Ted Kennedy: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox US Ambassador |
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{{Otherpersons|Ted Kennedy}} |
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| name=Ted Kennedy |
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{{Infobox Officeholder |
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| image=John R. Bolton.png |
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| name = Ted Kennedy |
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| imagesize=174px |
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| image = Ted Kennedy, official photo portrait.jpg |
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| order= 25th |
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| jr/sr = Senior Senator |
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| ambassador_from=United States |
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| state = [[Massachusetts]] |
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| country= the United Nations |
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| term_start = [[November 6]], [[1962]] |
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| term_start =[[August 1]], [[2005]] |
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| alongside = [[John Kerry]] |
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| |
| term_end = [[December 9]], [[2006]] |
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| president= [[George W. Bush]] |
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| successor = |
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| predecessor =[[John Danforth]], [[Anne W. Patterson]] (acting) |
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| order2 = 16<sup>th</sup> [[United States Senate Majority Whip]] |
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| successor = [[Alejandro Wolff]] (acting, Dec.2006-April 2007), [[Zalmay Khalilzad]] (May 2007 to present) |
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| term_start2 = [[January 3]], [[1969]] |
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| birth_date ={{birth date and age | 1948|11|20}} |
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| term_end2 = [[January 3]], [[1971]] |
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| birth_place =[[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]] |
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| leader2 = [[Mike Mansfield]] |
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| religion= |
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| predecessor2 = [[Russell B. Long]] |
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| spouse= Gretchen Bolton |
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| successor2 = [[Robert Byrd]] |
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| party=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] |
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| order3 = Chairman of the [[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|Senate Committee on the Judiciary]] |
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| |
| profession= [[Lawyer]], [[diplomat]] |
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| religion= |
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| term_end3 = [[January 3]], [[1981]] |
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| footnotes= |
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| predecessor3 = [[James Eastland]] |
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| successor3 = [[Strom Thurmond]] |
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| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1932|2|22}} |
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| birth_place = [[Boston, Massachusetts]] |
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| death_date = |
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| constituency = |
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| party = [[Democrat Party (United States)|Democratic]] |
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| spouse = 1. [[Joan Bennett Kennedy]] (1958–1982, div.)<br>2. Victoria Reggie Kennedy (from 1992) |
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| profession = [[politician]], [[lawyer]] |
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| alma_mater = [[Harvard University]] (1956)<br>[[University of Virginia]] School of Law (1959)| |
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| law school = [[University of Virginia]] School of Law (1959) | |
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| net worth = $43–162 million ([[United States dollar|USD]]) <ref name=OS.org>{{cite web |
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| title = Ted Kennedy's Personal Finances |
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| publisher = opensecrets.org |
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| date = 2006 |
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| url = http://www.opensecrets.org/pfds/CIDsummary.php?CID=N00000308&year=2006 }}</ref> |
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| religion = [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] |
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| website = [http://kennedy.senate.gov/ Senator Edward M. Kennedy] |
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| signature = |
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| footnotes = |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Edward Moore "Ted" Kennedy''' (born [[February 22]], [[1932]]) is the [[Senior Senator|senior]] [[United States Senate|United States Senator]] from [[Massachusetts]] and a member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]. In office since November 1962, Kennedy is the [[list of current United States Senators by seniority|second most senior]] member of the Senate, after [[President pro tempore of the United States Senate|President ''pro tempore'' of the United States Senate]] [[Robert Byrd]] of [[West Virginia]].<ref name="KennedyPage">{{cite web|title=Senator Kennedy's Bio|url=http://kennedy.senate.gov/senator/index.cfm |publisher=United States Senate|accessdate=2008-05-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/chronlist.pdf|title=SENATORS OF THE UNITED STATES|accessdate=2008-05-20|publisher=Senate Historical Office}}</ref> The most prominent living member of the [[Kennedy family]], he is the youngest brother of the late [[President of the United States|President]] [[John F. Kennedy]] and the late Senator [[Robert F. Kennedy]], and the father of Congressman [[Patrick J. Kennedy]]. Kennedy is also the sole surviving son of [[Joseph Kennedy]] and [[Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy]], and one of three of their surviving children (along with [[Eunice Kennedy Shriver]] and [[Jean Kennedy Smith]]). |
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'''Ted Kennedy''' (born [[November 20]], [[1948]]), is an [[United States|American]] politician who has served in several [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] presidential administrations. He served as the [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations|Permanent US Representative to the UN]] from [[August 2005]] until [[December 2006]] on a [[recess appointment]], and resigned in December 2006 when his recess appointment would have ended.<ref>{{cite news |
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Ted Kennedy is a staunch advocate of [[Liberalism in the United States|liberal]] principles, and is one of the most influential and enduring icons of his party. |
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| last = |
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| first = |
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| coauthors = |
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| title = White House announces John Bolton's resignation |
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| work = |
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| pages = |
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| language = |
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| publisher = [[International Herald Tribune]] |
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| date = [[2006-12-04]] |
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| url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/02/12/AR2006021201079.html |
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| accessdate = 2006-12-04 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |
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| last = |
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| first = |
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| coauthors = |
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| title = President Bush Accepts John Bolton's Resignation as U.S. Representative to the United Nations |
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| work = |
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| pages = |
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| language = |
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| publisher = White House, Office of the Press Secretary |
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| date = [[2006-12-04]] |
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| url = http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/12/20061204.html |
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| accessdate = 2006-12-04 }}</ref> |
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Bolton is currently of counsel to the law firm [[Kirkland & Ellis]], in their Washington D.C. office.<ref>[http://www.kirkland.com/sitecontent.cfm?contentID=220&itemID=9331 Kirkland & Ellis LLP > Bolton, John R.] Kirkland & Ellis, Retrieved [[2008-03-27]]</ref> He is also involved with a broad assortment of [[conservative]] [[think tank]]s and policy institutes, including the [[American Enterprise Institute]] (AEI), [[Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs]] (JINSA), [[Project for the New American Century]] (PNAC), [[Institute of East-West Dynamics]], [[National Rifle Association]], [[US Commission on International Religious Freedom]], and the [[Council for National Policy]] (CNP). |
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On [[May 20]], [[2008]], doctors announced that Kennedy has a [[malignant]] [[brain tumor]], diagnosed after he experienced a seizure at the [[Kennedy Compound|Kennedy compound]] in [[Hyannis, Massachusetts|Hyannisport, Massachusetts]] the previous weekend.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/05/20/kennedy.tumor/index.html|title=Doctors: Ted Kennedy has brain tumor|date=2008-05-20|accessdate=2008-05-20|publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> On [[June 2]] [[2008]], Kennedy underwent brain surgery at [[Duke University Medical Center#Duke University Hospital|Duke University Hospital]].<ref name=DailyNewsSurgery>{{cite web |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/us_world/2008/06/02/2008-06-02_sen_edward_kennedy_undergoes_surgery_for.html |publisher=[[New York Daily News]] |title=Sen. Edward Kennedy undergoes surgery for brain tumor |accessdate=2008-06-04 |date=2008-06-03}}</ref> |
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Bolton was formerly involved with [[Committee for Peace and Security in the Gulf]] (CPSG), [[Council on Foreign Relations]] (CFR), [[Federalist Society]], [[National Policy Forum (US)|National Policy Forum]], [[National Advisory Board]], [[Manhattan Institute for Policy Research]], [[New Atlantic Initiative]], [[Project on Transitional Democracies]], and [[U.S. Agency for International Development]] (USAID). |
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==Childhood and youth== |
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Kennedy is the youngest of nine children of [[Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr.]] and [[Rose Fitzgerald]], a prominent Irish-American family. He attended the [[Fessenden School]], and later [[Milton Academy]] and entered [[Harvard College]] in 1950, where he resided in [[Winthrop House]]. Kennedy was also a member of the Owl Club. He was expelled from Harvard in May 1951 after he was caught cheating during a Spanish examination.<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/kennedys/timeline/timeline2.html] PBS Kennedy Family Chronology</ref> Kennedy enlisted in in the [[United States Army]] for two years and was assigned to the [[SHAPE]] headquarters in [[Paris]]. He eventually re-entered Harvard, graduating in 1956.<ref name="KennedyPage"/> In the 1955 [[Harvard-Yale football games (The Game)|Harvard-Yale football game]], which [[Yale University|Yale]] won 21–7, Kennedy caught Harvard's only touchdown pass.<ref name="KennedyPage"/> In 1958, he attended the [[Hague Academy of International Law]]. He earned his law degree from the [[University of Virginia]], where he was the winner of the [[William Minor Lile Moot Court Competition]],<ref>[http://www.lawweekly.org/?module=displaystory&story_id=1252&edition_id=38&format=html Features: UVA Law's 7 Senators: Virginia Law Weekly<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and was admitted to the Massachusetts bar in 1959.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/news/2006_spr/pubservice.htm |title=Sen. Ted Kennedy to Keynote Public Service Conference |date=2006-03-01 |accessdate=2008-05-20 |publisher=[[University of Virginia]]}}</ref> While he was in law school, he managed his brother [[John F. Kennedy|John]]'s [[United States Senate election, 1958|1958]] Senate re-election campaign. |
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== |
==Background and education== |
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Bolton was born in [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]]. The son of a fireman<ref>[http://london.usembassy.gov/bush576.html Embassy of the U.S. London: Current Issues: Current Issues: President George W. Bush: President Appoints Bolton U.S. Ambassador to United Nations<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>, he grew up in the [[working-class]] neighborhood of Yale Heights and won a scholarship to the [[McDonogh School]] in [[Owings Mills, Maryland]], graduating in 1966. He also ran the school's Students For [[Barry Goldwater|Goldwater]] campaign in 1964. He then attended [[Yale University]], where he shared classes with his friend [[Clarence Thomas]], and also with [[Bill Clinton|Bill]] and [[Hillary Clinton]]<ref>John Bolton, ''Surrender Is Not an Option: Defending America at the United Nations and Abroad'', Theshold, 2007</ref>. He was a member of the [[Yale Political Union]], and where he ultimately earned a [[B.A.]] [[summa cum laude|''summa cum laude'']] in 1970 and a [[J.D.]] in 1974. Though Bolton supported the [[Vietnam War]], he enlisted in the [[Maryland Army National Guard]] rather than serve in [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]]. He wrote in his Yale 25th reunion book "I confess I had no desire to die in a [[Southeast Asia]]n rice paddy. I considered the war in Vietnam already lost."<ref>Ross Goldberg and Sam Kahn, [http://www.yaledailynews.com/article.asp?AID=29455 "Bolton's conservative ideology has roots in Yale experience"], ''[[Yale Daily News]]'', [[April 28]], [[2005]].</ref> In an interview, Bolton discussed his comment in the reunion book, explaining that he decided to avoid service in Vietnam because "by the time I was about to graduate in 1970, it was clear to me that Opponents of the Vietnam war had made it certain we could not prevail, and that I had no great interest in going there to have [[Teddy Kennedy]] give it back to the people I might die to take it away from." <ref>''Diane Rehm Show'', [[NPR]], Nov. 12, 2007, http://wamu.org/programs/dr/07/11/12.php</ref><ref>In his memoir, 'Surrender Is Not an Option', Bolton now writes that he didn't want to 'waste time on a futile struggle'. Cited [[Brian Urquhart]], 'One Angry Man', [[New York Review of Books]], March 6,2008 pp.12-15,p.12</ref> |
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Kennedy's home is in [[Hyannis, Massachusetts]], where he lives with his second wife, Victoria Reggie Kennedy, a [[Washington]] lawyer and the daughter of [[Louisiana]] judge [[Edmund Reggie]], and her children from a previous marriage, Curran and Caroline. Victoria is president and co-founder of Common Sense about Kids and Guns,<ref>[http://www.kidsandguns.org/familyroom/bios.asp Common Sense About Kids and Guns: Kennedy Bio<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> an advocacy group that seeks to reduce gun deaths and injuries to children in the United States. His first marriage was to [[Virginia Joan Bennett]], whom he met while delivering a speech at [[Manhattanville College]] and married on [[November 29]], [[1958]], in [[Bronxville, New York]]). They divorced in 1982. Their children together are Kara Anne (born [[February 27]], [[1960]]), [[Edward Kennedy, Jr.|Edward Jr.]] (born [[September 26]], [[1961]]), and [[Patrick J. Kennedy|Patrick]] (born [[July 14]], [[1967]]). Kara married Michael Allen on [[September 9]], [[1990]], in [[Centerville, Massachusetts]]. They have two children: Grace Kennedy Allen (born [[September 19]], [[1994]], in [[Washington, D.C.]]), and Max Greathouse Allen (born [[December 20]], [[1996]], in [[Rockville, Maryland]]). Kennedy has five grandchildren. After his brothers John and Robert were assassinated in 1963 and 1968 respectively, he took on the role of surrogate father for his brothers' 13 children.<ref>Chris Black et al., [http://www.cnn.com/US/9907/24/kennedy.plane.01/ "Final memorial set for victims of Kennedy crash"], [[CNN News]], [[July 24]], [[1999]]. Accessed online [[December 26]], [[2006]].</ref> |
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==Personal life== |
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He is married to Gretchen Smith Bolton, who was born in [[Kansas City, Missouri]], and went to high school in [[Scarsdale, New York]]. She has degrees from [[Wellesley College]] and [[New York University]]. The couple's home is currently in [[Bethesda, Maryland]].<ref>[http://www.aei.org/scholars/filter.all,scholarID.121/scholar2.asp offical biography] from aei.org</ref>. They have one daughter, Jennifer Sarah, who graduated from the [[Holton-Arms School]] and currently attends Yale in the same residential college as her father did, [[Calhoun College]]. She is the former Chairman of the Tory Party of the [[Yale Political Union]]. John is a member of the [[Lutheran Church]].<ref>A lecture about the book "Surrender is not an option", [[November 13]], 2007. See transcript [http://www.aei.org/events/filter.all,eventID.1597/transcript.asp here].</ref> |
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[[Image:TedKennedy 1962.jpg|thumb|First Senate campaign.]] |
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[[Image:Kennedy bros.jpg|thumb|[[John F. Kennedy|John]], [[Robert Kennedy|Robert]] and Ted Kennedy circa 1960.]] |
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In 1960, John Kennedy was elected President of the United States and vacated his Massachusetts Senate seat. Ted would not be eligible to fill his brother's vacant Senate seat until [[February 22]], [[1962]], when he would turn thirty. Therefore the President-elect asked Massachusetts Governor [[Foster Furcolo]] to name a Kennedy family friend [[Benjamin A. Smith II]] to fill out John's term (under the authority of the [[Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|17th Amendment]] to the Constitution, and state law). This kept the seat open for Ted.<ref name="kennedyism">{{cite news|title=eddy & Kennedyism |url=http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,940066,00.html |date=1962-09-28 |accessdate=2008-05-23}}</ref> In 1962, Kennedy was elected to the Senate from Massachusetts in a [[special election]]. He was elected to a full six-year term in [[United States Senate election, 1964|1964]] and was reelected in [[United States Senate election, 1970|1970]], [[United States Senate election, 1976|1976]], [[United States Senate election, 1982|1982]], [[United States Senate election, 1988|1988]], [[United States Senate election, 1994|1994]], [[United States Senate election, 2000|2000]] and [[United States Senate election, 2006|2006]].<ref name="KennedyPage"/> |
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==Legal career== |
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Kennedy is the Chairman of the [[United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions|Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee]]. He also serves on the [[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|Judiciary Committee]], and the [[United States Senate Committee on Armed Services|Armed Services Committee]]. He is also a member of the [[Congressional Joint Economic Committee]], a founder of the [[Congressional Friends of Ireland]] and a trustee of the [[John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name="KennedyPage"/> |
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From 1974 to 1981, Bolton was an associate at the [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] office of [[Covington & Burling]]; he returned to the firm again from [[1983]] to [[1985]]. Bolton was also a partner in the law firm of Lerner, Reed, Bolton & McManus, from 1993–1999.<ref name="bio_44.html">[http://www.results.gov/leadership/bio_44.html results.gov : Resources For The President's Team<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name="2976.htm">http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/2976.htm</ref> |
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==Public policy career== |
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His brother, President John F. Kennedy, [[John F. Kennedy assassination|was assassinated]] in 1963, the year after Ted was first elected to the Senate. The next year, 1964, Kennedy was in a plane crash in which the pilot and Edward Moss, one of Kennedy's aides, were killed.<ref name="misfortunes">{{cite web|title=John F. Kennedy Jr. - Timeline: Misfortunes of a Family |url=http://www.cnn.com/interactive/specials/9907/kennedy.tragedy.glance/frameset.exclude.html |publisher=CNN |date=July 1999|accessdate=2008-05-23}}</ref> He was pulled from the wreckage by fellow senator [[Birch Bayh|Birch E. Bayh II]] (D-[[Indiana|Ind.]]) and spent weeks in a hospital recovering from a severe back injury, a [[pneumothorax|punctured lung]], broken ribs and internal bleeding.<ref>{{cite news |title=Teddy's Ordeal |url=http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,898150,00.html |work=Time |date=1964-06-26 |accessdate=2008-05-23}}</ref><ref>[http://www.check-six.com/Crash_Sites/Kennedy-N344S.htm Check-Six.com - The 1964 Crash of Ted Kennedy's Plane]</ref> |
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Between 1997 and 2000, Bolton served ''[[pro bono]]'' as an assistant to [[James Baker]] in Baker's capacity as [[Kofi Annan]]'s personal envoy to the [[Western Sahara]].<ref>{{cite press release |
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| title = Announcement of Nomination of John Bolton as U.S. Ambassador to the UN |
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| publisher = US Department of State |
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| date = [[2005-03-07]] |
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| url = http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2005/43062.htm |
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| accessdate = 2006-08-15 }}</ref> Before joining the [[George W. Bush administration]], Bolton was Senior Vice President for Public Policy Research at the [[American Enterprise Institute]], a conservative [[think tank]]. |
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During the [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] and [[George Herbert Walker Bush|George H. W. Bush]] administrations, he served in several positions within the [[United States Department of State|State Department]], the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]] and the U.S. Agency for International Development ([[USAID]]). |
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In 1968, his last surviving brother, Robert, was assassinated during his bid to be nominated as the Democratic candidate for the presidency; Ted Kennedy delivered a [[eulogy]] at Robert's funeral.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ted Kennedy has malignant brain tumour, tests show |url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20080520/kennedy_tumour_080520/20080520?hub=World |publisher=CTV.ca |date=2008-05-20 |accessdate=2008-05-23}}</ref> The 1993 book ''The Last Brother'' by [[Joe McGinniss]] portrayed Kennedy as particularly devastated by the death of Robert, as Ted was closer to Robert than to any other member of the Kennedy family.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ferguson|first=Andrew|title=His brothers' last keeper |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_n17_v45/ai_14293039|work=National Review|publisher=FindArticles.com|date=1993-09-06|accessdate=2008-05-23}}</ref> In January 1969, Kennedy defeated [[Louisiana]] Senator [[Russell B. Long]] to become [[assistant party leaders of the United States Senate|Senate Majority Whip]].<ref>{{cite news|title=The Ascent of Ted Kennedy|url=http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,839703,00.html|work=Time|date=1969-01-10|accessdate=2008-05-23}}</ref> He would serve as Whip until January 1971, when he was defeated by Senator [[Robert Byrd]] of West Virginia.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nolan|first=Martin F.|title=Edward M. Kennedy: A Biography - Review|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1316/is_12_31/ai_58170293/print|work=Washington Monthly|publisher=FindArticles.com|date=December 1999|accessdate=2008-05-23}}</ref> |
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His Justice Department position required him to advance Reagan administration positions, including opposition to financial reparations to [[Japanese-American]]s held in [[World War II]]-era [[Japanese American internment|internment camps]]; the insistence of Reagan's [[executive privilege]] during [[William Rehnquist]]'s chief justice confirmation hearings, when Congress asked for memos written by Rehnquist as a [[Richard M. Nixon|Nixon]] Justice Department official; the framing of a bill to control [[illegal immigration]] as an essential [[war on drugs|drug war]] measure; and, issues related to the investigation of the [[Iran-Contra affair]]. |
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===Committee Assignments=== |
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Bolton's government service included such positions as: |
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*'''[[United States Senate Committee on Armed Services|Committee on Armed Services]]''' |
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**[[United States Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities|Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities]] |
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**[[United States Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Personnel|Subcommittee on Personnel]] |
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**[[United States Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on SeaPower|Subcommittee on SeaPower]] (Chairman) |
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*'''[[United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions|Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions]]''' (Chairman) |
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**As chairman of the full committee, Sen. Kennedy is an ''ex officio'' member of all subcommittees. |
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*'''[[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|Committee on the Judiciary]]''' |
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**[[United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights and Property Rights|Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights and Property Rights]] |
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**[[United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Human Rights and the Law|Subcommittee on Human Rights and the Law]] |
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**[[United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime and Drugs|Subcommittee on Crime and Drugs]] |
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**[[United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security and Citizenship|Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security and Citizenship]] (Chairman) |
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**[[United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology and Homeland Security|Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology and Homeland Security]] |
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*'''[[United States Congress Joint Economic Committee|Joint Economic Committee]]''' |
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* Assistant Secretary for [[Bureau of International Organization Affairs|International Organization Affairs]] at the Department of State (1989–1993), where he led in the successful effort to rescind the UN resolution from the 1970s that had equated [[Zionism]] with [[racism]], and also played a major role in obtaining UN resolutions endorsing the use of force to fight [[Iraq]]'s [[invasion of Kuwait]]; |
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==Chappaquiddick incident== |
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* [[United States Assistant Attorney General|Assistant Attorney General]], Department of Justice (1985–1989); |
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{{Main|Chappaquiddick incident}} |
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* Assistant Administrator for Program and Policy Coordination, USAID (1982–1983); and |
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The Chappaquiddick incident refers to the circumstances surrounding the 1969 death of [[Mary Jo Kopechne]], a former staff member in Senator Robert F. Kennedy's 1968 presidential campaign. Edward Kennedy was driving a car with Kopechne as his passenger when the Senator drove off Dike Bridge into the channel between [[Chappaquiddick Island]] and [[Martha's Vineyard]]. The Senator swam to safety, but Kopechne died in the car. Kennedy left the scene and did not call authorities until after Kopechne's body was discovered the following day. He pled guilty to leaving the scene of an accident and was [[suspended sentence|sentenced]] to two months in jail, suspended. |
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* General Counsel, USAID ([[1981]]–1982).<ref name="bio_44.html"/><ref name="2976.htm"/> |
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Bolton is also the former executive director of the Committee on Resolutions in the [[Republican National Committee]].<ref name="bio_44.html"/> |
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In January 1970, an inquest into Kopechne's death took place in Edgartown. At the request of Kennedy's lawyers, the [[Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court]] ordered the inquest be conducted in secret.<ref>Trotta, p. 184.</ref><ref name="bly_213">Bly, p. 213.</ref> Judge James A. Boyle presided over the inquest. His conclusions were as follows: |
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During the George W. Bush administration, Bolton has been the Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security (2001-2005) and U.S. Ambassador to the UN (2005). |
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* "Kopechne and Kennedy did not intend to return to Edgartown" at the time they left the party. |
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* "Kennedy did not intend to drive to the ferry slip". |
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* "[Kennedy]'s turn onto Dike Road was intentional". |
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Judge Boyle also said that "negligent driving appears to have contributed to the death of Mary Jo Kopechne".<ref name="bly_213"/> |
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Bolton has been a prominent participant in some [[Neoconservatism in the United States|neoconservative]] groups such as the [[Project for the New American Century]] (PNAC), the Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs ([[JINSA]]), and the [[Committee for Peace and Security in the Gulf]] (CPSG). But Bolton disputes the label "neo-conservative," pointing out that he was a [[American conservatism|conservative]] since high school, when he worked on the 1964 [[Barry Goldwater|Goldwater]] campaign. |
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Under Massachusetts law Boyle could have ordered Kennedy's arrest, but he chose not to do so.<ref name="bly_213"/> District Attorney Dinis chose not to pursue Kennedy for [[manslaughter]], despite Judge Boyle's conclusions. |
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==Undersecretary of State for Arms Control== |
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==Presidential bid== |
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{{Infobox Officeholder |
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[[Image:Barack Obama and Ted Kennedy in Hartford, February 4, 2008.jpg|thumb|right|Barack Obama and Ted Kennedy in Hartford, [[February 4]], [[2008]].]] |
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| name =John Bolton |
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Kennedy deflected supporters who urged him to run for President in 1972 and 1976 by citing family concerns, in light of his brothers' assassinations. He finally threw his hat into the ring for the Democratic nomination in the [[United States presidential election, 1980|1980 presidential election]] by launching an unusual, insurgent campaign against the incumbent president, [[Jimmy Carter]], a member of his own party. Despite much early support, his bid was ultimately unsuccessful. Carter was highly unpopular at the time of Kennedy's announcement,{{Fact|date=June 2008}} and Kennedy could have expected to do well against him, but the [[Iran hostage crisis]] gave President Carter a large boost in the polls that lasted for several months. The upswing in Carter's popularity knocked the wind out of Kennedy's candidacy, which was predicated on dislodging an unpopular president. In addition, the Chappaquiddick incident still dogged Kennedy, and his opponents often invoked the highly recognizable melody of [[Simon & Garfunkel]]'s 1970 hit song "[[Bridge Over Troubled Water (song)|Bridge Over Troubled Water]]" to remind voters of the tragedy and scandal. |
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| order2 =[[Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security]] |
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| term_start2 =[[2001]] |
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| term_end2 =[[2005]] |
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| predecessor2 =''new position'' |
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| successor2 =[[Robert Joseph]] |
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| birth_date ={{Birth date and age|1948|11|20|mf=y}} |
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| birth_place =[[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]] |
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}} |
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Bolton served as the Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security, sworn in to this position on [[May 11]], [[2001]]. In this role, a key area of his responsibility was the prevention of proliferation of [[Weapons of Mass Destruction]]. |
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Bolton also led the Bush administration's opposition on [[U.S. Constitution|constitutional]] grounds<ref>[http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-311.html Reasonable DoubtThe Case against the Proposed International Criminal Court<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> to the [[International Criminal Court]], negotiating with many countries to sign agreements, called Article 98 agreements, with the U.S. to exempt Americans from prosecution by the Court, which is not recognized by the U.S.; more than 100 countries have signed such agreements so far. Bolton said the decision to pull out of the ICC was the "happiest moment" of his political career so far.<ref name="economisticc">{{cite news |
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Kennedy's campaign received substantial negative press from what pundits criticized as a rambling response to the question "Why do you want to be President?" during an interview with [[Roger Mudd]] of [[CBS News]] in 1979.<ref>[http://www.q-and-a.org/transcript/?programid=1174], C-SPAN/Brian Lamb [[April 6]], [[2008]].</ref> Kennedy won 10 presidential primaries against Carter, who won 24. Eventually, he bowed out of the race, but delivered a rousing speech before the [[1980 Democratic National Convention]] in [[New York City]] that many consider to be one of his finest moments.<ref>[http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/tedkennedy1980dnc.htm Ted Kennedy: 1980 Democratic National Convention Address]</ref> |
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| title = Let the child live |
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| publisher = ''The Economist'' |
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| date = [[2007-01-25]] |
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| url = http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8599155 |
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| accessdate = 2007-08-16 }}</ref> |
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===Weapons of mass destruction=== |
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===Presidential endorsements=== |
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Bolton was instrumental in derailing a 2001 [[biological weapon]]s conference in [[Geneva]] convened to endorse a UN proposal to enforce the 1972 [[Biological Weapons Convention]]. "U.S. officials, led by Bolton, argued that the plan would have put U.S. [[national security]] at risk by allowing spot inspections of suspected U.S. weapons sites, despite the fact that the U.S. claims not to have carried out any research for offensive purposes since 1969."<ref>{{cite news |
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While Kennedy himself did not run, his endorsements for other candidates were commonly viewed as very important. In 1988, he supported the successful bid of Massachusetts Governor [[Michael Dukakis]] to win the nomination.<ref name="ourcampaigns">[http://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=200 Our Campaigns - Candidate - Edward "Ted" Kennedy]</ref> Four years later (1992) he initially backed former fellow Massachusetts Senator [[Paul Tsongas]], who lost to [[Bill Clinton]].<ref name="ourcampaigns"/> In 2000, like nearly all Democratic elected officials, Kennedy supported Vice President [[Al Gore]] against former [[New Jersey]] Senator [[Bill Bradley]].<ref name="ourcampaigns"/> In 2004, he backed fellow Massachusetts Senator [[John Kerry]], who won the nomination but lost to [[incumbent]] [[George W. Bush]].<ref name="ourcampaigns"/> Currently, Kennedy is supporting [[Illinois]] Senator [[Barack Obama]].<ref name="ourcampaigns"/> |
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| last = Slavin |
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{{clear}} |
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| first = Barbara |
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| coauthors = Bill Nichols |
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| title = Bolton a 'guided missile' |
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| publisher = USA Today |
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| date = [[2003-11-30]] |
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| url = http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2003-11-30-bolton-usat_x.htm |
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| accessdate = 2006-08-15}}</ref> |
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Also in 2002, Bolton is said to have flown to [[Europe]] to demand the resignation of [[Jose Bustani]], head of the [[Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]] (OPCW), and to have orchestrated his removal at a special session of the organization.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} The United Nations' highest administrative tribunal later condemned the action as an "unacceptable violation" of principles protecting international civil servants. Bustani had been unanimously re-elected for a four-year term — with strong U.S. support — in [[May 2000]], and in 2001 was praised for his leadership by [[Colin Powell]].<ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/05/AR2005060500182.html</ref> |
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==Democratic Party influence== |
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Since his presidential bid, Kennedy has become one of the most recognizable and influential members of the party, and is sometimes called a "Democratic icon".<ref>{{Citation |
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| last = Chaddock | first = Gail Russell | title = Democratic primary: Quiet battle for the other delegates| newspaper = [[The Christian Science Monitor]] | year = 2008|date = [[January 30]], 2008| url = http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0130/p01s03-uspo.html}}</ref> In April 2006, Kennedy was selected by ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' as one of "America's 10 Best Senators"; the magazine noted that he had "amassed a titanic record of legislation affecting the lives of virtually every man, woman and child in the country" and that "by the late 1990s, the liberal icon had become such a prodigious cross-aisle dealer that Republican leaders began pressuring party colleagues not to sponsor bills with him".<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1183965,00.html Ted Kennedy: The Dogged Achiever], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', [[April 14]], [[2006]]. Accessed online [[May 6]], [[2007]].</ref> |
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He also pushed for reduced funding for the [[Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction]] program to halt the [[nuclear proliferation|proliferation]] of [[nuclear material]]s.<ref name="alternet 21841">[http://www.alternet.org/columnists/story/21841/ AlterNet: The Abysmal Ambassador<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> At the same time, he was involved in the implementation of the [[Proliferation Security Initiative]], working with a number of countries to intercept the trafficking in [[weapons of mass destruction]] and in materials for use in building nuclear weapons. Following one such interception at sea, [[Libya]] made an agreement with the [[U.K.]] and the U.S. to dismantle its nuclear weapons industry. |
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In 2004, Kennedy was involved in the failed presidential bid of his fellow Massachusetts Senator John Kerry, speaking for Kerry multiple times and lending his chief of staff, [[Mary Beth Cahill]], to the Kerry campaign. Kennedy stated that he would have supported Kerry should he have chosen to run for president in 2008. On [[January 28]], [[2008]], Kennedy endorsed Senator [[Barack Obama]] in his [[Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2008|campaign]] for the Democratic presidential nomination. |
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===Diplomacy=== |
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In 2006, Kennedy released a children's book ''[[My Senator and Me: A Dog's-Eye View of Washington, D.C]]''.<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/story/arts/national/2006/01/09/kennedy-book.html Ted Kennedy pens children's book], Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, [[January 9]], [[2006]]. Accessed online [[December 26]], [[2006]].</ref> Also in 2006, Kennedy released a political history entitled ''[[America Back on Track]].''<ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5353270 "Sen. Ted Kennedy and 'America Back on Track'"], NPR, [[April 20]], [[2006]]. Accessed online [[February 22]], [[2007]].</ref> |
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According to an article in the ''[[The New Republic]]'', Bolton was highly successful in pushing his agenda, but his bluntness has won him many enemies. "[[Iran]]'s Foreign Ministry has called Bolton 'rude' and 'undiplomatic'".<ref>{{cite news |
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| last = Kaplan |
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| first = Lawrence F. |
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| title = THE SECRETS OF JOHN BOLTON'S SUCCESS. |
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| work = |
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| pages = |
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| language = |
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| publisher = The New Republic |
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| date = [[2004-03-29]] |
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| url = http://www.tnr.com/doc.mhtml?i=20040329&s=kaplan032904 |
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| accessdate =2006-08-15 }}</ref> In response to critics, Bolton states that his record "demonstrates clear support for effective [[multilateral]] diplomacy." Bush administration officials have stated that his past statements would allow him to negotiate from a powerful position. "It's like the [[Palestine|Palestinians]] having to negotiate with <nowiki>[</nowiki>Israeli [[Prime Minister]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> [[Ariel Sharon]]. If you have a deal, you know you have a deal," an anonymous official told [[CNN]].<ref>{{cite news |
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| coauthors = |
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| title = Bush nominates Bolton as U.N. ambassador |
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| work = |
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| language = |
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| publisher = CNN |
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| date = [[2005-03-08]] |
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| url = http://cnn.com/2005/US/03/07/bolton/ |
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| accessdate = 2006-08-15 }}</ref> He also "won widespread praise for his work establishing the Proliferation Security Initiative,<ref>http://www.state.gov/t/np/rls/other/34726.htm</ref> a voluntary agreement supported by 60 countries".<ref>{{cite news |
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| last = |
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| coauthors = |
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| title = Profile: John Bolton |
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| work = |
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| pages = |
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| language = |
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| publisher = BBC News |
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| date = [[2005-08-01]] |
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| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4327185.stm |
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| accessdate = 2006-08-15 }}</ref> |
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He was part of the [[U.S. State Department|State Department]]'s delegation to six-party talks on the [[North Korea and weapons of mass destruction|North Korean nuclear program]] in 2003. He was removed from the delegation after describing [[Kim Jong-il]] as a "tyrannical [[dictator]]" and saying that, for North Koreans under Kim's rule, "life is a hellish nightmare."<ref>{{cite news |
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As of 2008, Kennedy is the second-longest serving current senator, trailing only Robert Byrd. Kennedy won an eighth full (and ninth overall) term in [[United States Senate election, 2006|2006]]. If he serves out his full six-year current term, he will have served in the U.S. Senate for fifty years. Currently, Senator Kennedy is the chairman of the [[United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions]]. |
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| last = Kralev |
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| first = Nicholas |
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| coauthors = |
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| title = Bush backs Bolton's tough talk |
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| work = |
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| pages = |
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| language = |
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| publisher = The Washington Times |
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| date = [[2003-08-04]] |
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| url = http://washingtontimes.com/world/20030804-111212-6491r.htm |
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| accessdate = 2006-08-15 }}</ref> In response, a North Korean spokesman said "such human scum and bloodsucker is not entitled to take part in the talks."<ref>{{cite news |
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| last = Lee |
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| first = Soo-Jeong |
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| coauthors = |
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| title = North Korea bans Bolton from talks |
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| work = |
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| pages = |
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| language = |
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| publisher = The Washington Times |
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| date = [[2003-08-04]] |
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| url = http://washingtontimes.com/world/20030804-121425-6611r.htm |
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| accessdate = 2006-08-15 }}</ref> Congressional [[U.S. Democratic Party|Democrats]] argued that Bolton's words at the time were undiplomatic and endangered the talks. Critics argued that Bolton's record of allegedly politicizing intelligence would harm U.S. credibility with the United Nations<ref name="WriteDearJohn">{{cite news |
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| last = Kaplan |
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| first = Fred |
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| title = It's Time To Write a Dear John |
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| work = |
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| pages = |
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| language = |
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| publisher =Slate Magazine |
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| date = [[2005-04-11]] |
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| url = http://slate.msn.com/id/2116567/ |
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| accessdate = 2006-08-15 }}</ref> |
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President Bush said he wants John Bolton because he "can get the job done at the United Nations."<ref>[http://usinfo.state.gov/eap/Archive/2005/Apr/29-239439.html U.S. Will Pursue "Common Approach" to North Korea, Bush Says - US Department of State<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. Bolton recalls that his 'happiest moment at State was personally 'unsigning' the [[Rome Statute]],' which had set up the [[International Criminal Court]].<ref>John Bolton, ''Surrender Is Not an Option: Defending America at the United Nations and Abroad'', Theshold 2007, as cited by [[Brian Urquhart]], 'One Angry Man', [[New York Review of Books]], March 6,2008 pp.12-15,p.13</ref> |
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===Criticism=== |
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==Political record== |
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Critics allege Bolton tried to [[spin (public relations)|spin]] intelligence to support his views and political objectives on a number of occasions. [[Greg Thielmann]], of the State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR), was assigned as the daily intelligence liaison to Bolton. Thielmann stated to [[Seymour Hersh]] that, "Bolton seemed troubled because INR was not telling him what he wanted to hear ... I was intercepted at the door of his office and told, 'The Undersecretary doesn't need you to attend this meeting anymore.'" According to former coworkers, Bolton withheld information that ran counter to his goals from [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[Colin Powell]] on multiple occasions, and from Powell's successor [[Condoleezza Rice]] on at least one occasion.<ref>{{cite news |
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===Abortion=== |
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| last = Linzer |
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| first = Dafna |
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| title = Bolton Often Blocked Information, Officials Say |
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| work = |
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| pages = A04 |
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| language = |
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| publisher = The Washington Post |
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| date = [[2005-04-18]] |
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| url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A61304-2005Apr17.html |
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| accessdate = 2006-08-15 }}</ref> |
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In 2002, Bolton accused [[Cuba]] of transfers of biological weapons technology to [[rogue state]]s and called on it "to fully comply with all of its obligations under the [[Biological Weapons Convention]]."<ref>{{cite news |
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Although he has been a staunch [[pro-choice]] advocate for the past 30 years, Kennedy adopted this position only after the ''[[Roe v. Wade]]'' decision in 1973. Prior to that, he held a [[pro-life]] position. A letter to a constituent, dated [[August 3]], [[1971]] opposes "the legalization of [[abortion]] on demand" saying, "While the deep concern of a woman bearing an unwanted child merits consideration and sympathy, it is my personal feeling that the legalization of abortion on demand is not in accordance with the value which our civilization places on human life. Wanted or unwanted, I believe that human life, even at its earliest stages, has certain rights which must be recognized — the right to be born, the right to love, the right to grow old."<ref>[http://www.wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=45591 A Tale of Two Teddies: Pro-choice Kennedy was pro-life in 1971], World NetDaily, [[August 3]], [[2005]]. Accessed online [[December 26]], [[2006]].</ref> Kennedy's reversal on this issue after ''Roe v. Wade'' became a source of continuing dispute between him and the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]], of which he is a member. |
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| last = |
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| title = U.S.: Cuba Developing Biological Weapons |
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| work = |
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| pages = |
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| language = |
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| publisher = Fox News |
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| date = [[2002-05-06]] |
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| url = http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,52049,00.html |
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| accessdate = 2006-08-15 }}</ref> According to a Scripps Howard News Service article, Bolton "wanted to say that Cuba had a biological weapons capacity and that it was exporting it to other nations. The intelligence analysts seemed to want to limit the assessment to a declaration that Cuba 'could' develop such weapons."<ref name="BOLTON-04-11-05">http://www.knoxstudio.com/shns/story.cfm?pk=BOLTON-04-11-05&cat=WW</ref> According to [[AlterNet]], a left wing news service, Bolton attempted to have the chief bioweapons analyst in the State Department's bureau of intelligence and research and the [[CIA]]'s national intelligence officer for [[Latin America]] reassigned. Under oath at his Senate hearings for confirmation as Ambassador, he denied trying to have the men fired, but seven intelligence officials contradicted him.<ref name="alternet 21841"/> Ultimately, "intelligence officials refused to allow Bolton to make the harsh criticism of Cuba he sought to deliver,"<ref name="BOLTON-04-11-05"/> and were able to keep their positions. Bolton claims that the issue was procedural rather than related to the content of his speech and that the officers, who did not work under him, behaved unprofessionally. |
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Bolton is alleged by Democratic Congressman [[Henry Waxman]] to have played a role in encouraging the inclusion of statement that [[British Intelligence]] had determined Iraq [[Yellowcake forgery|attempted to procure yellowcake uranium from Niger]] in Bush's 2003 [[State of the Union Address]].<ref name="20050301112122-90349.pdf">http://www.democrats.reform.house.gov/Documents/20050301112122-90349.pdf</ref> These statements were claimed by critics of the President to be partly based on documents later found to be forged.<ref>[http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/timeline.jsp?timeline=complete_timeline_of_the_2003_invasion_of_iraq&general_topic_areas=africaUraniumClaim Events leading up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq: Africa-uranium allegation (Forged Niger Documents)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Waxman's allegations have no visible means of support as they are based on classified documents.<ref name="20050301112122-90349.pdf"/> |
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In 1987, Kennedy delivered an impassioned speech condemning [[United States Supreme Court|Supreme Court]] nominee [[Robert Bork]] as a "[[right-wing politics|right-wing]] extremist" and warning that "Robert Bork's America" would be one marked by back alley abortions and other backward practices. Kennedy's strong opposition to Bork's nomination was important to the Senate's rejection of Bork's candidacy. In recent years, he has argued that much of the debate over abortion is a [[False dilemma|false dichotomy]]. Speaking at the [[National Press Club (USA)|National Press Club]] in 2005, he remarked, "Surely, we can all agree that abortion should be rare, and that we should do all we can to help women avoid the need to face that decision."<ref>[[E.J. Dionne|Dionne, E.J.]] [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A8098-2005Jan13.html "The New Liberalism: Democrats Need to Show Their Family Values"], ''[[Washington Post]]'', [[January 14]], [[2005]], page A19.</ref> He voted against the [[Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ontheissues.org/Senate/Ted_Kennedy.htm|title=Ted Kennedy on the Issues|accessdate=2008-05-20|publisher=OnTheIssues.org}}</ref> |
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Bolton is alleged by the [[Knight Ridder]] news agency to have been scheduled to tell the House of Representatives International Relations subcommittee that [[Syria]]'s development of biological, chemical and nuclear weapons had progressed to such a point that they posed a threat to stability in the region. [[Knight Ridder]] reported that Bolton’s appearance was cancelled after CIA and other intelligence agencies said that assessment was exaggerated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=03/07/16/1522223|author=Democracy Now, Headlines|title="CIA Says Administration Exaggerating Syria's WMD Threat"|date=July 16, 2003|publisher=''[[Democracy Now]]''|accessdate=2006-12-22}}</ref> |
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===Immigration policy=== |
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Bolton stated in [[June 2004]] congressional testimony [[Iran]] was lying about [[enriched uranium]] contamination: "Another unmistakable indicator of Iran's intentions is the pattern of repeatedly lying to ... the IAEA, ... when evidence of uranium enriched to 36 percent was found, it attributed this to contamination from imported [[centrifuge]] parts." However, later [[isotope]] analysis supported Iran’s explanation of foreign contamination for most of the observed enriched uranium.<ref>{{cite news |
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Kennedy was a strong supporter of the [[Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965|1965 Hart-Celler Act]] — signed into law by [[President of the United States|President]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] — which dramatically changed U.S. immigration policy.<ref>[http://www.cis.org/articles/1995/back395.html Three Decades of Mass Immigration: The Legacy of the 1965 Immigration Act], Center for Immigration Studies, September 1995. Accessed online [[26 December]], [[2006]].</ref> "The bill will not flood our cities with immigrants. It will not upset the ethnic mix of our society. It will not relax the standards of admission. It will not cause American workers to lose their jobs."<ref>U.S. Senate, Subcommittee on Immigration and Naturalization of the Committee on the Judiciary, Washington, D.C., [[February 10]], [[1965]], pp. 1–3.</ref> Kennedy is now the chairman of the United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security and Citizenship, and remains a strong advocate for immigrants. |
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| last = Linzer |
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| first = Dafna |
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| coauthors = |
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| title = No Proof Found of Iran Arms Program |
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| work = |
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| pages = A01 |
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| language = |
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| publisher = The Washington Post |
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| date = [[2005-08-23]] |
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| url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/22/AR2005082201447.html |
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| accessdate = 2006-08-15}}</ref> At their [[August 2005]] meeting the IAEA's Board of Governors concluded: "Based on the information currently available to the Agency, the results of that analysis tend, on balance, to support Iran’s statement about the foreign origin of most of the observed HEU contamination."<ref>http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Board/2005/gov2005-67.pdf</ref>. |
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Bolton has authored a new book titled ''Surrender Is Not an Option''. In his book Bolton criticizes the Bush administration for changing its [[foreign policy]] objectives during the start of the administration's second term.<ref>[http://www.slate.com/id/2178793/ America's latest African misadventure. - By Michela Wrong - Slate Magazine<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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On [[May 28]], [[2008]], the British [[journalist]], [[author]], [[academic]] and [[environmentalism|environmental]] and [[politics|political]] [[activism|activist]] [[George Monbiot]] attempted to make a [[citizen's arrest]] of Bolton, for his role as an architect of the [[Iraq War]] (which Monbiot believes to have been a [[war of aggression]], as defined by the [[Nuremberg Trials]]) at the [[Hay Festival|Hay Festival of Literature & Arts]] in [[Hay-on-Wye]], [[Wales]]. The attempt was unsuccessful, and Monbiot was ejected by security personnel.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/2044737/John-Bolton-escapes-citizen%27s-arrest-at-Hay-Festival.html] "Telegragh.co.uk" [[28 May]] [[2008]] Accessed [[28 May]] [[2008]]</ref> |
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This legislation replaced the [[Immigration Act of 1924]], which favored immigrants from northern and western Europe. Proponents of the 1965 bill argued that immigration laws and quotas were discriminatory, and that American immigration policy should accept people not on the basis of their nationality. This also abolished the [[Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882]]. |
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==Permanent Representative to the UN== |
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Kennedy subsequently took a lead role in several other would-be immigration measures, including the [[Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act (S. 1033)]] ("McCain-Kennedy") in 2005 and the [[Secure Borders, Economic Opportunity and Immigration Reform Act of 2007]], a bipartisan measure worked out with President [[George W. Bush]] which ultimately failed on the floor of the U.S. Senate. Among other reforms, the 1033 legislation proposed allowing "undocumented immigrants in the U.S. to come out of the shadows, submit to background checks, and register for a legal status. Immigrants and their families would have six years to earn permanent residence and ultimately citizenship."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tedkennedy.com/journal/724/fighting-for-real-immigration-reform|title=Fighting for Real Immigration Reform|accessdate=2008-01-31}}</ref> |
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[[Image:BOLTONWH.jpg|thumb|360px|right|President [[George W. Bush]] announces the nomination of Bolton as the U.S. Ambassador to UN as Secretary of State [[Condoleezza Rice]] looks on.]] |
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On [[March 7]], [[2005]] Bolton was nominated to the post of U.S. Ambassador to the [[United Nations]] by President [[George W. Bush]]. As a result of a Democratic [[filibuster]], he was never confirmed by the Senate and thus never obtained the official title of Ambassador. However, Bolton's nomination received strong support from [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] but faced heavy opposition from Democrats due initially to concerns about his strongly expressed views on the United Nations, reportedly saying “if the UN secretary building in New York lost 10 stories, it wouldn’t make a bit of difference”<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20050610003249/http://stopbolton.org/video.html Stop Bolton<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and, later, alleged actions while at the State Department.<ref>http://www.thewashingtonnote.com/archives/bolton.pdf</ref> |
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===Gun control=== |
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Holding a 10-8 majority in the Senate Foreign Relations Committee (tasked with vetting ambassadorial nominees), the Republican leadership hoped to send Bolton's nomination to the full Senate with a positive recommendation. Concern among some Republicans on the committee, however, prompted the leadership not to risk losing such a motion and instead to send the nomination forward with no recommendation. In the full Senate, Republican support for the nomination remained uncertain, with the most vocal Republican critic, [[Ohio]] Senator [[George V. Voinovich]], circulating a letter urging his Republican colleagues to oppose the nomination.<ref>{{cite news |
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Kennedy has been a staunch supporter of [[Gun politics in the United States|gun control]] initiatives. In 2006 he was one of the 16 senators who voted against the [[Disaster Recovery Personal Protection Act of 2006|Vitter Amendment]], which prohibited the confiscation of legally-possessed firearms during a disaster. |
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| last = Jehl |
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| first = Douglas |
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| coauthors = |
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| title = Republican urges colleagues to reject UN |
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| work = |
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| pages = |
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| language = |
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| publisher = he International Herald Tribune |
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| date = [[2005-05-26]] |
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| url = http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/05/25/news/bolton.php |
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| accessdate = 2006-08-15 }}</ref> Democrats insisted that a vote on the nomination was premature, given the resistance of the White House to share classified documents related to Bolton's alleged actions. The Republican leadership moved on two occasions to end debate, but because a supermajority of 60 votes is needed to end debate, the leadership was unable to muster the required votes with only a 55-44 majority in the body. An earlier agreement between moderates in both parties to prevent filibustering of nominees was interpreted by the Democrats to relate only to judicial nominees,<ref>[http://www.confirmthem.com/?p=588 ConfirmThem<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> not ambassadorships, although the leader of the effort, Sen. John McCain, said the spirit of the agreement was to include all nominees. |
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On [[November 9]], [[2006]], Bush, only days after losing both houses to a Democratic majority, sent the nomination<ref>[http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/11/20061109-1.html Nominations Sent to the Senate<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> for John Robert Bolton to continue as representative for the United States at the UN.<ref>[http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/11/20061108-2.html Press Conference by the President<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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===Energy policy=== |
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He said: "I believe that the leaders of both political parties must try to work through our differences. And I believe we will be able to work through differences. I reassured the House and Senate leaders that I intend to work with the new Congress in a bipartisan way to address issues confronting this country." |
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===Views on the United Nations=== |
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Kennedy has generally favored alternative energy sources and opposed additional Alaska oil drilling. However, he opposes the [[Cape Wind]] wind turbine project which would occur near his home.<ref>[http://www.issues2000.org/International/Ted_Kennedy_Energy_+_Oil.htm Ted Kennedy on Energy & Oil], On the Issues (issues2000.org). Accessed online [[26 December]], [[2006]].</ref><ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/03/25/AR2006032500933.html Bending with the Wind]</ref> |
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Bolton has been a strong critic of the United Nations for much of his career. In a 1994 Global Structures Convocation hosted by the [[World Federalist Association]] (now [[Citizens for Global Solutions]]), he stated, {{cquote|There is no such thing as the United Nations. There is only the international community, which can only be led by the only remaining superpower, which is the United States."<ref>{{cite news |
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| last = Watson |
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| first = Roland |
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| coauthors = |
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| title = Bush deploys hawk as new UN envoy |
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| work = |
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| pages = |
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| language = |
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| publisher = ''The Times'' |
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| date = [[2005-03-08]] |
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| url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,11069-1515816,00.html |
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| accessdate = 2006-08-15 }}</ref> He also stated that "The [[United Nations headquarters|Secretariat building]] in [[New York]] has 38 stories. If you lost ten stories today, it wouldn't make a bit of difference."<ref>{{cite news |
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| last = Applebaum |
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| first = Anne |
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| coauthors = |
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| title = Defending Bolton |
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| work = |
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| pages = A21 |
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| language = |
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| publisher = ''The Washington Post'' |
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| date = [[2005-03-09]] |
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| url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A18706-2005Mar8.html |
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| accessdate = 2006-08-15 }}</ref>}} Both Bolton's opponents<ref>[http://www.stopbolton.org home accommodation uk activity holidays at stopbolton.org<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and his supporters<ref>[http://www.moveamericaforward.org/index.php/SpecialProjects/SupportBolton Move America Forward<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> have used the same video of his remarks at the 1994 event in support of their points of view. |
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When pressed on the statement during the confirmation process, he responded, "There's not a bureaucracy in the world that couldn't be made leaner."<ref>http://www.cumberlink.com/articles/2005/04/11/ap/headlines/d89ddcug0.txt</ref> In a paper on U.S. participation in the UN, Bolton stated "the United Nations can be a useful instrument in the conduct of American foreign policy."<ref>[http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itps/0597/ijpe/pj2bolt.htm USIA, U.S. Foreign Policy Agenda, May 1997 John R. Bolton, AMERICA'S SKEPTICISM ABOUT THE UNITED NATIONS<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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===War on Terrorism=== |
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A member of the [[Project for the New American Century]], Bolton was also one of the signers of the [[January 26]], [[1998]] PNAC letter sent to President [[Bill Clinton]] urging him to remove [[Saddam Hussein]] from power using U.S. diplomatic, political and military power.<ref>[http://www.theindyvoice.com/pnac/ The Indy Voice..."Be the change you want to see in the world." » Project New American Century<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The letter also stated "American policy cannot continue to be crippled by a misguided insistence on unanimity in the UN Security Council."<ref>http://www.theindyvoice.com/index.blog?entry_id=417960</ref> |
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[[Image:KennedyGorbi.jpg|thumb|With [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]]] |
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Kennedy was a supporter of the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|American-led 2001 overthrow]] of the [[Taliban|Taliban government]] in [[Afghanistan]]. Kennedy joined other Democratic leaders in the Senate to write letters to Majority Leader [[Harry Reid]] in 2007, urging him to take up legislation that would block the warrantless spying program of the Bush Administration. Among authors of other letters to Reid on this subject were [[Hillary Clinton]], [[Barack Obama]], [[Joseph Biden]], [[Russ Feingold]] and [[Barbara Boxer]].<ref>Thomas, Will. [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2007/12/12/08-dems-pressure-reid-ov_n_76508.html '08 Dems Pressure Reid Over Wiretap Law.] ''HuffingPost.com,'' Dec. 12, 2007. Accessed 6-14-2008.</ref> |
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The [[November 15]], [[2005]] ''[[Washington Times]]'' article "Can the U.S. find a substitute for the U.N.?" noted that Bolton advocates "a revolution of reform" at the UN. Specifically, he called for: |
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===War in Iraq=== |
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*The five permanent members of the [[UN Security Council]] to work more closely to craft powerful resolutions and make sure they are enforced, and to address the underlying causes of conflicts, rather than turning them over to the Secretariat and special envoys; |
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*A focus on administrative skills in choosing the next secretary-general; and |
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*A more credible and responsible [[United Nations Commission on Human Rights|Human Rights Commission]]. |
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Bolton warned that the U.S. had the option of relying on regional or other international organizations to advance its goals if the U.N. proves inadequate.<ref>{{cite news |
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| last = Pisik |
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| first = Betsy |
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| coauthors = |
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| title = Can the U.S. find a substitute for the U.N.? |
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| work = |
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| pages = |
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| language = |
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| publisher = ''The Washington Times'' |
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| date = [[2005-11-15]] |
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| url = http://www.washingtontimes.com/world/20051115-123449-9640r.htm |
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| accessdate = 2006-08-15 }}</ref> |
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===2005 nomination, Senate confirmation hearings=== |
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Kennedy has been a vocal critic of the American-led 2003 invasion and subsequent occupation of [[Iraq War|Iraq]]. He has also been a harsh critic of the way the invasion of [[Iraq]] was planned and conducted by the [[George W. Bush administration|Bush administration]]. Kennedy also has said that the best vote he had ever cast in the Senate was his vote against giving President Bush the authority to use force against Iraq.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/01/09/democrats.iraq.funding/index.html Kennedy fights 'immense new mistake' of troop surge - CNN.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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====Day 1==== |
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On [[April 11]], [[2005]], The [[Senate Foreign Relations Committee]] reviewed Bolton's qualifications. Bolton said that he and his colleagues "view the U.N. as an important component of our diplomacy" and will work to solve its problems and enhance its strengths.{{Fact|date=March 2008}} |
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Republican committee chairman [[Richard Lugar]] of [[Indiana]] criticized Bolton for ignoring the "policy consequences" of his statements, saying diplomatic speech "should never be undertaken simply to score international debating points to appeal to segments of the U.S. public opinion or to validate a personal point of view."<ref>{{cite news |
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On [[September 27]], [[2004]], Kennedy made a speech on the Senate floor regarding the war in Iraq, just prior to the [[United States presidential election, 2004|2004 U.S. Presidential election]].<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20041017024332/kennedy.senate.gov/index_low.html Senator Kennedy delivers a speech at GW University: The Effect of the War in Iraq On America's Security]. Originally on the home page of kennedy.senate.gov, archived on the [[Internet Archive]] 17 January 2006.</ref>{{Wikisourcepar|Senator Edward M. Kennedy floor remarks on Iraq}} |
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| last = Borger |
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| first = Julian |
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| coauthors = |
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| title = Democrats try to block Bush's man for UN job |
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| work = |
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| pages = |
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| language = |
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| publisher = The Guardian |
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| date = [[2005-04-12]] |
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| url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/usa/story/0,12271,1457569,00.html?gusrc=rss |
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| accessdate = 2006-08-15 }}</ref> The committee's top Democrat, [[Joe Biden]] of [[Delaware]], compared sending Bolton to the UN to sending a "bull into a china shop," and expressed "grave concern" about Bolton's "diplomatic temperament" and his record: "In my judgment, your judgment about how to deal with the emerging threats have not been particularly useful," Biden said. |
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Republican Senator [[George Allen (politician)|George Allen]] of [[Virginia]] said that Bolton had the "experience," "knowledge," "background," "and the right principles to come into the United Nations at this time," calling him "the absolute perfect person for the job."{{Fact|date=March 2008}} |
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In early 2007, preceding President Bush's announcement that he would initiate a troop surge in Iraq, Senator Kennedy made a speech at the [[National Press Club]] opposing it.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SCAulj5Pmzw Sen. Ted Kennedy at the National Press Club], YouTube.com, January 9, 2007. Accessed online 22 February 2007.</ref> Kennedy was the first Senator in the 110th Congress to propose legislation opposing the President's troop surge. |
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[[Russ Feingold]], a Democrat on the committee from [[Wisconsin]], asked Bolton about what he would have done had the [[Rwandan genocide]] occurred while he was ambassador to the United Nations, and criticized his answer – which focused on [[logistics]] – as "amazingly passive." |
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===No Child Left Behind=== |
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[[Image:Tedkennedyatbc03.jpg|thumb|right|Ted Kennedy speaks at the dedication ceremonies of the Connell School of Nursing at [[Boston College]]]] |
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Kennedy was a leading member of the bipartisan team that wrote the controversial [[No Child Left Behind Act]] of 2001, which, according to both Kennedy and President Bush, was a compromise. He then worked to get it passed in a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] controlled Congress, despite the opposition of members from both parties. |
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According to ''[[Newsday]]'', [[Lincoln Chafee]], a Republican from [[Rhode Island]], "may be pivotal for Bolton's nomination."<ref>http://www.newsday.com/news/politics/wire/sns-ap-bush-un-ambassador-quotes,0,3383126.story?coll=sns-ap-politics-headlines</ref> His initial remarks were cautiously favorable: "You said all the right things in your opening statement." Chafee stated that he would probably support Bolton "unless something surprising shows up." |
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===Northern Ireland=== |
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Kennedy has been outspoken in his views about Northern Ireland's constitutional question. In October 1971, he called for the withdrawal of [[United Kingdom|British]] troops from [[Northern Ireland]], and for all political participants there to begin talks on creating a [[United Ireland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://openweb.tvnews.vanderbilt.edu/1971-10/1971-10-20-ABC-17.html|title=Northern Ireland Conflict / British Reaction|date=1971-10-20|accessdate=2008-05-20|publisher=[[Vanderbilt University]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch71.htm|title=A Chronology of the Conflict - 1971|accessdate=2008-05-20|publisher=[[University of Ulster]]}}</ref> |
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According to an [[Associated Press]] story on the hearing, "[T]hree protesters briefly interrupted the proceedings, standing up in succession with pink T-shirts and banners, one reading: 'Diplomat for hire. No bully please.'" These protesters were part of a group advocating representation in the Senate for residents of the [[District of Columbia]] that is known for such demonstrations at a variety of hearings. |
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In early 2005 however, Kennedy publicly snubbed [[Gerry Adams]] by canceling a previously-arranged meeting, citing the [[Provisional IRA|Provisional IRA's]] "ongoing criminal activity and contempt for the rule of law." This decision was a direct result of the [[Northern Bank robbery]] in December 2004 and the murder of [[Robert McCartney (murder victim)|Robert McCartney]] the following month.<ref>{{cite news |first=Garry |last=Kelly |title=Senator Kennedy snubs Adams as US recoils at IRA crime |url=http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/ulster/article6113.ece |publisher=[[The Independent]] |date=2005-03-14 |accessdate=2007-04-23}}</ref> |
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On the whole, Bolton "displayed not the slightest bit of energy, one way or the other, when discussing the challenges facing international organizations," according to Fred Kaplan of ''[[Slate Magazine|Slate]]''.<ref name="WriteDearJohn" /> |
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===Judicial appointments=== |
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A longtime member of the Senate Judiciary Committee (and its chairman from 1979 to 1981), Kennedy is an important Democratic voice during debates and confirmation votes on [[United States Supreme Court]] nominees. He and [[Daniel Inouye]], also elected in 1962, have voted on more appointments than every other Senator except [[Robert Byrd]]. |
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====Day 2==== |
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Kennedy supported nominations of [[Abe Fortas]] and [[Thurgood Marshall]] (both by President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]). Of [[Richard Nixon]]'s nominees, he backed successful nominations of [[Warren Burger]] (for Chief Justice), [[Harry Blackmun]] and [[Lewis F. Powell]]. Like most of Democrats he opposed [[G. Harrold Carswell]] and [[Clement Haynsworth]] (both rejected). He also voted against confirmation of [[William H. Rehnquist]] as Associate Justice, although he was easily confirmed. Kennedy supported [[Gerald Ford]]'s nomination of [[John Paul Stevens]], who was confirmed unanimously. Of [[Ronald Reagan]]'s appointees, he supported [[Sandra Day O'Connor]], [[Antonin Scalia]] and [[Anthony Kennedy]] (confirmed), but opposed [[Robert Bork]] (rejected, below). Kennedy once again opposed Rehnquist, this time for Chief Justice (Rehnquist was confirmed).<ref>[http://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=200 Our Campaigns - Candidate - Edward "Ted" Kennedy<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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On [[April 12]], [[2005]], the Senate panel focused on allegations discussed above that Bolton pressured intelligence analysts. "I've never seen anybody quite like Secretary Bolton. ... I don't have a second, third or fourth in terms of the way that he abuses his power and authority with little people," former State Department intelligence chief [[Carl Ford|Carl W. Ford Jr.]], said, calling Bolton a "serial abuser." Ford contradicted Bolton's earlier testimony, saying: "I had been asked for the first time to fire an intelligence analyst for what he had said and done." |
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Lugar, who criticized Bolton at his April 11 hearing, said that the "paramount issue" was supporting Bush's nominee. He conceded that "[b]luntness may be required," even though it is not "very good diplomacy." |
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Kennedy was one of the leaders of opposition against nomination of [[Robert Bork]]. Within 45 minutes of Bork's nomination to the Court he took to the Senate floor with a strong condemnation of Bork in a nationally televised speech, declaring, "Robert Bork's America is a land in which women would be forced into back-alley abortions, blacks would sit at segregated lunch counters, rogue police could break down citizens' doors in midnight raids, schoolchildren could not be taught about evolution, writers and artists could be censored at the whim of government."<ref>[http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0707/p02s01-uspo.html Court nominees will trigger rapid response | csmonitor.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. Bork's nomination was rejected. |
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Chafee, the key member for Bolton's approval, said that "the bar is very high" for rejecting the president's nominees, suggesting that Bolton would make it to the Senate. |
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Kennedy opposed both of [[George H. W. Bush]]'s successful nominations - [[David Souter]] and [[Clarence Thomas]]<ref>[http://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=200 Our Campaigns - Candidate - Edward "Ted" Kennedy<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=101&session=2&vote=00259 U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home > Votes > Roll Call Vote<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=102&session=1&vote=00220 U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home > Votes > Roll Call Vote<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>, and supported [[Bill Clinton]]'s [[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]] and [[Stephen Breyer]].<ref>[http://senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=103&session=1&vote=00232 U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home > Votes > Roll Call Vote<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=103&session=2&vote=00242 U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home > Votes > Roll Call Vote<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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Even the former head of U.S. State Departemnt characterized Bolton as a "kiss-up, kick-down sort of guy", implying that he was alwasy ready to please whoever had authority over him, while having very little regard for people working under him<ref>http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2005-04-12-bolton_x.htm</ref>. |
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Most recently, he strongly opposed nominations of both Chief Justice [[John G. Roberts]]<ref>[http://senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=109&session=1&vote=00245 U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home > Votes > Roll Call Vote<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and Justice [[Samuel Alito]]<ref>[http://senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=109&session=2&vote=00002 U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home > Votes > Roll Call Vote<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>, both nominated by President [[George W. Bush]]. |
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====Erosion of Republican support==== |
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From 2001 to 2003, Kennedy led a forty-five member all Democrat Senate [[filibuster]] to block the appointment of former assistant [[Solicitor General of the United States|Solicitor General]] [[Miguel Estrada]] to the [[United States court of appeals]]. When Estrada withdrew his nomination, Kennedy proclaimed it was a "a victory for the Constitution".<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/09/04/estrada.withdraws/ CNN.com - Estrada withdraws as judicial nominee - Sep. 4, 2003<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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{{wikinews|U.S. Senator Voinovich allows Bolton nomination to pass to full Senate vote}} |
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On April 19, Democrats, with support from Voinovich, forced Lugar to delay the committee vote on Bolton's nomination until May. The debate concerning his nomination raged in the Senate prior to the [[Memorial Day]] recess. Two other Republicans on the Foreign Relations Committee, Chafee and [[Chuck Hagel]], also expressed serious concerns about the Bolton nomination. |
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Asked on April 20 if he was now less inclined to support the nomination, Chafee said, "That would be accurate." He further elaborated that Bolton's prospects were "hard to predict" but said he expected that "the administration is really going to put some pressure on Senator Voinovich. Then it comes to the rest of us that have had some reservations." |
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In 1987, Kennedy made an influential floor speech in the Senate against the nomination of Judge [[Robert Bork]] to the [[Supreme Court]] (referenced above), warning against Bork's record on abortion, defendants' rights, civil rights and more. Bork was ultimately defeated, and Kennedy was credited with leading the Democratic anti-Bork effort. But not all of the anti-Bork Democrats supported Kennedy's famous speech. Senator [[Joseph Biden]] has called Kennedy's speech "technically accurate but unfair” and said that it “drew lines in ways that were starker than reality”.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://men.style.com/gq/features/full?id=content_5585&pageNum=14|title=A Sober Look At Ted Kennedy|accessdate=2008-05-20}}</ref> |
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On April 20, it emerged that [[Melody Townsel]], a former [[US AID]] contractor, had reported to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee that Bolton had used inflammatory language and thrown objects in the course of her work activities in [[Moscow]]. Townsel's encounter with Bolton occurred when she served as a whistleblower against a poorly performing minority contractor for US AID, IBTCI. Townsel told the Senate Foreign Relations Committee staff that Bolton had made derogatory remarks about her [[sexual orientation]] and weight, among other workplace improprieties. In an official interview with Senate Foreign Relation Committee staff, Townsel detailed her accusations against Bolton, which were confirmed by [[Canada|Canadian]] designer Uno Ramat, who had served as an IBTCI employee and one of Townsel's AID colleagues. Time Magazine, among other publications, verified Townsel's accusations and Ramat's supporting testimony, and Townsel's story was transcribed and entered into the official Senate committee record. Townsel, who was an employee of Young & Rubicam at the time of her encounter with Bolton, continued working for the company on a variety of other US AID projects. |
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===Same sex marriage=== |
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Kennedy is considered to be one of the biggest advocates of [[LGBT]] rights in the U.S. Senate,<ref>http://www.sovo.com/2008/5-30/news/national/8624.cfm</ref><ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/09/us/politics/09romney.html?_r=1&adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1213128572-1X2/INTUTDUQeRYKCCP9yw&oref=slogin</ref><ref>http://www.dailykos.com/story/2008/5/20/175029/021/540/519165</ref>and he has received ratings of 100% by the [[Human Rights Campaign]] for the [[107th United States Congress|107th]], [[108th United States Congress|108th]] and [[109th United States Congress|109th]] sessions of [[U.S. Congress]]<ref>http://www.hrc.org/documents/HRCscorecard2006.pdf</ref> indicating that he voted in support of HRC's slate of pro-gay legislative issues. He is a supporter of [[same-sex marriage]]<ref>http://kennedy.senate.gov/newsroom/press_release.cfm?id=ae91c589-f969-43ad-8042-73ddf7b1cc3d</ref> and was one of the fourteen senators to vote against the [[Defense of Marriage Act]] in 1996.<ref>http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=104&session=2&vote=00280</ref> He also voted against the proposed [[Federal Marriage Amendment]] in 2004 and 2006.<ref> |
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http://www.votesmart.org/issue_keyvote_member.php?cs_id=V3440</ref><ref>http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call. _lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=109&session=2&vote=00163</ref> Kennedy's state of [[Same-sex marriage in Massachusetts|Massachusetts]] is one of [[Same-sex marriage in the United States|two states]], alongside [[Same-sex marriage in California|California]], which have legalized same-sex marriage. |
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On April 22 the ''[[New York Times]]'' and other media alleged that Bolton's former boss, Colin Powell, was personally opposed to the nomination and had been in personal contact with Chafee and Hagel. The same day, [[Reuters]] reported that a spokesman for Senator [[Lisa Murkowski]] (R-[[Alaska]]) said that the Senator felt the committee "did the right thing delaying the vote on Bolton in light of the recent information presented to the committee."<ref>http://www.reuters.com/newsArticle.jhtml?type=topNews&storyID=8270328</ref> |
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===Minimum wage=== |
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Kennedy has been a longtime advocate of raising the [[minimum wage]]. He helped pass the [[Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007]], which incrementally raises the minimum wage from $5.15 to $7.25 over a two year period. The bill also included some controversial tax cuts for small businesses and higher taxes for many $1 million-plus executives. Kennedy was quoted as saying, "Passing this wage hike represents a small, but necessary step to help lift America's working poor out of the ditches of poverty and onto the road toward economic prosperity".<ref>[http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/chi-070201minimumwage-story,0,6168715.story Senate votes to raise minimum wage], [[Chicago Tribune]], [[February 1]], [[2007]]. Accessed online [[February 22]], [[2007]].</ref> |
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On April 28, ''[[The Guardian]]'' reported that Powell was "conducting a campaign" against Bolton because of the acrimonious battles they had had while working together, which among other things had resulted in Powell cutting Bolton out of talks with Iran and Libya after complaints about Bolton's involvement from the British. It added that "The foreign relations committee has discovered that Bolton made a highly unusual request and gained access to 10 intercepts by the [[National Security Agency]]... Staff members on the committee believe that Bolton was probably spying on Powell, his senior advisers and other officials reporting to him on diplomatic initiatives that Bolton opposed."<ref>{{cite news |
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===Environmental record=== |
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| last = Blumenthal |
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Kennedy has a strong pro-environment voting record. <ref>[http://capwiz.com/lcv_stage/bio/keyvotes/?id=297&congress=1102&lvl=C League of Conservation Voters. </ref> He has voted in favor of disallowing an oil leasing program in Alaska's [[ANWR]], removing oil and gas exploration subsidies, including oil and gas smokestacks in mercury regulations and reducing funds to road building in forest. He has voted against reducing funding to renewable and solar energy projects, requiring ethanol in gasoline, Bush Administration Energy Policy and approving a nuclear waste repository.<ref>[http://www.ontheissues.org/Senate/Ted_Kennedy.htm#Environment On the issues:Environment]</ref> Kennedy has been a critic of the Bush Administration’s Environmental actions{{clarifyme}} and has stated "We must not let the administration distort science and rewrite and manipulate scientific reports in other areas. We must not let it turn the Environmental Protection Agency into the Environmental Pollution Agency".<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A4354-2005Jan12?language=printer Washington Post, January 12, 2005].</ref> |
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| first = Sidney |
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| title = The good soldier's revenge |
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| work = |
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| pages = |
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| language = |
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| publisher = The Guardian |
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| date = [[2005-04-28]] |
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| url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,3604,1471879,00.html |
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| accessdate = 2006-08-15 }}</ref> However, Rich Lowry pointed out that "During the same four-year period, other State Department officials made roughly 400 similar requests."<ref>http://www.townhall.com/columnists/richlowry/rl20050422.shtml</ref> |
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Also on May 11, ''[[Newsweek]]'' reported allegations that the American position at the 7th Review Conference in [[May 2005]]<ref>[http://www.un.org/events/npt2005/ Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> of the [[Nuclear Proliferation Treaty]] had been undercut by Bolton's "absence without leave" |
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Controversially, he opposed the Cape Wind project, the country's first off-shore wind farm, which many accuse Kennedy of doing out of [[NIMBY]]ism.<ref>[http://www.cleanpowernow.org/index.php?name=News&file=article&sid=314 Clean power now, April 12, 2006].</ref> |
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during the nomination fight, quoting anonymous sources "close to the negotiations".<ref>{{cite news |
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| last = Hirsh |
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| first = Michael |
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| coauthors = Eve Conant |
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| title = A Nuclear Blunder? |
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| work = |
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| pages = |
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| language = |
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| publisher = Newsweek |
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| date = [[2005-05-11]] |
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| url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7817986/site/newsweek/ |
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| accessdate = 2006-08-15 }}</ref> |
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=== |
===The Democrats' filibuster=== |
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On [[May 26]], [[2005]], Senate Democrats postponed the vote on Bolton's UN nomination. The Republican leadership failed to gain enough Republican or Democratic support to pass a cloture motion on the floor debate over Bolton, and minority leader [[Harry Reid]] conceded the move signaled the "first filibuster of the year." The Democrats claimed that key documents regarding Bolton and his career at the Department of State were being withheld by the Bush administration. [[Scott McClellan]], White House press secretary, responded by saying, "Just 72 hours after all the good will and bipartisanship (over a deal on judicial nominees), it's disappointing to see the Democratic leadership resort back to such a partisan approach."<ref>{{cite news |
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Kennedy has opposed federal attempts to cut student financial aid, such as Ronald Reagan's 1986 planned limitations on Guaranteed Student Loans to students whose families earned over $32,500 a year, and a planned $4,000 cap on all federal aid and benefits that a student could receive in one year. Following the Republican takeover of Congress in November 1994, there was a renewed effort on the part of key Republican leaders to balance the federal budget by cutting financial aid. The new cuts, which Kennedy also opposed, involved reducing the interest the federal government would pay on student loans, and on President Clinton’s direct lending program. Kennedy supported the College Affordability and Access Act of 2007 which provides $20 billion in new federal financial aid investments for low- and middle-income students and their families.<ref>[http://www.lib.neu.edu/archives/Kennedy/index.htm Senator Kennedy and Student Aid at NU: An Online Exhibit], Northeastern University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections, May 2008.</ref> |
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| last = Jehl |
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| first = Douglas |
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| title = DEMOCRATS FORCE SENATE TO DELAY A VOTE ON BOLTON |
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| work = |
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| pages = A1, Column 6 |
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| language = |
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| publisher = The New York Times |
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| date = [[2005-05-27]] |
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| url = http://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/27/politics/27bolton.html?hp&ex=1117252800&en=13e283b4538d3c0f&ei=5094&partner=homepage |
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| accessdate = 2006-08-15 }}</ref> |
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The failure of the Senate to end debate on Bolton's nomination provided one surprise for some: Senate Majority Leader [[Bill Frist]] (R-[[Tennessee|TN]]) voted against [[cloture]] for procedural reasons, so that he could bring up a cloture vote in the future.<ref>[http://sayanythingblog.com/2005/05/26/bolton-nomination-stalled-2/ Say Anything<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> (Although Voinovich once spoke against confirming Bolton, he voted for cloture.) Senator [[John Thune]] (R-[[South Dakota|SD]]) voted to end debate but announced that he would vote against Bolton in the up-or-down vote as a protest against the government's plans to close a military base ([[Ellsworth Air Force Base|Ellsworth]]) in his home state. |
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==Health== |
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{{Wikinewspar2|United States Senator Ted Kennedy rushed to the hospital|Senator Edward Kennedy undergoing brain surgery}} |
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Kennedy has suffered from chronic pain ever since his 1964 plane crash, which crushed three vertebrae. His campaigns have periodically had to accommodate this condition, for instance, by avoiding long walks on hard factory floors or extended handshaking sessions.<ref>{{cite news |
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|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,950328,00.html |
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|title=Ted's Aching Back |
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|date=[[March 10]] [[1980]] |
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|publisher=[[Time magazine]] |
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|accessdate=2008-05-21}}</ref> |
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On [[June 20]], [[2005]] the Senate voted again on cloture. The vote failed 54-38, six votes short of ending debate. That marked an increase of two "no" votes, including the defection of Voinovich, who switched his previous "yes" vote and urged President Bush to pick another nominee (Democrats [[Mark Pryor]], [[Mary Landrieu]] and [[Ben Nelson]] voted to end debate both times). On June 21, Frist expressed his view that attempting another vote would be pointless, but later that day, following a lunch at the White House, changed his position, saying that he would continue to push for an up-or-down vote.<ref>http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2005/06/21/frist_says_no_new_vote_planned_for_bolton/</ref> |
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In October 2007, Kennedy had surgery to clear a blocked left [[carotid artery]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/10/12/politics/main3361323.shtml?source=RSSattr=Politics_3361323 |title=Sen. Kennedy Has Surgery On Blocked Artery |work=Associated Press |publisher=CBS News |date=2007-10-12 }}</ref> |
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Voinovich later recanted his opposition and stated that if Bolton were renominated he would have supported the nomination.<ref> |
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{{cite news |
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| last =Babington |
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| first = Charles |
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| coauthors = |
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| title = Bolton's Nomination Revives After Senator Changes Mind |
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| work = |
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| pages = A02 |
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| language = |
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| publisher = The Washington Post |
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| date = [[2006-07-22]] |
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| url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/21/AR2006072101351.html |
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| accessdate = 2006-08-15}} |
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</ref> |
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===Accusations of false statement=== |
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On [[May 17]] [[2008]], Kennedy was rushed to [[Cape Cod Hospital]] from the Kennedy Compound after feeling ill and consulting with his physician, and then was subsequently transferred by helicopter to [[Massachusetts General Hospital]] in Boston.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.capecodonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080517/NEWS/80517001 |title=Sen. Kennedy suffers seizure; hospitalized in Boston |work=Cape Cod Times |date=2008-05-17 }}</ref> According to multiple sources, Kennedy was suffering from symptoms of a [[stroke]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7406527.stm |title=Edward Kennedy taken to hospital |work=BBC News |date=2008-05-18 }}</ref> It was later reported that Kennedy had suffered two [[seizure]]s, one initially at his [[Hyannis Port]] home and another on a helicopter en route to Massachusetts General Hospital from Cape Cod Hospital.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/breaking_news/2008/05/ted_kennedy_sai.html |title=Ted Kennedy not in immediate danger; seizure cause sought |work=The Boston Globe |first=Peter |last=Schworm |coauthors=Viser, Matt |date=2008-05-17 }}</ref> |
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On [[July 28]], [[2005]] it was revealed that a statement made by Bolton on forms submitted to the Senate was false. Bolton indicated that in the prior five years he had not been questioned in any investigation, but in fact he had been interviewed by the State Department's Inspector General as part of an investigation into the sources of pre-war claims of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq. After insisting for weeks that Bolton had testified truthfully on the form, the State Department reversed itself, stating that Bolton had simply forgotten about the investigation.<ref> |
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{{cite news |
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| last = Weisman |
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| first = Steven |
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| title = Bolton not truthful, 36 senators charge in opposing appointment |
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| publisher = New York Times |
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| date = [[2005-07-30]] |
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| url = http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/30/politics/30bolton.html |
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| accessdate = 2005-07-30}} |
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</ref> |
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===Recess appointment=== |
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On [[May 20]], doctors announced that Kennedy has a [[malignant]] [[glioma]], a type of [[cancer]]ous [[brain tumor]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.startribune.com/politics/national/congress/19102119.html |title=Doctors say Sen. Edward Kennedy has a brain tumor, a condition discovered after seizure |work=Associated Press |publisher=''[[Star Tribune]]'' |author=Johnson, Glen |date=2008-05-20 |accessdate=2008-05-20}}</ref> The treatment for this condition is often surgery, radiation and chemotherapy, but this will depend on the type, location and degree of malignancy. Kennedy's own doctors have not publicly released a prognosis, but experts report that the median survival rate for patients with this condition is 15 months.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/features/health/medicine/la-sci-medical21-2008may21,0,514066.story |title=Kennedy's tumor prognosis is weakened by age |accessdate=2008-05-22 |date=2008-05-21 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |author=Thomas H. Maugh II}}</ref> Kennedy left the hospital and returned to Cape Cod on [[May 21]]. Doctors said that he had "recovered remarkably quickly" from the biopsy in which the tumor was found and that he was waiting for additional test results as well as treatment plans.<ref>Pam Belluck and Anahad O'Connor, [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/22/us/22Kennedy.html?_r=1&ref=us&oref=slogin "Kennedy Leaves Hospital in Boston"], ''The New York Times'', [[May 22]], [[2008]].</ref> |
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{{wikinewspar2|Bush likely to appoint Bolton during congressional recess|Bush appoints John Bolton United States' ambassador to the United Nations}} |
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On [[August 1]], [[2005]], Bush officially made a [[recess appointment]] of Bolton, installing him as Permanent US Representative to the UN. A recess appointment lasts until the adjournment of the sitting Congress or until the individual is renominated and confirmed by the Senate. During the announcement, Bush said, "This post is too important to leave vacant any longer, especially during a war and a vital debate about U.N. reform."<ref>{{cite news |
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On [[June 2]] [[2008]], Kennedy underwent brain surgery at [[Duke University Medical Center#Duke University Hospital|Duke University Hospital]] in an attempt to remove as much of the brain tumor as possible.<ref name=Viser>Matt Viser and Michael Levenson, [http://www.boston.com/news/local/breaking_news/2008/06/sen_kennedy_to.html "Kennedy's brain tumor surgery deemed a success"], Boston.com, [[June 2]], [[2008]].</ref><ref name=Fay>Michelle Fay Cortez, [http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601103&sid=aM7kTi777dTo&refer=us "Kennedy's Brain Surgery Can Reduce, Not Cure, Tumor (Update1)"], Bloomberg.com, [[June 2]], [[2008]].</ref> Surgery was considered the most aggressive route possible in treating the tumor; his doctors had not previously mentioned the possibility of surgery to the public.<ref name=Viser/> The surgery, conducted by Dr. Allan Friedman, lasted for about three and a half hours, and according to Friedman, it was successful in its goals. Friedman said that the surgery was performed on Kennedy while he was awake and that he did not expect Kennedy to suffer any permanent neurological effects from the surgery. Kennedy planned to spend a brief period recuperating from the surgery before beginning chemotherapy and radiation treatment at Massachusetts General Hospital.<ref name=Fay/> He left the hospital at Duke on [[June 9]], returning to Cape Cod.<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/06/09/kennedy/index.html?iref=mpstoryview "Kennedy released from hospital"], CNN, June 9, 2008.</ref> |
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| last = Bumiller |
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| first = Elisabeth |
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| coauthor = Sheryl Stolberg |
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| title = Bush appoints Bolton as U.N. envoy, bypassing Senate |
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| publisher = New York Times |
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| date = [[2005-08-01]] |
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| url = http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/01/politics/01cnd.bolton.html |
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| accessdate = 2005-08-01}}</ref> Democrats criticized the appointment, and Senator Christopher Dodd (D-CT) of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee said Bolton would lack credibility in the U.N. because he lacked Senate confirmation.<ref>{{cite news |
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| last = Williams |
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| first = Timothy |
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| title = Bush appoints Bolton as U.N. envoy, bypassing Senate |
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| publisher = New York Times |
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| date = [[2005-08-01]] |
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| url = http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/01/politics/01cnd-bolton.html |
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| accessdate = 2005-08-01}}</ref> U.N. Secretary-General [[Kofi Annan]] welcomed Mr. Bolton, but told reporters that the new ambassador should consult with others as the administration continued to press for changes at the United Nations.<ref>{{cite news |
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| last = Bumiller |
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| first = Elisabeth |
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| coauthor = Sheryl Stolberg |
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| title = President sends Bolton to U.N.; bypasses Senate |
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| publisher = New York Times |
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| date = [[2005-08-02]] |
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| url = http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/02/politics/02bolton.html |
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| accessdate = 2008-02-08}} |
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</ref> |
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===Term at the UN=== |
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Opinions vary regarding Kennedy's prognosis. The surgery can extend survival time but only by a matter of months.<ref name=DailyNewsSurgery/> John H. Sampson, a neurosurgeon who worked with Friedman, stated: "It almost certainly won't be curative, but it should enhance the chances that additional treatment will be effective." Others noted that some people with similar tumors have survived for years.<ref name=Fay/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spokesmanreview.com/nation_world/story.asp?ID=247458 |publisher=spokesmanreview.com |title=Kennedy undergoes brain surgery}}</ref> |
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''[[The Economist]]'' called Bolton "the most controversial Ambassador ever sent by America to the United Nations." Some colleagues in the UN appreciated the goals Bolton was trying to achieve, but not his abrasive style.<ref> |
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{{cite news |
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| title = His UNdoing |
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| pages = 33-34 |
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| publisher = ''The Economist'' |
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| date = [[2006-12-07]] |
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| url = http://www.economist.com/world/na/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8382325 |
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| accessdate = 2007-08-16}} |
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</ref><ref> |
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{{cite news |
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| title = A matter of honour |
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| pages = |
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| publisher = ''The Economist'' |
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| date = [[2007-07-26]] |
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| url = http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9546302 |
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| accessdate = 2007-08-16}} |
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</ref> The ''[[New York Times]]'', in its editorial ''The Shame of the United Nations'', praised Bolton's stance on "reforming the disgraceful [[United Nations Human Rights Commission]]",<ref>{{cite news |
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| title = The Shame of the United Nations |
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| work = |
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| pages = |
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| language = |
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| publisher = ''New York Times'' |
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| date = [[2006-02-26]] |
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| url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/26/opinion/26sun2.html?_r=1&n=Top%2fOpinion%2fEditorials%20and%20Op%2dEd%2fEditorials&oref=slogin |
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| accessdate = 2006-08-15 }}</ref> saying "John Bolton, is right; Secretary-General Kofi Annan is wrong." The ''Times'' also said that the commission at that time was composed of "some of the world's most abusive regimes" who used their membership as cover to continue their abusiveness. |
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Bolton also opposed the proposed replacement for the Human Rights Commission, the [[UN Human Rights Council]], as not going far enough for reform, saying: “We want a [[butterfly]]. We don't intend to put [[lipstick]] on a [[caterpillar]] and call it a success.”<ref> |
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==Electoral history== |
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{{cite news |
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| title = Bad counsel |
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| pages = |
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| publisher = ''The Economist'' |
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| date = [[2007-04-04]] |
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| url = http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8966293 |
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| accessdate = 2007-08-16}} |
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</ref> |
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===2006 nomination=== |
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{{main|Electoral history of Ted Kennedy}} |
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Bush announced his intention to renominate Bolton for confirmation as U.N. ambassador at the beginning of 2006, and a new confirmation hearing was held on [[July 27]], [[2006]], in the hope of completing the process before the expiration of Bolton's recess appointment at the end of the 109th Congress.<ref name=D855>{{cite journal | author = U.S. Congress | year = [[2006]] | month = [[27 July]] | title = Nominations | journal = Congressional Record Daily Digest| url = http://www.gpoaccess.gov/crecord/digest2006/d27JY061.pdf}}</ref> Voinovich, who had previously stood in opposition to Bolton, had amended his views and determined that Bolton was doing a "good job" as UN Ambassador; in [[February 2006]], he said "I spend a lot of time with John on the phone. I think he is really working very constructively to move forward."<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20060206/pl_nm/un_bolton_voinovich_dc_1]</ref> |
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Over the summer and during the fall election campaign, no action was taken on the nomination because Chafee, who was in a difficult re-election campaign, blocked a [[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|Senate Foreign Relations Committee]] vote. Without his concurrence, the SFRC would be deadlocked 9-9, and the nomination could not go to the Senate floor for a full vote. Bush formally resubmitted the nomination on [[November 9]], [[2006]], immediately following a midterm election that would give control of the [[110th United States Congress|110th Congress]] to the Democratic party.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/11/10/bolton.congress/ Key Republican joins Dems opposing Bolton nomination - CNN.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Chafee, who had just lost his re-election bid, issued a statement saying he would vote against recommending Bolton for a Senate vote, citing what he considered to be a mandate from the recent election results: "On Tuesday, the American people sent a clear message of dissatisfaction with the foreign policy approach of the Bush administration. To confirm Mr. Bolton to the position of U.N. ambassador would fly in the face of the clear consensus of the country that a new direction is called for."<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/09/AR2006110901185.html "Bolton May Not Return As U.N. Envoy"], Dafna Linzer, ''Washington Post'', Friday, November 10, 2006</ref> |
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On [[December 4]], [[2006]], Bolton announced that he would terminate his work as U.S. Representative to the UN at the end of the recess appointment and would not continue to seek confirmation.<ref>http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/12/04/bolton.resignation.ap/index.html</ref> His letter of resignation from the Bush administration was accepted on [[December 4]], [[2006]], effective when his recess appointment ended December 9 at the formal adjournment of the [[109th United States Congress|109th Congress]]. |
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The announcement was characterized as Bolton's "resignation" by the Associated Press,<ref> |
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{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/12/04/ap/politics/mainD8LQ53500.shtml|title=Bush Accepts Bolton's UN Resignation|date=2006-12-04|accessdate=2006-12-04|publisher=CBS News|author=Terence Hunt}} |
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</ref> United Press International,<ref> |
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{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/SecurityTerrorism/view.php?StoryID=20061204-121611-6155r|title=Russians hope for better ties to U.S.|date=2006-12-04|accessdate=2006-12-04|publisher=United Press International}}: "They were reacting to the resignation of U.S. Ambassador to the U.N. John Bolton earlier Monday, Bolton resigned after it became clear that the incoming Democratic-controlled Senate in the 110th Congress would not vote to confirm his appointment as ambassador." |
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</ref> ABC News,<ref> |
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{{cite web|title=Bush Accepts Bolton's U.N. Resignation|url=http://www.abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory?id=2699916|publisher=ABC News|date=2006-12-04|accessdate=2006-12-04|author=Ben Feller}} |
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</ref> and other news sources, as well as a White House press release<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/12/20061204.html|title=President Bush Accepts Ambassador John Bolton's Resignation as U.S. Representative to the United Nations|publisher=Office of the Press Secretary, The White house|date=2006-12-04|accessdate=2006-12-14}}</ref> and President Bush himself.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/12/20061204-8.html|title=President Bush Meets with United Nations Ambassador John Bolton|publisher=Office of the Press Secretary, The White House|date=2006-12-04|accessdate=2006-12-04}}: "I received the resignation of Ambassador John Bolton. I accepted." |
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</ref> The White House, however, later objected to the use of this language. Deputy Press Secretary [[Dana Perino]] told [[CBS News]] "it is not a resignation."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/blogs/2006/12/04/publiceye/entry2224533.shtml|title=White House Contests Claim That Bolton 'Resigned'|publisher=CBS News|date=2006-12-04|accessdate=2006-12-04}}</ref> The actual language of the President's written acceptance was: "It is with deep regret that I accept John Bolton’s decision to end his service in the Administration as Permanent Representative of the United States to the United Nations when his commission expires." However, at press conference, the president said, "I received the resignation of Ambassador John Bolton. I accept it. I'm not happy about it. I think he deserved to be confirmed."<ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/12/20061204-8.html|title=President Bush Meets with United Nations Ambassador John Bolton|publisher=Office of the Press Secretary, The White House|date=2006-12-04|accessdate=2006-12-04}}</ref> Some news organizations subsequently altered their language to phrases such as "to step down," "to leave," or "to exit." |
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===Support for Bolton=== |
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{{POV-section|date=March 2008}} |
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On [[December 4]], [[2006]], quotations praising Bolton's work at the UN from supporters of a cross-section of political persuasions and from a variety of different publications were published on the [[Heritage Foundation]] website. During his confirmation hearings in 2005, letters with signatures of more than 100 co-workers and professional colleagues were sent to Senator Richard Lugar, Chairman of the [[Senate Foreign Relations Committee]], in praise of Bolton and contradicting other criticisms and allegations concerning his diplomatic style and his treatment of colleagues and staff. In late 2006, when his nomination was again before the Committee, another letter signed by more than 56 professional colleagues supporting the renomination was sent to Senator Lugar.<ref>[http://www.heritage.org/Research/InternationalOrganizations/wm1269.cfm.]</ref> A ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' [[Op-Ed|op ed]] by Claudia Rossett on [[December 5]], [[2006]], said in part, "Bolton has been valiant in his efforts to clean up UN corruption and malfeasance, and follow UN procedure in dealing with such threats as a nuclear North Korea, a [[Hezbollah]] bid to take over [[Lebanon]], and the nuclearization of Hezbollah's terror-masters in [[Iran]]. But it has been like watching one man trying to move a [[tsunami]] of mud."<ref>[http://www.RosettReport.com.]</ref> |
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==American Enterprise Institute== |
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In Bolton's time at the [[American Enterprise Institute]], a conservative think tank, he spoke against the policy of rewarding North Korea for ending its [[nuclear weapons]] program.<ref name="fireecon">{{cite news |
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| title = Fighting fires |
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| publisher = ''The Economist'' |
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| date = [[2007-02-16]] |
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| url = http://www.economist.com/world/na/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8696412 |
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| accessdate = 2007-08-16 }}</ref> He said the policy would encourage others to violate nuclear non-proliferation rules so that they could then be rewarded for following the rules they'd already agreed to.<ref name="fireecon"/> |
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On three episodes of [[Fox News]] in May and June of 2008, Bolton suggested that Israel may attack Iran after US elections in November.<ref> |
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[http://thinkprogress.org/2008/05/05/bolton-iran-strike-prudent/ "Bolton: Striking Iran ‘Is Really The Most Prudent Thing To Do’"] |
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[http://thinkprogress.org/2008/05/07/bolton-again-on-iran/ "Bolton on whether Bush might bomb Iran before he leaves office: ‘I think so, definitely.’"] |
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[http://thinkprogress.org/2008/06/22/bolton-arabs-delighted/ "Bolton: Israel Will Attack Iran After U.S. Election But Before Inauguration, Arab States Will Be ‘Delighted’"]</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{ |
{{reflist}} |
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== |
==Bibliography== |
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===Books=== |
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* [[Gary Allen]] (1981). ''Ted Kennedy: In over His Head'', Conservative Pr. ISBN 978-0892450206. |
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*''Surrender Is Not an Option: Defending America at the United Nations'', Threshold Editions, ISBN 1416552847 |
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* Nellie Bly. (1996). ''The Kennedy Men: Three Generations of Sex, Scandal and Secrets''. ISBN 1-57566-106-3. |
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* Richard E. Burke (1993). ''The Senator: My Ten Years With Ted Kennedy''. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-95133-7. |
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* Adam Clymer (1999). ''Edward M. Kennedy: A Biography''. Wm. Morrow & Company. ISBN 0-688-14285-0. |
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* Leo Damore (1988). ''Senatorial Privilege: The Chappaquiddick Cover-Up''. ISBN 0-89526-564-8. |
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*[[Murray Levin]] (1966). ''Kennedy Campaigning: the System and the Style as Practiced By Senator Edward Kennedy''. .Beacon Press. |
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*[[Murray Levin]] (1980). ''Edward Kennedy: The Myth of Leadership''. ISBN 0-395292492. |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{ |
{{commons|John R. Bolton}} |
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{{wikiquote}} |
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{{Wikisource author}} |
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*[http://www.un.int/usa/bolton.htm U.S. Mission to the United Nations Biography] |
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{{Wikiquote}} |
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*[http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/972 Profile: John R. Bolton], [[RightWeb]] |
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;Official sites |
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*[http://www.nndb.com/people/329/000048185 John R. Bolton], [[Notable Names Database]] |
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* [http://kennedy.senate.gov Senate homepage] |
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*[http://win20ca.audiovideoweb.com/ca20win15004/boltonun_56k.wmv Bolton: There is no such thing as the United Nations], CGS video, [[February 3]], [[1994]]. |
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* [http://www.tedkennedy.com Campaign homepage] |
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*[http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/53920.htm State Department biography] |
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* [http://www.democraticmajority.com/ Committee for a Democratic Majority] PAC founded by Kennedy to support and expand the Democratic majority in the Senate and House of Representatives |
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*[http://202.121.129.66/transcend/www.aei.org/scholars/bolton.htm Resume from the AEI], [[American Enterprise Institute]] |
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*[http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/politics/international/features/15457/index.html ''New York Magazine'' article], "Bolton in a China Shop," by Jennifer Senior, 6 January 2006. |
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*[http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2005/43062.htm Announcement of Nomination of John Bolton as U.S. Ambassador to the UN] |
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*[http://www.cato.org/pubs/books/bolton-chapter.pdf The Creation, Fall, Rise, and Fall of the United Nations] John Bolton's chapter from the [[Cato Institute]] book, ''Delusions of Grandeur: The United Nations and Global Intervention'' |
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*"In their own Words: Ambassador Bolton's Record of Effectiveness at the U.N.," by Janice A. Smith, Heritage webmemo #1269. December 4, 2006. [http://www.heritage.org/Research/InternationalOrganizations/wm1269.cfm] |
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;Kennedy in his own words |
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*[http://www.stopbolton.org Stop Bolton Campaign Site] |
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* [http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/ekennedytributetorfk.html Eulogy for Robert Kennedy]: audio |
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*[http://www.bloggingforbolton.com Blogging for Bolton, an online activist campaign in support of the Bolton nomination] |
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* [http://www.npr.org/programs/npc/2003/030121.ekennedy.html Webcast of Kennedy at a [[January 21]], [[2003]] National Press Club event, via NPR]: provides corroboration for his 2006 re-election run |
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*[http://www.comedycentral.com/motherload/index.jhtml?ml_video=84011 John Bolton interviewed by Jon Stewart on "The Daily Show" from March 20, 2007] |
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* [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/kennedys/filmmore/ps_1980.html Ted Kennedy's 1980 Democratic National Convention Address] |
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*[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9942906 John Bolton interview by Neal Conan on Talk of the Nation, May 1, 2007] |
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* [http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/01/09/kennedy-george-bushs-vietnam/ Kennedy on Iraq at the National Press Club]: Kennedy on the Iraq War, which he describes as "George Bush's [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]]" |
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*[http://radio.nationalreview.com/betweenthecovers/post/?q=NjVjZGM5ZmM4MjZhMzczNTJmMWQxZDdiYjAwOWJkODg= Audio interview with National Review Online] |
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*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/today/listenagain/ram/today5_20070517.ram John Bolton (heated) interview by BBC's John Humphreys on Today, May 17, 2007 (starting at 10:42)] |
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*[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/21052 One Angry Man] [[Brian Urquhart]] essay on Bolton and review of ''Surrender Is Not an Option: Defending America at the United Nations and Abroad'' from ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'' |
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===News articles=== |
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;Nonpartisan information |
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*Goldberg, Ross and Sam Kahn. [http://www.yaledailynews.com/article.asp?AID=29455 "Bolton's conservative ideology has roots in Yale experience"], ''Yale Daily News'', [[April 28]], [[2005]]. |
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{{CongLinks | congbio = K000105 | fec = S6MA00015 | opensecrets = N00000308 | votesmart = S0410103 | ontheissuespath = Senate/Ted_Kennedy.htm | legistorm = 56/Sen_Edward_Kennedy.html | surge = 915 | govtrack = 300059 | findagrave = | retrieved = |}} |
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*Knowlton, Brian. [http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/03/07/news/nations.html "Bush picks a hawkish skeptic as UN envoy"], ''[[International Herald Tribune]]'', [[March 8]], [[2005]]. |
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* [http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/chappaquiddick.htm FBI FOIA Investigation on Chappaquiddick] |
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*Tony Benn vs Bolton. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZLGHy2WS_M "John Bolton criticised by Tony Benn on the BBC ]. |
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* [http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/k/edward_m_kennedy/index.html New York Times — Edward Kennedy News] collected news and commentary |
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* [http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Edward_M._Kennedy SourceWatch Congresspedia — Edward M. Kennedy] profile |
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===Commentary (favorable)=== |
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;Other links providing info |
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* [http://www. |
*Gaffney, Frank J. Jr. [http://www.nationalreview.com/gaffney/gaffney200503080750.asp "A Bolt of Good Sense"] ''[[National Review]]'', [[March 8]], [[2005]]. |
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*[[Robert Novak|Novak, Robert]]. [http://www.suntimes.com/output/novak/cst-edt-novak141.html "Bush's pick misunderstood by many"] ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'', [[March 14]], [[2005]]. |
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* {{imdb name|id=0448356}} |
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*Prince, Cathryn J. [http://search.csmonitor.com/search_content/0310/p09s02-coop.html "Tough-talking Bolton: just what the UN needs"] ''[[Christian Science Monitor]]'', [[March 10]], [[2005]]. |
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*[http://www.nydailynews.com/news/ideas_opinions/story/287657p-246282c.html "Right man for UN job"] ''[[New York Daily News]]'', [[March 8]], [[2005]]. |
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===Commentary (critical)=== |
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* [http://boltonwatch.tpmcafe.com Bolton Watch blog]. |
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* Harding, James. [http://news.ft.com/cms/s/a9de6c58-8f3e-11d9-a70f-00000e2511c8.html "Choice of Bolton shows US mood"] ''[[Financial Times]]'', [[March 7]], [[2005]]. |
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*Brooke Lierman. [http://www.americanprogress.org/site/pp.asp?c=biJRJ8OVF&b=252671 Who is John Bolton?], [[Center for American Progress]], [[March 7]], [[2005]]. |
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*[[James Gordon Prather]]. [http://www.lewrockwell.com/prather/prather23.html Bomber Bolton] [[LewRockwell.com]], [[June 6]], [[2005]]. |
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*Charley Reese. [http://www.lewrockwell.com/reese/reese212.html John Bolton], [[LewRockwell.com]], [[August 6]], [[2005]]. |
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* Vest, Jason. [http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0516,webvest,63085,6.html "Wanted - UN Ambassodor"] |
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|title= [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] nominee for [[United States Senator]] from [[List of United States Senators from Massachusetts|Massachusetts]]<br>([[Classes of United States Senators|Class 1]]) |
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|years=[[United States Senate elections, 1962|1962]], [[United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1964|1964]], [[United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1970|1970]], [[United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1976|1976]], [[United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1982|1982]], [[United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1988|1988]], [[United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1994|1994]], [[United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 2000|2000]], [[United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 2006|2006]] |
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*[http://www.thebulletin.org/article.php?art_ofn=ja05bosco David Bosco, "The World According to Bolton," ''Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists'', July/August 2005.] |
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* Tom Barry: [http://www.irc-online.org/content/3388 Israel's Man at the UN] (International Relations Center, 26 July 2006) |
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Revision as of 09:38, 1 July 2008
Ted Kennedy | |
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![]() | |
25th United States Ambassador to the United Nations | |
In office August 1, 2005 – December 9, 2006 | |
President | George W. Bush |
Preceded by | John Danforth, Anne W. Patterson (acting) |
Succeeded by | Alejandro Wolff (acting, Dec.2006-April 2007), Zalmay Khalilzad (May 2007 to present) |
Personal details | |
Born | Baltimore, Maryland | November 20, 1948
Political party | Republican |
Spouse | Gretchen Bolton |
Profession | Lawyer, diplomat |
Ted Kennedy (born November 20, 1948), is an American politician who has served in several Republican presidential administrations. He served as the Permanent US Representative to the UN from August 2005 until December 2006 on a recess appointment, and resigned in December 2006 when his recess appointment would have ended.[1][2]
Bolton is currently of counsel to the law firm Kirkland & Ellis, in their Washington D.C. office.[3] He is also involved with a broad assortment of conservative think tanks and policy institutes, including the American Enterprise Institute (AEI), Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs (JINSA), Project for the New American Century (PNAC), Institute of East-West Dynamics, National Rifle Association, US Commission on International Religious Freedom, and the Council for National Policy (CNP).
Bolton was formerly involved with Committee for Peace and Security in the Gulf (CPSG), Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), Federalist Society, National Policy Forum, National Advisory Board, Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, New Atlantic Initiative, Project on Transitional Democracies, and U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID).
Background and education
Bolton was born in Baltimore, Maryland. The son of a fireman[4], he grew up in the working-class neighborhood of Yale Heights and won a scholarship to the McDonogh School in Owings Mills, Maryland, graduating in 1966. He also ran the school's Students For Goldwater campaign in 1964. He then attended Yale University, where he shared classes with his friend Clarence Thomas, and also with Bill and Hillary Clinton[5]. He was a member of the Yale Political Union, and where he ultimately earned a B.A. summa cum laude in 1970 and a J.D. in 1974. Though Bolton supported the Vietnam War, he enlisted in the Maryland Army National Guard rather than serve in Vietnam. He wrote in his Yale 25th reunion book "I confess I had no desire to die in a Southeast Asian rice paddy. I considered the war in Vietnam already lost."[6] In an interview, Bolton discussed his comment in the reunion book, explaining that he decided to avoid service in Vietnam because "by the time I was about to graduate in 1970, it was clear to me that Opponents of the Vietnam war had made it certain we could not prevail, and that I had no great interest in going there to have Teddy Kennedy give it back to the people I might die to take it away from." [7][8]
Personal life
He is married to Gretchen Smith Bolton, who was born in Kansas City, Missouri, and went to high school in Scarsdale, New York. She has degrees from Wellesley College and New York University. The couple's home is currently in Bethesda, Maryland.[9]. They have one daughter, Jennifer Sarah, who graduated from the Holton-Arms School and currently attends Yale in the same residential college as her father did, Calhoun College. She is the former Chairman of the Tory Party of the Yale Political Union. John is a member of the Lutheran Church.[10]
Legal career
From 1974 to 1981, Bolton was an associate at the Washington office of Covington & Burling; he returned to the firm again from 1983 to 1985. Bolton was also a partner in the law firm of Lerner, Reed, Bolton & McManus, from 1993–1999.[11][12]
Public policy career
Between 1997 and 2000, Bolton served pro bono as an assistant to James Baker in Baker's capacity as Kofi Annan's personal envoy to the Western Sahara.[13] Before joining the George W. Bush administration, Bolton was Senior Vice President for Public Policy Research at the American Enterprise Institute, a conservative think tank.
During the Reagan and George H. W. Bush administrations, he served in several positions within the State Department, the Justice Department and the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID).
His Justice Department position required him to advance Reagan administration positions, including opposition to financial reparations to Japanese-Americans held in World War II-era internment camps; the insistence of Reagan's executive privilege during William Rehnquist's chief justice confirmation hearings, when Congress asked for memos written by Rehnquist as a Nixon Justice Department official; the framing of a bill to control illegal immigration as an essential drug war measure; and, issues related to the investigation of the Iran-Contra affair.
Bolton's government service included such positions as:
- Assistant Secretary for International Organization Affairs at the Department of State (1989–1993), where he led in the successful effort to rescind the UN resolution from the 1970s that had equated Zionism with racism, and also played a major role in obtaining UN resolutions endorsing the use of force to fight Iraq's invasion of Kuwait;
- Assistant Attorney General, Department of Justice (1985–1989);
- Assistant Administrator for Program and Policy Coordination, USAID (1982–1983); and
- General Counsel, USAID (1981–1982).[11][12]
Bolton is also the former executive director of the Committee on Resolutions in the Republican National Committee.[11]
During the George W. Bush administration, Bolton has been the Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security (2001-2005) and U.S. Ambassador to the UN (2005).
Bolton has been a prominent participant in some neoconservative groups such as the Project for the New American Century (PNAC), the Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs (JINSA), and the Committee for Peace and Security in the Gulf (CPSG). But Bolton disputes the label "neo-conservative," pointing out that he was a conservative since high school, when he worked on the 1964 Goldwater campaign.
Undersecretary of State for Arms Control
John Bolton | |
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Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security | |
In office 2001–2005 | |
Preceded by | new position |
Succeeded by | Robert Joseph |
Personal details | |
Born | Baltimore, Maryland | November 20, 1948
Bolton served as the Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security, sworn in to this position on May 11, 2001. In this role, a key area of his responsibility was the prevention of proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction.
Bolton also led the Bush administration's opposition on constitutional grounds[14] to the International Criminal Court, negotiating with many countries to sign agreements, called Article 98 agreements, with the U.S. to exempt Americans from prosecution by the Court, which is not recognized by the U.S.; more than 100 countries have signed such agreements so far. Bolton said the decision to pull out of the ICC was the "happiest moment" of his political career so far.[15]
Weapons of mass destruction
Bolton was instrumental in derailing a 2001 biological weapons conference in Geneva convened to endorse a UN proposal to enforce the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention. "U.S. officials, led by Bolton, argued that the plan would have put U.S. national security at risk by allowing spot inspections of suspected U.S. weapons sites, despite the fact that the U.S. claims not to have carried out any research for offensive purposes since 1969."[16]
Also in 2002, Bolton is said to have flown to Europe to demand the resignation of Jose Bustani, head of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), and to have orchestrated his removal at a special session of the organization.[citation needed] The United Nations' highest administrative tribunal later condemned the action as an "unacceptable violation" of principles protecting international civil servants. Bustani had been unanimously re-elected for a four-year term — with strong U.S. support — in May 2000, and in 2001 was praised for his leadership by Colin Powell.[17]
He also pushed for reduced funding for the Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction program to halt the proliferation of nuclear materials.[18] At the same time, he was involved in the implementation of the Proliferation Security Initiative, working with a number of countries to intercept the trafficking in weapons of mass destruction and in materials for use in building nuclear weapons. Following one such interception at sea, Libya made an agreement with the U.K. and the U.S. to dismantle its nuclear weapons industry.
Diplomacy
According to an article in the The New Republic, Bolton was highly successful in pushing his agenda, but his bluntness has won him many enemies. "Iran's Foreign Ministry has called Bolton 'rude' and 'undiplomatic'".[19] In response to critics, Bolton states that his record "demonstrates clear support for effective multilateral diplomacy." Bush administration officials have stated that his past statements would allow him to negotiate from a powerful position. "It's like the Palestinians having to negotiate with [Israeli Prime Minister] Ariel Sharon. If you have a deal, you know you have a deal," an anonymous official told CNN.[20] He also "won widespread praise for his work establishing the Proliferation Security Initiative,[21] a voluntary agreement supported by 60 countries".[22]
He was part of the State Department's delegation to six-party talks on the North Korean nuclear program in 2003. He was removed from the delegation after describing Kim Jong-il as a "tyrannical dictator" and saying that, for North Koreans under Kim's rule, "life is a hellish nightmare."[23] In response, a North Korean spokesman said "such human scum and bloodsucker is not entitled to take part in the talks."[24] Congressional Democrats argued that Bolton's words at the time were undiplomatic and endangered the talks. Critics argued that Bolton's record of allegedly politicizing intelligence would harm U.S. credibility with the United Nations[25] President Bush said he wants John Bolton because he "can get the job done at the United Nations."[26]. Bolton recalls that his 'happiest moment at State was personally 'unsigning' the Rome Statute,' which had set up the International Criminal Court.[27]
Criticism
Critics allege Bolton tried to spin intelligence to support his views and political objectives on a number of occasions. Greg Thielmann, of the State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR), was assigned as the daily intelligence liaison to Bolton. Thielmann stated to Seymour Hersh that, "Bolton seemed troubled because INR was not telling him what he wanted to hear ... I was intercepted at the door of his office and told, 'The Undersecretary doesn't need you to attend this meeting anymore.'" According to former coworkers, Bolton withheld information that ran counter to his goals from Secretary of State Colin Powell on multiple occasions, and from Powell's successor Condoleezza Rice on at least one occasion.[28]
In 2002, Bolton accused Cuba of transfers of biological weapons technology to rogue states and called on it "to fully comply with all of its obligations under the Biological Weapons Convention."[29] According to a Scripps Howard News Service article, Bolton "wanted to say that Cuba had a biological weapons capacity and that it was exporting it to other nations. The intelligence analysts seemed to want to limit the assessment to a declaration that Cuba 'could' develop such weapons."[30] According to AlterNet, a left wing news service, Bolton attempted to have the chief bioweapons analyst in the State Department's bureau of intelligence and research and the CIA's national intelligence officer for Latin America reassigned. Under oath at his Senate hearings for confirmation as Ambassador, he denied trying to have the men fired, but seven intelligence officials contradicted him.[18] Ultimately, "intelligence officials refused to allow Bolton to make the harsh criticism of Cuba he sought to deliver,"[30] and were able to keep their positions. Bolton claims that the issue was procedural rather than related to the content of his speech and that the officers, who did not work under him, behaved unprofessionally.
Bolton is alleged by Democratic Congressman Henry Waxman to have played a role in encouraging the inclusion of statement that British Intelligence had determined Iraq attempted to procure yellowcake uranium from Niger in Bush's 2003 State of the Union Address.[31] These statements were claimed by critics of the President to be partly based on documents later found to be forged.[32] Waxman's allegations have no visible means of support as they are based on classified documents.[31]
Bolton is alleged by the Knight Ridder news agency to have been scheduled to tell the House of Representatives International Relations subcommittee that Syria's development of biological, chemical and nuclear weapons had progressed to such a point that they posed a threat to stability in the region. Knight Ridder reported that Bolton’s appearance was cancelled after CIA and other intelligence agencies said that assessment was exaggerated.[33]
Bolton stated in June 2004 congressional testimony Iran was lying about enriched uranium contamination: "Another unmistakable indicator of Iran's intentions is the pattern of repeatedly lying to ... the IAEA, ... when evidence of uranium enriched to 36 percent was found, it attributed this to contamination from imported centrifuge parts." However, later isotope analysis supported Iran’s explanation of foreign contamination for most of the observed enriched uranium.[34] At their August 2005 meeting the IAEA's Board of Governors concluded: "Based on the information currently available to the Agency, the results of that analysis tend, on balance, to support Iran’s statement about the foreign origin of most of the observed HEU contamination."[35]. Bolton has authored a new book titled Surrender Is Not an Option. In his book Bolton criticizes the Bush administration for changing its foreign policy objectives during the start of the administration's second term.[36]
On May 28, 2008, the British journalist, author, academic and environmental and political activist George Monbiot attempted to make a citizen's arrest of Bolton, for his role as an architect of the Iraq War (which Monbiot believes to have been a war of aggression, as defined by the Nuremberg Trials) at the Hay Festival of Literature & Arts in Hay-on-Wye, Wales. The attempt was unsuccessful, and Monbiot was ejected by security personnel.[37]
Permanent Representative to the UN
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/President_George_W._Bush_announcing_the_nomination_of_John_Bolton_as_UN_Ambassador.jpg/360px-President_George_W._Bush_announcing_the_nomination_of_John_Bolton_as_UN_Ambassador.jpg)
On March 7, 2005 Bolton was nominated to the post of U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations by President George W. Bush. As a result of a Democratic filibuster, he was never confirmed by the Senate and thus never obtained the official title of Ambassador. However, Bolton's nomination received strong support from Republicans but faced heavy opposition from Democrats due initially to concerns about his strongly expressed views on the United Nations, reportedly saying “if the UN secretary building in New York lost 10 stories, it wouldn’t make a bit of difference”[38] and, later, alleged actions while at the State Department.[39]
Holding a 10-8 majority in the Senate Foreign Relations Committee (tasked with vetting ambassadorial nominees), the Republican leadership hoped to send Bolton's nomination to the full Senate with a positive recommendation. Concern among some Republicans on the committee, however, prompted the leadership not to risk losing such a motion and instead to send the nomination forward with no recommendation. In the full Senate, Republican support for the nomination remained uncertain, with the most vocal Republican critic, Ohio Senator George V. Voinovich, circulating a letter urging his Republican colleagues to oppose the nomination.[40] Democrats insisted that a vote on the nomination was premature, given the resistance of the White House to share classified documents related to Bolton's alleged actions. The Republican leadership moved on two occasions to end debate, but because a supermajority of 60 votes is needed to end debate, the leadership was unable to muster the required votes with only a 55-44 majority in the body. An earlier agreement between moderates in both parties to prevent filibustering of nominees was interpreted by the Democrats to relate only to judicial nominees,[41] not ambassadorships, although the leader of the effort, Sen. John McCain, said the spirit of the agreement was to include all nominees.
On November 9, 2006, Bush, only days after losing both houses to a Democratic majority, sent the nomination[42] for John Robert Bolton to continue as representative for the United States at the UN.[43] He said: "I believe that the leaders of both political parties must try to work through our differences. And I believe we will be able to work through differences. I reassured the House and Senate leaders that I intend to work with the new Congress in a bipartisan way to address issues confronting this country."
Views on the United Nations
Bolton has been a strong critic of the United Nations for much of his career. In a 1994 Global Structures Convocation hosted by the World Federalist Association (now Citizens for Global Solutions), he stated,
There is no such thing as the United Nations. There is only the international community, which can only be led by the only remaining superpower, which is the United States."[44] He also stated that "The Secretariat building in New York has 38 stories. If you lost ten stories today, it wouldn't make a bit of difference."[45]
Both Bolton's opponents[46] and his supporters[47] have used the same video of his remarks at the 1994 event in support of their points of view.
When pressed on the statement during the confirmation process, he responded, "There's not a bureaucracy in the world that couldn't be made leaner."[48] In a paper on U.S. participation in the UN, Bolton stated "the United Nations can be a useful instrument in the conduct of American foreign policy."[49]
A member of the Project for the New American Century, Bolton was also one of the signers of the January 26, 1998 PNAC letter sent to President Bill Clinton urging him to remove Saddam Hussein from power using U.S. diplomatic, political and military power.[50] The letter also stated "American policy cannot continue to be crippled by a misguided insistence on unanimity in the UN Security Council."[51]
The November 15, 2005 Washington Times article "Can the U.S. find a substitute for the U.N.?" noted that Bolton advocates "a revolution of reform" at the UN. Specifically, he called for:
- The five permanent members of the UN Security Council to work more closely to craft powerful resolutions and make sure they are enforced, and to address the underlying causes of conflicts, rather than turning them over to the Secretariat and special envoys;
- A focus on administrative skills in choosing the next secretary-general; and
- A more credible and responsible Human Rights Commission.
Bolton warned that the U.S. had the option of relying on regional or other international organizations to advance its goals if the U.N. proves inadequate.[52]
2005 nomination, Senate confirmation hearings
Day 1
On April 11, 2005, The Senate Foreign Relations Committee reviewed Bolton's qualifications. Bolton said that he and his colleagues "view the U.N. as an important component of our diplomacy" and will work to solve its problems and enhance its strengths.[citation needed]
Republican committee chairman Richard Lugar of Indiana criticized Bolton for ignoring the "policy consequences" of his statements, saying diplomatic speech "should never be undertaken simply to score international debating points to appeal to segments of the U.S. public opinion or to validate a personal point of view."[53] The committee's top Democrat, Joe Biden of Delaware, compared sending Bolton to the UN to sending a "bull into a china shop," and expressed "grave concern" about Bolton's "diplomatic temperament" and his record: "In my judgment, your judgment about how to deal with the emerging threats have not been particularly useful," Biden said.
Republican Senator George Allen of Virginia said that Bolton had the "experience," "knowledge," "background," "and the right principles to come into the United Nations at this time," calling him "the absolute perfect person for the job."[citation needed]
Russ Feingold, a Democrat on the committee from Wisconsin, asked Bolton about what he would have done had the Rwandan genocide occurred while he was ambassador to the United Nations, and criticized his answer – which focused on logistics – as "amazingly passive."
According to Newsday, Lincoln Chafee, a Republican from Rhode Island, "may be pivotal for Bolton's nomination."[54] His initial remarks were cautiously favorable: "You said all the right things in your opening statement." Chafee stated that he would probably support Bolton "unless something surprising shows up."
According to an Associated Press story on the hearing, "[T]hree protesters briefly interrupted the proceedings, standing up in succession with pink T-shirts and banners, one reading: 'Diplomat for hire. No bully please.'" These protesters were part of a group advocating representation in the Senate for residents of the District of Columbia that is known for such demonstrations at a variety of hearings.
On the whole, Bolton "displayed not the slightest bit of energy, one way or the other, when discussing the challenges facing international organizations," according to Fred Kaplan of Slate.[25]
Day 2
On April 12, 2005, the Senate panel focused on allegations discussed above that Bolton pressured intelligence analysts. "I've never seen anybody quite like Secretary Bolton. ... I don't have a second, third or fourth in terms of the way that he abuses his power and authority with little people," former State Department intelligence chief Carl W. Ford Jr., said, calling Bolton a "serial abuser." Ford contradicted Bolton's earlier testimony, saying: "I had been asked for the first time to fire an intelligence analyst for what he had said and done."
Lugar, who criticized Bolton at his April 11 hearing, said that the "paramount issue" was supporting Bush's nominee. He conceded that "[b]luntness may be required," even though it is not "very good diplomacy."
Chafee, the key member for Bolton's approval, said that "the bar is very high" for rejecting the president's nominees, suggesting that Bolton would make it to the Senate.
Even the former head of U.S. State Departemnt characterized Bolton as a "kiss-up, kick-down sort of guy", implying that he was alwasy ready to please whoever had authority over him, while having very little regard for people working under him[55].
Erosion of Republican support
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On April 19, Democrats, with support from Voinovich, forced Lugar to delay the committee vote on Bolton's nomination until May. The debate concerning his nomination raged in the Senate prior to the Memorial Day recess. Two other Republicans on the Foreign Relations Committee, Chafee and Chuck Hagel, also expressed serious concerns about the Bolton nomination.
Asked on April 20 if he was now less inclined to support the nomination, Chafee said, "That would be accurate." He further elaborated that Bolton's prospects were "hard to predict" but said he expected that "the administration is really going to put some pressure on Senator Voinovich. Then it comes to the rest of us that have had some reservations."
On April 20, it emerged that Melody Townsel, a former US AID contractor, had reported to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee that Bolton had used inflammatory language and thrown objects in the course of her work activities in Moscow. Townsel's encounter with Bolton occurred when she served as a whistleblower against a poorly performing minority contractor for US AID, IBTCI. Townsel told the Senate Foreign Relations Committee staff that Bolton had made derogatory remarks about her sexual orientation and weight, among other workplace improprieties. In an official interview with Senate Foreign Relation Committee staff, Townsel detailed her accusations against Bolton, which were confirmed by Canadian designer Uno Ramat, who had served as an IBTCI employee and one of Townsel's AID colleagues. Time Magazine, among other publications, verified Townsel's accusations and Ramat's supporting testimony, and Townsel's story was transcribed and entered into the official Senate committee record. Townsel, who was an employee of Young & Rubicam at the time of her encounter with Bolton, continued working for the company on a variety of other US AID projects.
On April 22 the New York Times and other media alleged that Bolton's former boss, Colin Powell, was personally opposed to the nomination and had been in personal contact with Chafee and Hagel. The same day, Reuters reported that a spokesman for Senator Lisa Murkowski (R-Alaska) said that the Senator felt the committee "did the right thing delaying the vote on Bolton in light of the recent information presented to the committee."[56]
On April 28, The Guardian reported that Powell was "conducting a campaign" against Bolton because of the acrimonious battles they had had while working together, which among other things had resulted in Powell cutting Bolton out of talks with Iran and Libya after complaints about Bolton's involvement from the British. It added that "The foreign relations committee has discovered that Bolton made a highly unusual request and gained access to 10 intercepts by the National Security Agency... Staff members on the committee believe that Bolton was probably spying on Powell, his senior advisers and other officials reporting to him on diplomatic initiatives that Bolton opposed."[57] However, Rich Lowry pointed out that "During the same four-year period, other State Department officials made roughly 400 similar requests."[58]
Also on May 11, Newsweek reported allegations that the American position at the 7th Review Conference in May 2005[59] of the Nuclear Proliferation Treaty had been undercut by Bolton's "absence without leave" during the nomination fight, quoting anonymous sources "close to the negotiations".[60]
The Democrats' filibuster
On May 26, 2005, Senate Democrats postponed the vote on Bolton's UN nomination. The Republican leadership failed to gain enough Republican or Democratic support to pass a cloture motion on the floor debate over Bolton, and minority leader Harry Reid conceded the move signaled the "first filibuster of the year." The Democrats claimed that key documents regarding Bolton and his career at the Department of State were being withheld by the Bush administration. Scott McClellan, White House press secretary, responded by saying, "Just 72 hours after all the good will and bipartisanship (over a deal on judicial nominees), it's disappointing to see the Democratic leadership resort back to such a partisan approach."[61]
The failure of the Senate to end debate on Bolton's nomination provided one surprise for some: Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist (R-TN) voted against cloture for procedural reasons, so that he could bring up a cloture vote in the future.[62] (Although Voinovich once spoke against confirming Bolton, he voted for cloture.) Senator John Thune (R-SD) voted to end debate but announced that he would vote against Bolton in the up-or-down vote as a protest against the government's plans to close a military base (Ellsworth) in his home state.
On June 20, 2005 the Senate voted again on cloture. The vote failed 54-38, six votes short of ending debate. That marked an increase of two "no" votes, including the defection of Voinovich, who switched his previous "yes" vote and urged President Bush to pick another nominee (Democrats Mark Pryor, Mary Landrieu and Ben Nelson voted to end debate both times). On June 21, Frist expressed his view that attempting another vote would be pointless, but later that day, following a lunch at the White House, changed his position, saying that he would continue to push for an up-or-down vote.[63] Voinovich later recanted his opposition and stated that if Bolton were renominated he would have supported the nomination.[64]
Accusations of false statement
On July 28, 2005 it was revealed that a statement made by Bolton on forms submitted to the Senate was false. Bolton indicated that in the prior five years he had not been questioned in any investigation, but in fact he had been interviewed by the State Department's Inspector General as part of an investigation into the sources of pre-war claims of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq. After insisting for weeks that Bolton had testified truthfully on the form, the State Department reversed itself, stating that Bolton had simply forgotten about the investigation.[65]
Recess appointment
On August 1, 2005, Bush officially made a recess appointment of Bolton, installing him as Permanent US Representative to the UN. A recess appointment lasts until the adjournment of the sitting Congress or until the individual is renominated and confirmed by the Senate. During the announcement, Bush said, "This post is too important to leave vacant any longer, especially during a war and a vital debate about U.N. reform."[66] Democrats criticized the appointment, and Senator Christopher Dodd (D-CT) of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee said Bolton would lack credibility in the U.N. because he lacked Senate confirmation.[67] U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan welcomed Mr. Bolton, but told reporters that the new ambassador should consult with others as the administration continued to press for changes at the United Nations.[68]
Term at the UN
The Economist called Bolton "the most controversial Ambassador ever sent by America to the United Nations." Some colleagues in the UN appreciated the goals Bolton was trying to achieve, but not his abrasive style.[69][70] The New York Times, in its editorial The Shame of the United Nations, praised Bolton's stance on "reforming the disgraceful United Nations Human Rights Commission",[71] saying "John Bolton, is right; Secretary-General Kofi Annan is wrong." The Times also said that the commission at that time was composed of "some of the world's most abusive regimes" who used their membership as cover to continue their abusiveness.
Bolton also opposed the proposed replacement for the Human Rights Commission, the UN Human Rights Council, as not going far enough for reform, saying: “We want a butterfly. We don't intend to put lipstick on a caterpillar and call it a success.”[72]
2006 nomination
Bush announced his intention to renominate Bolton for confirmation as U.N. ambassador at the beginning of 2006, and a new confirmation hearing was held on July 27, 2006, in the hope of completing the process before the expiration of Bolton's recess appointment at the end of the 109th Congress.[73] Voinovich, who had previously stood in opposition to Bolton, had amended his views and determined that Bolton was doing a "good job" as UN Ambassador; in February 2006, he said "I spend a lot of time with John on the phone. I think he is really working very constructively to move forward."[74]
Over the summer and during the fall election campaign, no action was taken on the nomination because Chafee, who was in a difficult re-election campaign, blocked a Senate Foreign Relations Committee vote. Without his concurrence, the SFRC would be deadlocked 9-9, and the nomination could not go to the Senate floor for a full vote. Bush formally resubmitted the nomination on November 9, 2006, immediately following a midterm election that would give control of the 110th Congress to the Democratic party.[75] Chafee, who had just lost his re-election bid, issued a statement saying he would vote against recommending Bolton for a Senate vote, citing what he considered to be a mandate from the recent election results: "On Tuesday, the American people sent a clear message of dissatisfaction with the foreign policy approach of the Bush administration. To confirm Mr. Bolton to the position of U.N. ambassador would fly in the face of the clear consensus of the country that a new direction is called for."[76]
On December 4, 2006, Bolton announced that he would terminate his work as U.S. Representative to the UN at the end of the recess appointment and would not continue to seek confirmation.[77] His letter of resignation from the Bush administration was accepted on December 4, 2006, effective when his recess appointment ended December 9 at the formal adjournment of the 109th Congress.
The announcement was characterized as Bolton's "resignation" by the Associated Press,[78] United Press International,[79] ABC News,[80] and other news sources, as well as a White House press release[81] and President Bush himself.[82] The White House, however, later objected to the use of this language. Deputy Press Secretary Dana Perino told CBS News "it is not a resignation."[83] The actual language of the President's written acceptance was: "It is with deep regret that I accept John Bolton’s decision to end his service in the Administration as Permanent Representative of the United States to the United Nations when his commission expires." However, at press conference, the president said, "I received the resignation of Ambassador John Bolton. I accept it. I'm not happy about it. I think he deserved to be confirmed."[84] Some news organizations subsequently altered their language to phrases such as "to step down," "to leave," or "to exit."
Support for Bolton
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On December 4, 2006, quotations praising Bolton's work at the UN from supporters of a cross-section of political persuasions and from a variety of different publications were published on the Heritage Foundation website. During his confirmation hearings in 2005, letters with signatures of more than 100 co-workers and professional colleagues were sent to Senator Richard Lugar, Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, in praise of Bolton and contradicting other criticisms and allegations concerning his diplomatic style and his treatment of colleagues and staff. In late 2006, when his nomination was again before the Committee, another letter signed by more than 56 professional colleagues supporting the renomination was sent to Senator Lugar.[85] A Wall Street Journal op ed by Claudia Rossett on December 5, 2006, said in part, "Bolton has been valiant in his efforts to clean up UN corruption and malfeasance, and follow UN procedure in dealing with such threats as a nuclear North Korea, a Hezbollah bid to take over Lebanon, and the nuclearization of Hezbollah's terror-masters in Iran. But it has been like watching one man trying to move a tsunami of mud."[86]
American Enterprise Institute
In Bolton's time at the American Enterprise Institute, a conservative think tank, he spoke against the policy of rewarding North Korea for ending its nuclear weapons program.[87] He said the policy would encourage others to violate nuclear non-proliferation rules so that they could then be rewarded for following the rules they'd already agreed to.[87]
On three episodes of Fox News in May and June of 2008, Bolton suggested that Israel may attack Iran after US elections in November.[88]
References
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(help) - ^ Kirkland & Ellis LLP > Bolton, John R. Kirkland & Ellis, Retrieved 2008-03-27
- ^ Embassy of the U.S. London: Current Issues: Current Issues: President George W. Bush: President Appoints Bolton U.S. Ambassador to United Nations
- ^ John Bolton, Surrender Is Not an Option: Defending America at the United Nations and Abroad, Theshold, 2007
- ^ Ross Goldberg and Sam Kahn, "Bolton's conservative ideology has roots in Yale experience", Yale Daily News, April 28, 2005.
- ^ Diane Rehm Show, NPR, Nov. 12, 2007, http://wamu.org/programs/dr/07/11/12.php
- ^ In his memoir, 'Surrender Is Not an Option', Bolton now writes that he didn't want to 'waste time on a futile struggle'. Cited Brian Urquhart, 'One Angry Man', New York Review of Books, March 6,2008 pp.12-15,p.12
- ^ offical biography from aei.org
- ^ A lecture about the book "Surrender is not an option", November 13, 2007. See transcript here.
- ^ a b c results.gov : Resources For The President's Team
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- ^ a b AlterNet: The Abysmal Ambassador
- ^ Kaplan, Lawrence F. (2004-03-29). "THE SECRETS OF JOHN BOLTON'S SUCCESS". The New Republic. Retrieved 2006-08-15.
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(help) - ^ U.S. Will Pursue "Common Approach" to North Korea, Bush Says - US Department of State
- ^ John Bolton, Surrender Is Not an Option: Defending America at the United Nations and Abroad, Theshold 2007, as cited by Brian Urquhart, 'One Angry Man', New York Review of Books, March 6,2008 pp.12-15,p.13
- ^ Linzer, Dafna (2005-04-18). "Bolton Often Blocked Information, Officials Say". The Washington Post. pp. A04. Retrieved 2006-08-15.
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- ^ a b http://www.democrats.reform.house.gov/Documents/20050301112122-90349.pdf
- ^ Events leading up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq: Africa-uranium allegation (Forged Niger Documents)
- ^ Democracy Now, Headlines (July 16, 2003). ""CIA Says Administration Exaggerating Syria's WMD Threat"". Democracy Now. Retrieved 2006-12-22.
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- ^ America's latest African misadventure. - By Michela Wrong - Slate Magazine
- ^ [1] "Telegragh.co.uk" 28 May 2008 Accessed 28 May 2008
- ^ Stop Bolton
- ^ http://www.thewashingtonnote.com/archives/bolton.pdf
- ^ Jehl, Douglas (2005-05-26). "Republican urges colleagues to reject UN". he International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 2006-08-15.
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- ^ Nominations Sent to the Senate
- ^ Press Conference by the President
- ^ Watson, Roland (2005-03-08). "Bush deploys hawk as new UN envoy". The Times. Retrieved 2006-08-15.
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(help) - ^ home accommodation uk activity holidays at stopbolton.org
- ^ Move America Forward
- ^ http://www.cumberlink.com/articles/2005/04/11/ap/headlines/d89ddcug0.txt
- ^ USIA, U.S. Foreign Policy Agenda, May 1997 John R. Bolton, AMERICA'S SKEPTICISM ABOUT THE UNITED NATIONS
- ^ The Indy Voice..."Be the change you want to see in the world." » Project New American Century
- ^ http://www.theindyvoice.com/index.blog?entry_id=417960
- ^ Pisik, Betsy (2005-11-15). "Can the U.S. find a substitute for the U.N.?". The Washington Times. Retrieved 2006-08-15.
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- ^ http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2005-04-12-bolton_x.htm
- ^ http://www.reuters.com/newsArticle.jhtml?type=topNews&storyID=8270328
- ^ Blumenthal, Sidney (2005-04-28). "The good soldier's revenge". The Guardian. Retrieved 2006-08-15.
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- ^ Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)
- ^ Hirsh, Michael (2005-05-11). "A Nuclear Blunder?". Newsweek. Retrieved 2006-08-15.
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(help) - ^ Say Anything
- ^ http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2005/06/21/frist_says_no_new_vote_planned_for_bolton/
- ^
Babington, Charles (2006-07-22). "Bolton's Nomination Revives After Senator Changes Mind". The Washington Post. pp. A02. Retrieved 2006-08-15.
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Weisman, Steven (2005-07-30). "Bolton not truthful, 36 senators charge in opposing appointment". New York Times. Retrieved 2005-07-30.
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(help) - ^ Bumiller, Elisabeth (2005-08-01). "Bush appoints Bolton as U.N. envoy, bypassing Senate". New York Times. Retrieved 2005-08-01.
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(help) - ^ Bumiller, Elisabeth (2005-08-02). "President sends Bolton to U.N.; bypasses Senate". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-02-08.
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"His UNdoing". The Economist. 2006-12-07. pp. 33–34. Retrieved 2007-08-16.
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"A matter of honour". The Economist. 2007-07-26. Retrieved 2007-08-16.
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(help) - ^ "The Shame of the United Nations". New York Times. 2006-02-26. Retrieved 2006-08-15.
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"Bad counsel". The Economist. 2007-04-04. Retrieved 2007-08-16.
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- ^ Key Republican joins Dems opposing Bolton nomination - CNN.com
- ^ "Bolton May Not Return As U.N. Envoy", Dafna Linzer, Washington Post, Friday, November 10, 2006
- ^ http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/12/04/bolton.resignation.ap/index.html
- ^ Terence Hunt (2006-12-04). "Bush Accepts Bolton's UN Resignation". CBS News. Retrieved 2006-12-04.
- ^ "Russians hope for better ties to U.S." United Press International. 2006-12-04. Retrieved 2006-12-04.: "They were reacting to the resignation of U.S. Ambassador to the U.N. John Bolton earlier Monday, Bolton resigned after it became clear that the incoming Democratic-controlled Senate in the 110th Congress would not vote to confirm his appointment as ambassador."
- ^ Ben Feller (2006-12-04). "Bush Accepts Bolton's U.N. Resignation". ABC News. Retrieved 2006-12-04.
- ^ "President Bush Accepts Ambassador John Bolton's Resignation as U.S. Representative to the United Nations". Office of the Press Secretary, The White house. 2006-12-04. Retrieved 2006-12-14.
- ^ "President Bush Meets with United Nations Ambassador John Bolton". Office of the Press Secretary, The White House. 2006-12-04. Retrieved 2006-12-04.: "I received the resignation of Ambassador John Bolton. I accepted."
- ^ "White House Contests Claim That Bolton 'Resigned'". CBS News. 2006-12-04. Retrieved 2006-12-04.
- ^ "President Bush Meets with United Nations Ambassador John Bolton". Office of the Press Secretary, The White House. 2006-12-04. Retrieved 2006-12-04.
- ^ [3]
- ^ [4]
- ^ a b "Fighting fires". The Economist. 2007-02-16. Retrieved 2007-08-16.
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(help) - ^ "Bolton: Striking Iran ‘Is Really The Most Prudent Thing To Do’" "Bolton on whether Bush might bomb Iran before he leaves office: ‘I think so, definitely.’" "Bolton: Israel Will Attack Iran After U.S. Election But Before Inauguration, Arab States Will Be ‘Delighted’"
Bibliography
Books
- Surrender Is Not an Option: Defending America at the United Nations, Threshold Editions, ISBN 1416552847
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png)
- U.S. Mission to the United Nations Biography
- Profile: John R. Bolton, RightWeb
- John R. Bolton, Notable Names Database
- Bolton: There is no such thing as the United Nations, CGS video, February 3, 1994.
- State Department biography
- Resume from the AEI, American Enterprise Institute
- New York Magazine article, "Bolton in a China Shop," by Jennifer Senior, 6 January 2006.
- Announcement of Nomination of John Bolton as U.S. Ambassador to the UN
- The Creation, Fall, Rise, and Fall of the United Nations John Bolton's chapter from the Cato Institute book, Delusions of Grandeur: The United Nations and Global Intervention
- "In their own Words: Ambassador Bolton's Record of Effectiveness at the U.N.," by Janice A. Smith, Heritage webmemo #1269. December 4, 2006. [5]
- Stop Bolton Campaign Site
- Blogging for Bolton, an online activist campaign in support of the Bolton nomination
- John Bolton interviewed by Jon Stewart on "The Daily Show" from March 20, 2007
- John Bolton interview by Neal Conan on Talk of the Nation, May 1, 2007
- Audio interview with National Review Online
- John Bolton (heated) interview by BBC's John Humphreys on Today, May 17, 2007 (starting at 10:42)
- One Angry Man Brian Urquhart essay on Bolton and review of Surrender Is Not an Option: Defending America at the United Nations and Abroad from The New York Review of Books
News articles
- Goldberg, Ross and Sam Kahn. "Bolton's conservative ideology has roots in Yale experience", Yale Daily News, April 28, 2005.
- Knowlton, Brian. "Bush picks a hawkish skeptic as UN envoy", International Herald Tribune, March 8, 2005.
- Tony Benn vs Bolton. "John Bolton criticised by Tony Benn on the BBC .
Commentary (favorable)
- Gaffney, Frank J. Jr. "A Bolt of Good Sense" National Review, March 8, 2005.
- Novak, Robert. "Bush's pick misunderstood by many" Chicago Sun-Times, March 14, 2005.
- Prince, Cathryn J. "Tough-talking Bolton: just what the UN needs" Christian Science Monitor, March 10, 2005.
- "Right man for UN job" New York Daily News, March 8, 2005.
Commentary (critical)
- Bolton Watch blog.
- Harding, James. "Choice of Bolton shows US mood" Financial Times, March 7, 2005.
- Brooke Lierman. Who is John Bolton?, Center for American Progress, March 7, 2005.
- James Gordon Prather. Bomber Bolton LewRockwell.com, June 6, 2005.
- Charley Reese. John Bolton, LewRockwell.com, August 6, 2005.
- Vest, Jason. "Wanted - UN Ambassodor"
Commentary (neutral)
- David Bosco, "The World According to Bolton," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, July/August 2005.
- Tom Barry: Israel's Man at the UN (International Relations Center, 26 July 2006)
- Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from March 2008
- 1948 births
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- Living people
- American Lutherans
- People from Baltimore, Maryland
- United States Department of State officials
- United States ambassadors to the United Nations
- People from Bethesda, Maryland
- Yale University alumni
- Yale Law School alumni
- Recess Appointments during the George W. Bush administration
- Conservatives
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