* [[City-state]] |
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* [[Index of San Marino–related articles]] |
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* [[Outline of San Marino]] |
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* [[Postage stamps and postal history of San Marino]] |
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* [[Telecommunications in San Marino]] |
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* [[Order of San Marino]] and [[Order of Saint Agatha]] |
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== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
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== External links == |
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{{Sister project links|q=no|s=Portal:San Marino|voy=San Marino}} |
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<!-- Please do not turn these bullets into headers! They expand the TOC too much. --> |
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* [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/san-marino/ San Marino] The [[CIA]] [[World Factbook]] country profile |
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* [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17842338 San Marino country profile] [[BBC]] country profile |
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; Government |
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* [https://www.gov.sm/ Benvenuti in GOV.SM] Official government website |
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* [https://www.gov.sm/pub1/GovSM/Servizi-online-Pubblica-Amministrazione.html Servizi on-line della Pubblica Amministrazione] Public Administration online services |
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* [https://www.gov.sm/pub1/GovSM/Dipartimenti.html Dipartimenti e Uffici della Pubblica Amministrazione] Public Administration departments and offices |
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* [https://agency.sm/ Economic Development Agency Chamber of Commerce] Economic Development Agency website portal |
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; Maps |
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* {{osmrelation|54624}} |
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* {{curlie|Regional/Europe/San_Marino}} |
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* {{wikiatlas|San Marino}} |
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{{San Marino topics}} |
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{{Countries of Europe}} |
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{{Portal bar|Europe|Italy}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:San Marino| ]]<!--please leave the empty space as standard--> |
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[[Category:301 establishments]] |
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[[Category:Countries in Europe]] |
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[[Category:Diarchies]] |
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[[Category:Enclaved countries]] |
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[[Category:Enclaves and exclaves]] |
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[[Category:Countries and territories where Italian is an official language]] |
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[[Category:Landlocked countries]] |
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[[Category:Member states of the Council of Europe]] |
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[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] |
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[[Category:Republics]] |
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[[Category:States and territories established in the 300s]] |
Revision as of 10:48, 24 November 2023
Repubblica di San Marino (Italian) | |
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Motto: Libertas "Freedom" | |
Anthem: Inno Nazionale della Repubblica "National Anthem of the Republic" | |
![]() | |
Capital | San Marino 43°56′N 12°26′E / 43.933°N 12.433°E |
Largest settlement | Dogana 43°58′53″N 12°29′22″E / 43.98139°N 12.48944°E |
Official languages | Italian[3] |
Other languages | Romagnol |
Religion | 91.5% Christianity 5.6% agnosticism 1.9% atheism 1% other see Religion in San Marino |
Demonym(s) | Sammarinese |
Government | Unitary parliamentary diarchic directorial republic |
Luca Beccari | |
Legislature | Grand and General Council |
Independence | |
• From the Roman Empire | 3 September 301 (traditional) |
• From the Papal States | 1291 |
| |
Area | |
• Total | 61.2 km2 (23.6 sq mi)[1] (191st) |
• Water (%) | 0 |
Population | |
• 2022 estimate | 33,660[4] (191st) |
• Density | 520/km2 (1,346.8/sq mi) (23rd) |
GDP (PPP) | 2023 estimate |
• Total | ![]() |
• Per capita | ![]() |
GDP (nominal) | 2023 estimate |
• Total | ![]() |
• Per capita | ![]() |
HDI (2021) | ![]() very high (44th) |
Currency | Euro (€) (EUR) |
Time zone | UTC+01 (CET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+02fas (CEST) |
Driving side | right |
Calling code | +378 (+39 0549 calling via Italy) |
ISO 3166 code | SM |
Internet TLD | .sm |
San Marino (/ˌsæn məˈriːnoʊ/ SAN mə-REE-noh, Italian: [sam maˈriːno]; Romagnol: San Maréin or San Maroin), officially the Republic of San Marino[1][2][8] (Italian: Repubblica di San Marino) and also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino[9] (Italian: Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino), is a European microstate and country enclaved by Italy.[10] Located on the northeastern side of the Apennine Mountains, San Marino is the fifth-smallest country in the world[11] and covers a land area of just over 61 km2 (23+1⁄2 sq mi), with a population of 33,660 as of 2022.[4]
San Marino is a landlocked country; however, its northeastern end is within ten kilometres (six miles) of the Italian city of Rimini on the Adriatic coast. The nearest airport is also in Italy. The country's capital city, the City of San Marino, is located atop Monte Titano, while its largest settlement is Dogana within the largest municipality of Serravalle. San Marino's official language is Italian.
The country derives its name from Saint Marinus, a stonemason from the then-Roman island of Rab in present-day Croatia. Born in AD 275, Marinus participated in the rebuilding of Rimini's city walls after their destruction by Liburnian pirates. Marinus then went on to found an independently ruled monastic community on Monte Titano in AD 301; thus, San Marino lays claim to being the oldest extant sovereign state, as well as the oldest constitutional republic.[12]
Uniquely, San Marino's constitution dictates that its democratically elected legislature, the Grand and General Council, must elect two heads of state every six months. Known as captains regent, the two heads of state serve concurrently and with equal powers until their term expires after six months.
The country's economy is mainly based on finance, industry, services, retail, and tourism. It is one of the wealthiest countries in the world in GDP per capita, with a figure comparable to the most developed European regions.[1] Despite this fact, ranking 44th, its Human Development Index score is the lowest in Western Europe.[6] Its health care system ranked 3rd in the first ever World Health Organization analysis of the world's health systems.[13]
History
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Marino_als_steinhauer.png/200px-Marino_als_steinhauer.png)
Saint Marinus left the island of Rab in present-day Croatia with his lifelong friend Leo, and went to the city of Rimini as a stonemason. After the Diocletianic Persecution following his Christian sermons, he escaped to the nearby Monte Titano, where he built a small church and thus founded what is now the city and state of San Marino.
The official founding date is 3 September 301 AD.[14] In 1291 San Marino appealed to the bishop of Arezzo, Ildebrandino Guidi di Romena, against the contribution demands by the Vicario del Montefeltro. Jurist Palamede di Rimini, decided in favour of San Marino and recognised its tax exemption from tributes demands of Montefeltro. In 1296, when Guglielmo Durante was the governor of Romagna, Sammarinesi appealed to Pope Boniface VIII against the further requests by the Montefeltro podestas regarding tributes. Abbot Ranieri di Sant'Anastasio was assigned to judge the dispute. A long process was held using various witnesses and sources to determine San Marino tax's exemption status. The verdict was probably in favour of the autonomy of San Marino, as later the State has never paid taxes to the Montefeltro.[15]
In 1320, the community of Chiesanuova chose to join the country.[16] In 1463, San Marino was enlarged to include the communities of Faetano, Fiorentino, Montegiardino, and Serravalle, since then the country's borders have remained unchanged.[17]
In 1503, Cesare Borgia, the son of Pope Alexander VI, occupied the Republic for six months until his father's successor, Pope Julius II, intervened and restored the country's independence.[18]
On 4 June 1543, Fabiano di Monte San Savino, nephew of the later Pope Julius III, attempted to conquer the republic, but his infantry and cavalry failed as they got lost in a dense fog, which the Sammarinese attributed to Saint Quirinus, whose feast day it was.[19]
After the Duchy of Urbino was annexed by the Papal States in 1625, San Marino became an enclave within the papal states. This led to its seeking the formal protection of the Papal States in 1631, but this never amounted to a de facto Papal control of the republic.[20]
The country was occupied on 17 October 1739 by the legate (Papal governor) of Ravenna, Cardinal Giulio Alberoni, but independence was restored by Pope Clement XII on 5 February 1740, the feast day of Saint Agatha, after which she became a patron saint of the republic.[21]
The advance of Napoleon's army in 1797 presented a brief threat to the independence of San Marino, but the country was saved from losing its liberty by one of its regents, Antonio Onofri, who managed to gain the respect and friendship of Napoleon. Due to Onofri's intervention, Napoleon promised, in a letter to Gaspard Monge, scientist and commissary of the French Government for Science and Art, to guarantee and protect the independence of the Republic, even offering to extend its territory according to its needs. The offer was declined by the regents, fearing future retaliation from other states' revanchism.[22][23]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/San_Marino_constitution_1600.jpg/180px-San_Marino_constitution_1600.jpg)
During the later phase of the Italian unification process in the 19th century, San Marino served as a refuge for many people persecuted because of their support for unification, including Giuseppe Garibaldi and his wife Anita. Garibaldi allowed San Marino to remain independent. San Marino and the Kingdom of Italy signed a Convention of Friendship in 1862.[24]
The government of San Marino made United States President Abraham Lincoln an honorary citizen. He wrote in reply, saying that the republic proved that "government founded on republican principles is capable of being so administered as to be secure and enduring".[25][26]
20th century onwards
During World War I, when Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary on 24 May 1915, San Marino remained neutral and Italy adopted a hostile view of Sammarinese neutrality, suspecting that San Marino could harbour Austrian spies who could be given access to its new radiotelegraph station. Italy tried to forcibly establish a detachment of Carabinieri in the republic and then cut the republic's telephone lines when it did not acquiesce. Two groups of ten volunteers joined the Italian forces in the fighting on the Italian front, the first as combatants and the second as a medical corps operating a Red Cross field hospital. The existence of this hospital later caused Austria-Hungary to suspend diplomatic relations with San Marino.[27]
After the war, San Marino suffered from high rates of unemployment and inflation, leading to increased tension between the lower and middle classes. The latter, fearing that the moderate government of San Marino would make concessions to the lower class majority, began to show support for the Sammarinese Fascist Party (Partito Fascista Sammarinese, PFS), founded in 1922 and styled largely on their Italian counterpart. PFS rule lasted from 1923 to 1943, and during this time they often sought support from Benito Mussolini's fascist government in Italy.[28]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/A_soldier%27s_grave_in_Monte_Titano_%28September_1944%29.jpg/170px-A_soldier%27s_grave_in_Monte_Titano_%28September_1944%29.jpg)
During World War II, San Marino remained neutral, although it was wrongly reported in an article in The New York Times that it had declared war on the United Kingdom on 17 September 1940.[29] The Sammarinese government later transmitted a message to the British government stating that they had not declared war on the United Kingdom.[30]
On 28 July 1943, three days after the fall of the Fascist regime in Italy, PFS rule collapsed and the new government declared neutrality in the conflict. The PFS regained power on 1 April 1944, but kept neutrality intact. Despite that, on 26 June 1944, San Marino was bombed by the Royal Air Force, in the belief that San Marino had been overrun by German forces and was being used to amass stores and ammunition. The Sammarinese government declared on the same day that no military installations or equipment were located on its territory, and that no belligerent forces had been allowed to enter.[31] San Marino accepted thousands of civilian refugees when Allied forces went over the Gothic Line.[32] In September 1944, it was briefly occupied by German forces, who were defeated by Allied forces in the Battle of San Marino.[citation needed]
San Marino had the world's first democratically elected communist government – a coalition between the Sammarinese Communist Party and the Sammarinese Socialist Party, which held office between 1945 and 1957.[33][34] The coalition lost power through the fatti di Rovereta.
San Marino became a member of the Council of Europe in 1988 and of the United Nations in 1992. It is not a member of the European Union, although it uses the euro as its currency (despite not legally being part of the Eurozone). Before the introduction of the euro, the country's currency was the Sammarinese lira.
As of June 2020, San Marino had the highest death rate per capita of any country, due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.[35] In April 2021, it was reported that San Marino was using the Russian Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine rather than vaccines approved by the EU, following a slow rollout for the latter vaccines.[36][37]
At the 2020 Summer Olympics, San Marino became the smallest country to earn an Olympic medal when Alessandra Perilli won a bronze medal in the women's trap.[38] They later won another medal, this one silver, with Perilli's and Gian Marco Berti's performance in the mixed trap shooting event.[39]
On 7 March 2022, during the Russia-Ukraine War, the Russian Kremlin released on Twitter a list of countries which it considered "unfriendly" to Russia. San Marino was included in the list, alongside numerous well-known Russian adversaries such as the United States and countries in the European Union. The motivation for including San Marino as an "unfriendly" nation was unclear, and it gained substantial attention on the Internet.[40]
On 31 August 2022, San Marino officials voted to legalize abortion in the republic, "one of the last European states to have had the procedure outlawed under all circumstances".[41] 32 members of the legislature approved the bill while 10 abstained and 7 voted against.[42] The public health system is promised[clarification needed] to cover the cost of the abortion procedure.
Geography
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/View_of_Mount_Titano_-_San_Marino.jpg/250px-View_of_Mount_Titano_-_San_Marino.jpg)
San Marino is an enclave surrounded by Italy in Southern Europe, on the border between the regions of Emilia Romagna and Marche and about ten kilometres (six miles) from the Adriatic coast at Rimini. Its hilly topography, with no substantial naturally flat ground, is part of the Apennine mountain range. The highest point in the country, the summit of Monte Titano, is 749 m (2,457 ft) above sea level; the lowest, the Ausa River (ending in the Marecchia),[43] is 55 m (180 ft). San Marino has no still or contained bodies of water of any significant size.
It is one of only three countries in the world to be completely enclosed by another country (the others being Vatican City, also enclosed by Italy, and Lesotho, enclosed by South Africa). It is the third smallest country in Europe, after Vatican City and Monaco, and the fifth-smallest country in the world.[11]
The terrestrial ecoregion of Italian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests lies within San Marino's territory.[44] The country had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 0.01/10, ranking it last globally out of 172 countries.[45]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/SanMarino2021OSM.png/200px-SanMarino2021OSM.png)
Climate
San Marino has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfa), with some continental influences. It has warm to hot summers and cool winters, typical of inland areas of the central Italian Peninsula. Precipitation is scattered throughout the year with no real dry month. Snowfalls are common and heavy almost every winter, especially above 400–500 m (1,300–1,600 feet) of elevation.
Climate data for San Marino (2006–2023) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 18.9 (66.0) |
17.6 (63.7) |
21.0 (69.8) |
24.5 (76.1) |
31.9 (89.4) |
35.5 (95.9) |
35.1 (95.2) |
36.1 (97.0) |
30.5 (86.9) |
24.9 (76.8) |
20.4 (68.7) |
19.2 (66.6) |
36.1 (97.0) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 6.4 (43.5) |
7.0 (44.6) |
10.2 (50.4) |
15.0 (59.0) |
19.6 (67.3) |
25.0 (77.0) |
27.4 (81.3) |
26.1 (79.0) |
20.6 (69.1) |
15.6 (60.1) |
10.8 (51.4) |
7.4 (45.3) |
15.9 (60.7) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.2 (39.6) |
4.7 (40.5) |
7.3 (45.1) |
11.6 (52.9) |
15.7 (60.3) |
20.8 (69.4) |
23.5 (74.3) |
22.5 (72.5) |
17.5 (63.5) |
13.0 (55.4) |
8.6 (47.5) |
5.2 (41.4) |
12.9 (55.2) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.1 (35.8) |
2.5 (36.5) |
4.8 (40.6) |
8.5 (47.3) |
12.4 (54.3) |
17.3 (63.1) |
19.7 (67.5) |
19.2 (66.6) |
14.9 (58.8) |
10.9 (51.6) |
6.7 (44.1) |
3.2 (37.8) |
10.2 (50.3) |
Record low °C (°F) | −6.5 (20.3) |
−10.2 (13.6) |
−5.9 (21.4) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
1.3 (34.3) |
8.8 (47.8) |
10.0 (50.0) |
10.8 (51.4) |
5.8 (42.4) |
0.9 (33.6) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
−7.5 (18.5) |
−10.2 (13.6) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 50.2 (1.98) |
63.9 (2.52) |
64.5 (2.54) |
59.4 (2.34) |
70.3 (2.77) |
54.3 (2.14) |
40.4 (1.59) |
40.7 (1.60) |
75.3 (2.96) |
70.2 (2.76) |
99.0 (3.90) |
61.4 (2.42) |
749.5 (29.51) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 7.2 | 8.4 | 8.3 | 7.9 | 8.6 | 4.8 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 6.8 | 7.1 | 10.2 | 8.3 | 86.3 |
Source: Arpae Emilia-Romagna[46] |
Government
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Palazzo_Pubblico_-_esterno.jpg/220px-Palazzo_Pubblico_-_esterno.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Captains_Regent_Tomassoni%2C_Rossi%2C_Mancini_and_Selva.jpg/220px-Captains_Regent_Tomassoni%2C_Rossi%2C_Mancini_and_Selva.jpg)
San Marino has the political framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic: the captains regent are heads of state,[47] and there is a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Although there is no formal head of government, the secretary for foreign and political affairs is in many ways equal to the prime minister in other countries.[48] Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Grand and General Council. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.
San Marino is considered to have the earliest written governing documents still in effect, as the Statutes of 1600 are still at the core of its constitutional framework.[49]
San Marino was originally led by the Arengo, initially formed from the heads of each family. In the 13th century, power was given to the Grand and General Council. In 1243, the first two captains regent were nominated by the council. Still today, Captains Regent are elected every six months by the council.
The legislature of the republic is the Grand and General Council (Consiglio grande e generale). The council is a unicameral legislature with 60 members. There are elections every five years by proportional representation in all nine administrative districts. These districts (townships) correspond to the old parishes of the republic. All citizens 18 years or older are eligible to vote.
Besides general legislation, the Grand and General Council approves the budget and elects the captains regent, the State Congress (composed of ten secretaries with executive power), the Council of Twelve (which forms the judicial branch during the period of legislature of the council), the Advising Commissions, and the Government Unions. The council also has the power to ratify treaties with other countries. The council is divided into five different Advising Commissions consisting of fifteen councilors who examine, propose, and discuss the implementation of new laws that are on their way to being presented on the floor of the council.
Every six months, the council elects two captains regent to be the heads of state. The captains are chosen from opposing parties so that there is a balance of power. They serve a six-month term. The investiture of the captains regent takes place on 1 April and 1 October in every year. Once this term is over, citizens have three days in which to file complaints about the captains' activities. If they warrant it, judicial proceedings against the ex-head(s) of state can be initiated.
The practice of having two heads of state, like Roman consuls, chosen in frequent elections, is derived directly from the customs of the Roman Republic. The council is equivalent to the Roman Senate; the captains regent, to the consuls of ancient Rome. It is thought the inhabitants of the area came together as Roman rule collapsed to form a rudimentary government for their own protection from foreign rule.
San Marino is a multi-party democratic republic. A new election law in 2008 raised the threshold for small parties entering Parliament, causing political parties to organise themselves into two alliances: the right-wing Pact for San Marino, led by the San Marinese Christian Democratic Party; and the left-wing Reforms and Freedom, led by the Party of Socialists and Democrats, a merger of the Socialist Party of San Marino and the former communist Party of Democrats. The 2008 general election was won by the Pact for San Marino with 35 seats in the Grand and General Council against Reforms and Freedom's 25.
On 1 October 2007, Mirko Tomassoni was elected as captain regent, making him the first disabled person elected to that office.[50]
San Marino has had more female heads of state than any other country: 15 as of October 2014, including three who served twice. With regard to the legal profession, while the Order of Lawyers and Notaries of the Republic of San Marino (Ordine degli Avvocati e Notai della Repubblica di San Marino) exists, there is no clear indication as to how demographic groups have fared in the legal field.
On 1 April 2022, 58-year-old Paolo Rondelli was elected as one of the two captains regent, its heads of state. He had previously been the Ambassador to the United States and is the world's first openly gay head of state.[51]
Administrative division
Municipalities
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/San_Marino.png/220px-San_Marino.png)
San Marino is divided into nine municipalities, known locally as castelli (meaning "castles"):
- San Marino (City of San Marino, officially Città di San Marino) is the capital.
And eight minor municipalities:
The largest settlement of the Republic is Dogana, which is not an autonomous castello, but rather belongs to the Castello of Serravalle.
In a similar way to an Italian comune, each castello includes a main settlement, called capoluogo, which is the seat of the castello, and some even smaller localities known as frazioni.
Curacies
The republic is made up of 43 parishes,[52] named curacies (Italian: curazie): Cà Berlone, Cà Chiavello, Cà Giannino, Cà Melone, Cà Ragni, Cà Rigo, Cailungo, Caladino, Calligaria, Canepa, Capanne, Casole, Castellaro, Cerbaiola, Cinque Vie, Confine, Corianino, Crociale, Dogana, Falciano, Fiorina, Galavotto, Gualdicciolo, La Serra, Lesignano, Molarini, Montalbo, Monte Pulito, Murata, Pianacci, Piandivello, Poggio Casalino, Poggio Chiesanuova, Ponte Mellini, Rovereta, San Giovanni sotto le Penne, Santa Mustiola, Spaccio Giannoni, Teglio, Torraccia, Valdragone, Valgiurata, and Ventoso.
Military
San Marino's military forces are among the smallest in the world. National defence is, by arrangement, the responsibility of Italy's armed forces. Different branches have varied functions, including performing ceremonial duties, patrolling borders, mounting guard at government buildings, and assisting police in major criminal cases. The police are not included in the military of San Marino.
Crossbow Corps
Once at the heart of San Marino's army, the Crossbow Corps is now a ceremonial force of approximately 80 volunteers. Since 1295, the Crossbow Corps has provided demonstrations of crossbow shooting at festivals. Its uniform design is medieval. While still a statutory military unit, the Crossbow Corps has no military function today.
Guard of the Rock
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Guardia_di_Rocca_al_Palazzo_Pubblico_San_Marino.jpg/220px-Guardia_di_Rocca_al_Palazzo_Pubblico_San_Marino.jpg)
The Guard of the Rock is a front-line military unit in the San Marino armed forces, a state border patrol, with responsibility for patrolling borders and defending them.[53] In their role as Fortress Guards they are responsible for guarding the Palazzo Pubblico in San Marino City, the seat of national government.
In this role they are the forces most visible to tourists and are known for their colourful ceremony of Changing the Guard.[53] Under the 1987 statute the Guard of the Rock are all enrolled as "Criminal Police Officers" (in addition to their military role) and assist the police in investigating major crime. The uniform of the Guard of the Rock is a distinctive red and green.[53]
Guard of the Grand and General Council
The Guard of the Grand and General Council commonly known as The Guard of the council or locally as the "Guard of Nobles", formed in 1741,[53] is a volunteer unit with ceremonial duties. Due to its striking blue, white, and gold uniform, it is perhaps the best-known part of the Sammarinese military, and appears on countless postcard views of the republic. The functions of the Guard of the council are to protect the captains regent, and to defend the Grand and General Council during its formal sessions. They also act as ceremonial bodyguards to government officials at both state and church festivals.
Company of Uniformed Militia
In former times, all families with two or more adult male members were required to enroll half of them in the Company of Uniformed Militia. This unit remains the basic fighting force of the armed forces of San Marino, but is largely ceremonial. It is a matter of civic pride for many Sammarinese to belong to the force, and all citizens with at least six years residence in the republic are entitled to enroll.
The uniform is dark blue, with a kepi bearing a blue and white plume. The ceremonial form of the uniform includes a white cross-strap, and white and blue sash, white epaulets, and white decorated cuffs.
Military Ensemble
Formally this is part of the Army Militia,[53] and is the ceremonial military band of San Marino. It consists of approximately 60 musicians.[54] The uniform is similar to that of the Army Militia. Military Ensemble music accompanies most state occasions in the republic.
Gendarmerie
Established in 1842, the Gendarmerie of San Marino is a militarised law enforcement agency.[53] Its members are full-time and have responsibility for the protection of citizens and property, and the preservation of law and order.
The entire military corps of San Marino depends upon the co-operation of full-time forces and their retained (volunteer) colleagues, known as the Corpi Militari Volontari, or Voluntary Military Force.
Economy
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Via_Basilicus_din_San_Marino2.jpg/250px-Via_Basilicus_din_San_Marino2.jpg)
San Marino is a developed country,[55] and although it is not a European Union member it is allowed to use the euro as its currency by arrangement with the Council of the European Union; it is also granted the right to use its own designs on the national side of the euro coins. Before the euro, the Sammarinese lira was pegged to, and exchangeable with, the Italian lira. The small number of Sammarinese euro coins, as was the case with the lira before it, are primarily of interest to coin collectors.
San Marino's per capita GDP and standard of living are comparable to that of Italy. Key industries include banking, electronics, and ceramics. The main agricultural products are wine and cheese. San Marino imports mainly staple goods from Italy.
San Marino's postage stamps, which are valid for mail posted in the country, are mostly sold to philatelists and are a significant source of income.[56] San Marino is no longer a member of the Small European Postal Administration Cooperation.[57]
It has the world's third highest rate of car ownership, being one of only a handful of countries with more vehicles than people.[58] As of October 2023, Gibraltar had the highest rate of car ownership per capita, and Guernsey was in the number two spot.[59]
Taxation
This section needs additional citations for verification. (October 2023) |
The corporate profits tax rate in San Marino is 8.5%. Capital gains are also subject to an 8.5% tax, and interest from bank deposits is subject to an 11% tax.[60] Several benefits apply to new businesses, which can strongly reduce the amount of taxes to be paid.
The personal income tax (IGR, Italian: Imposta Generale sui Redditi) was introduced in 1984 and it was heavily reformed in 2013 with the goal of increasing fiscal revenue. The nominal tax rate ranges from 9% for an annual revenue below €10,000 to 35% for revenues above €80,000.
In 1972, a value-added tax (VAT) system was introduced in Italy, and an equivalent tax was introduced also in San Marino, in accordance with the 1939 friendship treaty. However, this tax is not a standard value-added tax, but rather it is an import tax, thus, it is levied only on imported goods and raw resources. For this reason it is locally best known as single stage tax (Italian: imposta monofase), as it is only applied one time during importation, while VAT is applied at every exchange. Furthermore, while VAT also applies to services, the import tax only applies on physical goods. Another important difference is that while VAT is computed on the final price paid by the consumer, the import tax is levied on the importation cost paid by the company, which is generally much lower.
Under the European Union customs agreement, San Marino import tax is considered equivalent to the European VAT system. A separate tax on services, with a rate of 3%, has been introduced in 2011. The introduction of a true VAT system, not dissimilar from the European one, is under development.
Because San Marino's tax rate is lower than surrounding Italy's, many businesses choose to be based in San Marino to avoid the higher rates. San Marino boasts a corporate rate 14.5% lower than Italy (23%) and 12.5% lower than the EU average (21.3%). This has made San Marino the tax haven of choice for many wealthy Italians and businesses.
Tourism
The tourism sector contributes over 22% of San Marino's GDP,[61] with approximately 2 million tourists having visited in 2014.[62]
Conventions with Italy
San Marino and Italy have engaged in conventions since 1862,[63] dictating some economic activities in San Marino's territory. Rashap Cultivation of tobacco and production ofidden in San Marino. Direct import is forbidden; all goods coming from a third party have to travel through Italy before reaching the country. Although it is allowed to print its own postal stamps, San Marino is not allowed to coin its own currenc pessidog goat penaldo lox Rasha huniua
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