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'''The Dow Chemical Company''' ({{nyse|DOW}} {{tyo|4850}}) is an [[United States|American]] [[multinational corporation]] headquartered in [[Midland, Michigan]]. As of 2007, it is the second largest chemical manufacturer in the world (after [[BASF]]).<ref>[http://www.hoovers.com/Dow%20Chemical/--ID__10471--/freeuk-co-factsheet.xhtml The Dow Chemical Company information and related industry information from Hoover's United Kingdom (UK)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
'''The Dow Chemical Company''' ({{nyse|DOW}} {{tyo|4850}}) is an [[United States|American]] [[multinational corporation]] headquartered in [[Midland, Michigan]]. As of 2007, it is the second largest chemical manufacturer in the world (after [[BASF]]).<ref>[http://www.hoovers.com/Dow%20Chemical/--ID__10471--/freeuk-co-factsheet.xhtml The Dow Chemical Company information and related industry information from Hoover's United Kingdom (UK)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>


Dow Chemical is a provider of plastics, chemicals, and agricultural products with presence in more than 175 countries and employing 46,000 people worldwide. It spends more than $1 billion annual expenditure in R&D. Its stated mission under the current CEO, [[Andrew N. Liveris]], is:
Dow Chemical is a provider of plastics, chemicals, and agricultural products with presence in more than 175 countries and employing 46,000 people worldwide. In December 2007, Dow cut 1,000 jobs or about 2.3 percent of its workforce in order to eliminate inefficiencies that cause it to be underperforming. Dow also announced it would leave the automotive sealers business as well as close a styrene plant and a cellulose manufacturing facility in Brazil. Wholly owned subsidiary Union Carbide Corp. shut down its polypropylene facility in St. Charles, La. Dow reported a 21.3 percent drop in profit in the third quarter of 2007 due to a variety of tax increases at home and abroad. It’s shares fell following this announcement<ref>http://www.thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=479</ref>. It spends more than $1 billion annual expenditure in R&D. Its stated mission under the current CEO, [[Andrew N. Liveris]], is:
"To constantly improve what is essential to human progress by mastering science and technology" with the vision: "to be the largest, most profitable, and most respected chemical company in the world".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dow.com/about/aboutdow/vision.htm|title=Dow's vision statement|accessdate=2007-11-28}}</ref>
"To constantly improve what is essential to human progress by mastering science and technology" with the vision: "to be the largest, most profitable, and most respected chemical company in the world".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dow.com/about/aboutdow/vision.htm|title=Dow's vision statement|accessdate=2007-11-28}}</ref>


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== Products ==
== Products ==
Dow is the world's largest producer of [[plastic]]s, including [[polystyrene]], [[polyurethane]]s, [[polyethylene]], [[polypropylene]], and synthetic [[rubber]]s {{Fact|date=July 2008}}. It is also a major producer of the chemicals [[calcium chloride]], [[ethylene oxide]], and various [[acrylate]]s, [[surfactant]]s, and [[cellulose]] resins. It produces many agricultural chemicals, perhaps being most famous for its [[pesticide]] [[Lorsban]].<ref name="autogenerated2" /> Its most well-known [[consumer products]] include [[Styrofoam|Styrofoam brand insulation]]. Former Dow product lines, [[Saran (plastic)|Saran]] wrap, [[Ziploc]] bags and [[Scrubbing Bubbles]] have been sold to [[S. C. Johnson & Son]].
Dow is the world's largest producer of [[plastic]]s, including [[polystyrene]], [[polyurethane]]s, [[polyethylene]], [[polypropylene]], and synthetic [[rubber]]s {{Fact|date=July 2008}}. It is also a major producer of the chemicals [[calcium chloride]], [[ethylene oxide]], and various [[acrylate]]s, [[surfactant]]s, and [[cellulose]] resins. It produces many agricultural chemicals, perhaps being most famous for its [[pesticide]] [[Lorsban]].<ref name="autogenerated2" /> Dow is also a major producer of vinyl chloride and chlorine. There was a vinyl chloride contamination in part of the Plaquemine aquifer in Plaquemine, Louisiana in April 2008 and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency enlisted the cooperation of Dow Chemical, which processed vinyl chloride at a nearby plant, to find the source of the contamination. <ref>http://www.thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=936</ref> According to a January 2008 article in Chemical and Engineering News, Dow is also the world’s largest producer of chlorine and caustic soda. It is planning to expand its production capabilities and expects to open a chlor-alkali plant in Freeport, Texas in 2011. <ref>http://thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=574</ref> Recently, there has also been controversy regarding the release dioxins from Dow’s flagship plant in Midland, Michigan. <ref>http://thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=834</ref> <ref>http://thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=1064</ref> The levels of dioxin pollution byproducts resulting from the production of chlorine-based products in Dow’s Midland plant were suspected to be the highest level of dioxin contamination ever discovered in an American river or lake. <ref>http://thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=872</ref> Dioxins are toxic pollutants resulting from the manufacturing of chlorine and chlorinated compounds which are linked to cancer and other health issues, such as developmental problems and diabetes. <ref>http://thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=1152</ref> Dow has had other problems with its chlorine production, including an incident in 2006-2007 involving a Dow employee's death due to chlorine exposure. Gerald Hamilton was working at a Dow plant in Freeport when he died after clearing a pipeline and being exposed to a third of a gallon of chlorine that was released into the air. <ref>http://www.thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=388</ref> Its most well-known [[consumer products]] include [[Styrofoam|Styrofoam brand insulation]]. Former Dow product lines, [[Saran (plastic)|Saran]] wrap, [[Ziploc]] bags and [[Scrubbing Bubbles]] have been sold to [[S. C. Johnson & Son]].


===Performance plastics===
===Performance plastics===
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In the post-war era, Dow began expanding outside North America, founding its first overseas subsidiary in [[Economy of Japan|Japan]] in 1952, with several other nations following rapidly thereafter. Based largely on its growing plastics business, it opened a consumer products division beginning with Saran wrap in 1953. Based on its growing chemicals and plastics businesses, Dow's sales exceeded $1 billion in 1964, $2 billion in 1971, and $10 billion in 1980.
In the post-war era, Dow began expanding outside North America, founding its first overseas subsidiary in [[Economy of Japan|Japan]] in 1952, with several other nations following rapidly thereafter. Based largely on its growing plastics business, it opened a consumer products division beginning with Saran wrap in 1953. Based on its growing chemicals and plastics businesses, Dow's sales exceeded $1 billion in 1964, $2 billion in 1971, and $10 billion in 1980.

Dow Chemical Co. was involved in the Holmesburg Prison experiments of the late 20th century. From 1951 until 1974, inmates of Philadelphia’s Holmesburg Prison were used as experimental guinea pigs for secret medical experiments<ref>http://www.thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=1172</ref>. The experiments were overseen and sponsored by the U.S. Army, the CIA, The University of Pennsylvania, and at least two private corporations: Dow Chemical Co. and Johnson & Johnson<ref>http://www.thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=1172</ref>.

The Holmesburg Prison experiments are in blatant violation of the Nuremberg Code of 1947 as well as the Oath of Hippocrates yet they were carried out and financed in secret for decades<ref>http://www.thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=1172</ref><ref>http://www.thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=1171</ref>. By 1963, there were 50 human experiments involving nearly 1,000 Holmesburg inmates involving anything from poisonous vapors, radioactive isotopes, mind controlling drugs, and triggers for psychological disturbance and violence<ref>http://www.thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=1172</ref><ref>http://www.thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=1170</ref>. Experimenters also used inmates to study various skin diseases encountered during World War II<ref>http://www.thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=1171</ref>. Dr. Albert Kligman, the director of the blatant abuses carried out at Holmesburg for decades, saw Holmesburg Prison as “acres of skin” and himself as “a farmer seeing a fertile field for the first time.”<ref>http://www.thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=1171</ref>

Attention has been drawn slowly but steadily to one of the darkest moments in American medical and research history through efforts of former research subjects as Allen M. Hornblum’s “Acres of Skin: Human Experiments at Holmesburg Prison, A True Story of Abuse and Exploitation in the Name of Medical Science.”<ref>http://www.thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=1172</ref><ref>http://www.thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=1170</ref> In 1998, former inmates held demonstrations in the streets of Philadelphia to publicize the Holmesburg experiments and the abuses they suffered<ref>http://www.thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=1170</ref>. In October 2000, victims sued the city of Philadelphia, the University of Pennsylvania, Dow Chemical, Johnson & Johnson, and Kligman for lying to inmates about the health risks of experiments<ref>http://www.thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=1170</ref>. According to Thomas M. Nocella, the former inmates' lawyer, many men became afflicted with cancer, lung problems, and other health problems following their participation in earlier experiments<ref>http://www.thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=1170</ref>.


===Recent Mergers, Acquisitions, and Reorganization===
===Recent Mergers, Acquisitions, and Reorganization===
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==== 2006-2008 Restructuring ====
==== 2006-2008 Restructuring ====
On [[August 31]], [[2006]] Dow announced that it had plans to close facilities at three locations:<ref>{{cite website | url=http://news.dow.com/dow_news/corporate/2006/20060831g.htm | title=Dow Announces Plant Closures To Strengthen Competitive Position | publisher=The Dow Chemical Company | date=2006-08-31 | accessed=September 13, 2006}}</ref>
On [[August 31]], [[2006]] Dow announced that it had plans to close facilities at three locations:<ref>{{cite website | url=http://news.dow.com/dow_news/corporate/2006/20060831g.htm | title=Dow Announces Plant Closures To Strengthen Competitive Position | publisher=The Dow Chemical Company | date=2006-08-31 | accessed=September 13, 2006}}</ref>
*It will shut down all of its production in [[Sarnia, Ontario|Sarnia]], [[Ontario]] by the end of 2008. Sarnia had been Dow's first manufacturing site in Canada. In 1942, the Canadian government invited Dow to build a plant there to produce styrene (an essential raw material used to make synthetic rubber for [[World War II]]). Dow then built a polystyrene plant in 1947. Up to the early 1990s, the Chemical Valley site contained numerous plants, while Dow Canada's headquarters were located at the [[Highway 40 (Ontario)|Modeland Centre]], and a new River Centre complex was opened which housed Research and Development. Since then, several plants on the site have been dismantled and Dow Canada headquarters were moved to [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]], while the Dow Fitness Centre was donated to YMCA of Sarnia-Lambton, and the Modeland Centre was sold to Lambton County and the City of Sarnia. In 2000, Sarnia Site was the location of a pilot plant for ethylene-styrene interpolymer (ESI) but ending up production never progressed and the project was ended. In 2002, the old steam plant was demolished and land on the site was sold to [[TransAlta]] which built a new natural gas power plant. As of 2003, the remaining plants on the site produce Polystyrene, Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE), Epoxy Resins, Polyols (Propylene Oxide Derivatives), and Latexes.<ref>[http://www.dow.com/publicreport/2003/local/sarnia/letter.htm Letter from the Site Leader — Steve Bolt<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
*It will shut down all of its production in [[Sarnia, Ontario|Sarnia]], [[Ontario]] by the end of 2008<ref>http://www.thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=624</ref>. Sarnia had been Dow's first manufacturing site in Canada. In 1942, the Canadian government invited Dow to build a plant there to produce styrene (an essential raw material used to make synthetic rubber for [[World War II]]). Dow then built a polystyrene plant in 1947. Up to the early 1990s, the Chemical Valley site contained numerous plants, while Dow Canada's headquarters were located at the [[Highway 40 (Ontario)|Modeland Centre]], and a new River Centre complex was opened which housed Research and Development. Since then, several plants on the site have been dismantled and Dow Canada headquarters were moved to [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]], while the Dow Fitness Centre was donated to YMCA of Sarnia-Lambton, and the Modeland Centre was sold to Lambton County and the City of Sarnia. In 2000, Sarnia Site was the location of a pilot plant for ethylene-styrene interpolymer (ESI) but ending up production never progressed and the project was ended. In 2002, the old steam plant was demolished and land on the site was sold to [[TransAlta]] which built a new natural gas power plant. As of 2003, the remaining plants on the site produce Polystyrene, Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE), Epoxy Resins, Polyols (Propylene Oxide Derivatives), and Latexes.<ref>[http://www.dow.com/publicreport/2003/local/sarnia/letter.htm Letter from the Site Leader — Steve Bolt<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
*One plant (Dow terminology for a production unit) at its site in [[Porto Marghera (Venice)]], [[Italy]], which had been shut down for planned maintenance earlier that month, will not be restarted.
*One plant (Dow terminology for a production unit) at its site in [[Porto Marghera (Venice)]], [[Italy]], which had been shut down for planned maintenance earlier that month, will not be restarted.
*Two plants at its major site in [[Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta|Fort Saskatchewan]], [[Alberta]] were to be shut down by the end of October 2006.
*Two plants at its major site in [[Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta|Fort Saskatchewan]], [[Alberta]] were to be shut down by the end of October 2006.
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====Vietnam war: Napalm and Agent Orange====
====Vietnam war: Napalm and Agent Orange====
During the [[Vietnam War]], Dow became the sole supplier of [[napalm]] to the [[United States military]] who used the Napalm in their efforts during the war.
During the [[Vietnam War]], Dow became the sole supplier of [[napalm]] to the [[United States military]] who used the Napalm in their efforts during the war.

Napalm, an incendiary<ref>http://www.studentsforbhopal.org/DirtyDow.htm#Napalm</ref><ref>http://moderntimes.vcdh.virginia.edu/PVCC/mbase/docs/napalm.html</ref>liquid used as a weapon in Vietnam, led to human casualties<ref>http://moderntimes.vcdh.virginia.edu/PVCC/mbase/docs/napalm.html</ref> that were widely displayed in the news media<ref>http://www.studentsforbhopal.org/DirtyDow.htm</ref>. Napalm continues to be a major source of criticism for Dow's past, such as this ad mocking Dow's "Human Element" campaign citing a quote by a US Army Official praising the ability of Dow Chemicals to improve napalm's burning capacity <ref>http://www.thetruthaboutdow.org/img/original/Napalm%20Dow%20Anti-%20Hu.jpg</ref><ref>http://maflempt.com/images/humanelement_large.jpg</ref>.


{{main|Agent Orange}}
{{main|Agent Orange}}
[[Agent Orange]], a chemical [[defoliant]] containing [[dioxin]], was also manufactured by Dow in [[New Plymouth]], [[New Zealand]] and in America for use by the U.S. military during the Vietnam War. In 2005, a lawsuit was filed by Vietnamese victims of Agent Orange against Dow and [[Monsanto]], which also supplied Agent Orange to the military. The lawsuit was dismissed.<ref>{{cite website | url=http://www.todayonline.com/articles/122591.asp | title = US won't compensate Vietnam's Agent Orange victims: official | date=2006-06-06 | publisher=Todayonline.com | accessed=June 27, 2006}}</ref>
[[Agent Orange]], a chemical [[defoliant]] containing [[dioxin]], was also manufactured by Dow in [[New Plymouth]], [[New Zealand]] and in America for use by the U.S. military during the Vietnam War. The dioxin from the defoliant made its way into the food chain and was linked to a major increase in birth defects<ref>http://www.vva.org/veteran/1207/agent_orange_feature.html</ref> among Vietnamese people. Many exposed to Agent Orange, which was heavily sprayed in South Vietnam, have died at a young age from the same dioxin related ailments that United States Veterans were compensated for. These include soft tissue sarcoma as well as other exposure-related illnesses like diabetes<ref>http://www.newsday.com/news/nationworld/nation/ny-woagent,0,5013319.story?coll=ny-homepage-bigpix2005 </ref>. In 2005, a lawsuit was filed by Vietnamese victims of Agent Orange against Dow and [[Monsanto]], which also supplied Agent Orange to the military. The lawsuit was dismissed.<ref>http://www.thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=711</ref><ref>{{cite website | url=http://www.todayonline.com/articles/122591.asp | title = US won't compensate Vietnam's Agent Orange victims: official | date=2006-06-06 | publisher=Todayonline.com | accessed=June 27, 2006}}</ref> In 2006, a court in South Korea did order<ref>http://thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=203</ref> Dow and Monsanto to compensate South Korean veterans of the Vietnam War and their families for Agent Orange-related injuries.

The Agent Orange was also used in Gagetown in New Brunswick, Canada<ref>http://thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=1174</ref>. Canadian veterans received a compensation package<ref>http://www.thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=364</ref> for their exposure but many were concerned it was not adequate


====Breast implants====
====Breast implants====

Revision as of 09:48, 25 August 2008

The Dow Chemical Co.
Company typePublic (NYSE: DOW)
IndustryManufacturing
Founded1897
HeadquartersMidland, Michigan, USA
Key people
Andrew N. Liveris, CEO, President, & Chairman of the Board of Directors
ProductsChemicals, Plastics, Agricultural Products, and other Specialized Products & Services
RevenueIncrease$53.513 Billion USD (2007)
Increase$2.887 Billion USD (2007)
Number of employees
46,000 (2007)
ParentDow Inc. Edit this on Wikidata
Websitewww.dow.com

The Dow Chemical Company (NYSE: DOW TYO: 4850) is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Midland, Michigan. As of 2007, it is the second largest chemical manufacturer in the world (after BASF).[1]

Dow Chemical is a provider of plastics, chemicals, and agricultural products with presence in more than 175 countries and employing 46,000 people worldwide. In December 2007, Dow cut 1,000 jobs or about 2.3 percent of its workforce in order to eliminate inefficiencies that cause it to be underperforming. Dow also announced it would leave the automotive sealers business as well as close a styrene plant and a cellulose manufacturing facility in Brazil. Wholly owned subsidiary Union Carbide Corp. shut down its polypropylene facility in St. Charles, La. Dow reported a 21.3 percent drop in profit in the third quarter of 2007 due to a variety of tax increases at home and abroad. It’s shares fell following this announcement[2]. It spends more than $1 billion annual expenditure in R&D. Its stated mission under the current CEO, Andrew N. Liveris, is: "To constantly improve what is essential to human progress by mastering science and technology" with the vision: "to be the largest, most profitable, and most respected chemical company in the world".[3]

The company was founded in 1897 by Canadian-born chemist Herbert Henry Dow, who had invented a new method of extracting the bromine that was trapped underground in brine at Midland, Michigan.[4] While at first the company sold only bleach and potassium bromide, Dow today has seven major operating segments, with a wide variety of products offered by each.[5] The company's 2005 sales totaled $46.3 billion, with a net income of $4.5 billion. Traded on the New York Stock Exchange, as of 2005 Dow has about 105,000 shareholders.[6]

Dow has been called the "Chemical companies' Chemical company"[7] in that most of their product is sold to other manufacturers rather than to end users. At varying points in time Dow has sold directly to customers, primarily in the Human and Animal Health markets as well as Consumer Products.

Dow Chemical is an active member of the American Chemistry Council, and an active partner in different programs and initiatives in both the World Bank and United Nations.

Products

Dow is the world's largest producer of plastics, including polystyrene, polyurethanes, polyethylene, polypropylene, and synthetic rubbers [citation needed]. It is also a major producer of the chemicals calcium chloride, ethylene oxide, and various acrylates, surfactants, and cellulose resins. It produces many agricultural chemicals, perhaps being most famous for its pesticide Lorsban.[5] Dow is also a major producer of vinyl chloride and chlorine. There was a vinyl chloride contamination in part of the Plaquemine aquifer in Plaquemine, Louisiana in April 2008 and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency enlisted the cooperation of Dow Chemical, which processed vinyl chloride at a nearby plant, to find the source of the contamination. [8] According to a January 2008 article in Chemical and Engineering News, Dow is also the world’s largest producer of chlorine and caustic soda. It is planning to expand its production capabilities and expects to open a chlor-alkali plant in Freeport, Texas in 2011. [9] Recently, there has also been controversy regarding the release dioxins from Dow’s flagship plant in Midland, Michigan. [10] [11] The levels of dioxin pollution byproducts resulting from the production of chlorine-based products in Dow’s Midland plant were suspected to be the highest level of dioxin contamination ever discovered in an American river or lake. [12] Dioxins are toxic pollutants resulting from the manufacturing of chlorine and chlorinated compounds which are linked to cancer and other health issues, such as developmental problems and diabetes. [13] Dow has had other problems with its chlorine production, including an incident in 2006-2007 involving a Dow employee's death due to chlorine exposure. Gerald Hamilton was working at a Dow plant in Freeport when he died after clearing a pipeline and being exposed to a third of a gallon of chlorine that was released into the air. [14] Its most well-known consumer products include Styrofoam brand insulation. Former Dow product lines, Saran wrap, Ziploc bags and Scrubbing Bubbles have been sold to S. C. Johnson & Son.

Performance plastics

Performance Plastics make up 25% of Dow's sales[15], with many products designed for the automotive and construction industries. The plastics include polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene, as well as the polystyrene most often seen in Styrofoam insulating material. A complete range of epoxy resin intermediates and products are manufactured by Dow, including bisphenol A and epichlorohydrin. Polyurethane, polyether polyols and specialty acrylates are all derived from ethylene oxide (EO). The Saran range of resins and films, formerly based on polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), is now based on low density polyethylene (LDPE), due to environmental concerns of the chloride.

Performance chemicals

The Performance Chemicals (17% of sales) segment produces materials for water purification, pharmaceuticals, paper coatings, paints and advanced electronics. Major product lines include nitroparaffins such as nitromethane, used in the pharmaceutical industry and manufactured by ANGUS Chemical Company [16], a wholly owned subsidiary of the Dow Chemical Company. Important polymers include Dowlex ion exchange resins, acrylic and polystyrene latex, as well as Carbowax polyethylene glycols. Specialty chemicals are used as starting materials for production of agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals.

Agricultural sciences

Agricultural Sciences (Dow AgroSciences) provides 7% of sales, and are responsible for a range of insecticide s (such as Lorsban), herbicides and fungicides. Genetically modified plant seeds are also an important, growing area. Dow AgroSciences sells seeds commercially under the following brands: Mycogen (grain corn, silage corn, sunflowers, alfalfa, and sorghum, Atlas (soybean) and PhytoGen (cotton).

Basic plastics

Basic plastics (26% of sales) end up in everything from diaper liners to beverage bottles and oil tanks. Products are based on the three major polyolefins – polystyrene (such as Styron resins), polyethylene and polypropylene.

Basic chemicals

Basic chemicals (12% of sales) are used internally by Dow as raw materials, and are also sold worldwide. Markets include dry cleaning, paints and coatings, snow and ice control and the food industry. Major products include ethylene glycol, caustic soda, chlorine, vinyl chloride monomer (VCM, for making PVC) and calcium chloride. Ethylene oxide (EO) and propylene oxide and the derived alcohols ethylene glycol and propylene glycol are major feedstocks for the manufacture of plastics such as polyurethane and PET.

Hydrocarbons and energy

The Hydrocarbons and Energy operating segment (13% of sales) oversees energy management at Dow, succeeding in raising energy efficiency by 92% since 1990.[15] Fuels and oil-based raw materials are also procured. Major feedstocks for Dow are provided by this group, including ethylene, propylene, 1,3-butadiene, benzene and styrene.

History

Early history

The company originally sold only bleach and potassium bromide, achieving a daily bleach output of 72 tons a day in 1902. Early in the company's existence, a group of British manufacturers attempted to drive Dow out of the bleach business by cutting prices. Dow survived by cutting prices in response and, although losing about $90,000 in income, began to diversify its product line.[17] In 1905 German bromide producers drastically reduced their price of bromides in the US in an effort to prevent Dow from expanding its sales of bromides in Europe. Dow was able to purchase German-made bromides in the US, ship them back to Europe and still sell them at a lower price than the German producers were charging. [18] Even in its early history, the company set a tradition of rapidly diversifying its product line. Within twenty years, Dow had become a major producer of agricultural chemicals, elemental chlorine, phenol and other dyestuffs, and magnesium metal.

In the 1930s, Dow began production of plastic resins, which would grow to become one of the corporation's major businesses. Its first plastic products were ethylcellulose, made in 1935, and polystyrene, made in 1937.

Diversification and expansion

In 1940-1, Dow built its first plant to produce magnesium extracted from seawater rather than underground brine. This marked the first time man had 'mined the ocean for metal'.[19]

Growth of this business made Dow a strategically important business during World War II, as magnesium became important in fabricating lightweight parts for aircraft. Also during the war, Dow and Corning began their joint venture, Dow Corning, to produce silicones for military and later civilian use. In 1942 Dow began its foreign expansion with the formation of Dow Chemical of Canada in Sarnia, Ontario to produce styrene for use in styrene-butadiene synthetic rubber.

In 1940, Dow began plant construction in Freeport, Texas. This is now the home to Dow's largest site - and one of the largest integrated chemical manufacturing sites in the world. One of the first plants to come on stream was the first facility to extract magnesium from seawater. The site grew quickly - with power, chlorine, caustic soda and ethylene also soon in production. [19] Based on 2002-2003 data, the Freeport plants (known as Texas Operations internally) produced 27 billion pounds of product - or 21% of Dow's global production.[20]

In the post-war era, Dow began expanding outside North America, founding its first overseas subsidiary in Japan in 1952, with several other nations following rapidly thereafter. Based largely on its growing plastics business, it opened a consumer products division beginning with Saran wrap in 1953. Based on its growing chemicals and plastics businesses, Dow's sales exceeded $1 billion in 1964, $2 billion in 1971, and $10 billion in 1980.

Dow Chemical Co. was involved in the Holmesburg Prison experiments of the late 20th century. From 1951 until 1974, inmates of Philadelphia’s Holmesburg Prison were used as experimental guinea pigs for secret medical experiments[21]. The experiments were overseen and sponsored by the U.S. Army, the CIA, The University of Pennsylvania, and at least two private corporations: Dow Chemical Co. and Johnson & Johnson[22].

The Holmesburg Prison experiments are in blatant violation of the Nuremberg Code of 1947 as well as the Oath of Hippocrates yet they were carried out and financed in secret for decades[23][24]. By 1963, there were 50 human experiments involving nearly 1,000 Holmesburg inmates involving anything from poisonous vapors, radioactive isotopes, mind controlling drugs, and triggers for psychological disturbance and violence[25][26]. Experimenters also used inmates to study various skin diseases encountered during World War II[27]. Dr. Albert Kligman, the director of the blatant abuses carried out at Holmesburg for decades, saw Holmesburg Prison as “acres of skin” and himself as “a farmer seeing a fertile field for the first time.”[28]

Attention has been drawn slowly but steadily to one of the darkest moments in American medical and research history through efforts of former research subjects as Allen M. Hornblum’s “Acres of Skin: Human Experiments at Holmesburg Prison, A True Story of Abuse and Exploitation in the Name of Medical Science.”[29][30] In 1998, former inmates held demonstrations in the streets of Philadelphia to publicize the Holmesburg experiments and the abuses they suffered[31]. In October 2000, victims sued the city of Philadelphia, the University of Pennsylvania, Dow Chemical, Johnson & Johnson, and Kligman for lying to inmates about the health risks of experiments[32]. According to Thomas M. Nocella, the former inmates' lawyer, many men became afflicted with cancer, lung problems, and other health problems following their participation in earlier experiments[33].

Recent Mergers, Acquisitions, and Reorganization

1990's – transition from geographic alignment to global business units

In the early 1990s, Dow embarked on a major structural reorganization. The former reporting hierarchy was geographic based, with the regional president reporting directly to the overall company President and CEO. The new organization groups together the same businesses from different sites, irrespective of which region they belong (i.e. the vice president for Polystyrene is now in charge of these plants all over the word), almost reducing the regional president to a figurehead.

Union Carbide merger

At the beginning of August 1999, Dow agreed to purchase Union Carbide Corporation for $9.3 billion in stock. At the time the combined company was the second largest chemical company, behind DuPont. This led to protests from some stockholders, who feared that Dow would become responsible for Union Carbide's role in the Bhopal disaster.

Bill Stavropoulos served as President and Chief Executive Officer from 1995-2000 and again from 2002-2004. He relinquished his board seat on April 1, 2006, having been a director since 1990 and chairman since 2000. During his first tenure, he led the purchase of Union Carbide which had proven controversial, as it was initially blamed for poor results under his successor as CEO Mike Parker. Parker was dismissed and Stavropoulos returned from retirement to lead a turnaround of Dow.[34]

Today, Dow is the world's largest producer of plastics[citation needed]; with its 2001 acquisition of Union Carbide, it has become a major player in the petrochemical industry as well.

Rohm & Haas Company purchase

On July 10, 2008, Dow agreed to purchase Rohm and Haas Company for $18.8 billion, which equates to $78 for each share. The buyout will be financed with equity investments of $3 billion by Berkshire Hathaway Inc. and $1 billion by the Kuwait Investment Authority. The purpose of the deal is to move Dow Chemical further into specialty chemicals, which offer higher profit margins than the commodities market and are more difficult to enter for the competition. The deal is expected to be finalized in early 2009 and will form one of the nation's largest specialty chemicals firms. [35][36]

2006-2008 Restructuring

On August 31, 2006 Dow announced that it had plans to close facilities at three locations:[37]

  • It will shut down all of its production in Sarnia, Ontario by the end of 2008[38]. Sarnia had been Dow's first manufacturing site in Canada. In 1942, the Canadian government invited Dow to build a plant there to produce styrene (an essential raw material used to make synthetic rubber for World War II). Dow then built a polystyrene plant in 1947. Up to the early 1990s, the Chemical Valley site contained numerous plants, while Dow Canada's headquarters were located at the Modeland Centre, and a new River Centre complex was opened which housed Research and Development. Since then, several plants on the site have been dismantled and Dow Canada headquarters were moved to Calgary, Alberta, while the Dow Fitness Centre was donated to YMCA of Sarnia-Lambton, and the Modeland Centre was sold to Lambton County and the City of Sarnia. In 2000, Sarnia Site was the location of a pilot plant for ethylene-styrene interpolymer (ESI) but ending up production never progressed and the project was ended. In 2002, the old steam plant was demolished and land on the site was sold to TransAlta which built a new natural gas power plant. As of 2003, the remaining plants on the site produce Polystyrene, Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE), Epoxy Resins, Polyols (Propylene Oxide Derivatives), and Latexes.[39]
  • One plant (Dow terminology for a production unit) at its site in Porto Marghera (Venice), Italy, which had been shut down for planned maintenance earlier that month, will not be restarted.
  • Two plants at its major site in Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta were to be shut down by the end of October 2006.

In December 2007, Dow announced a series of moves to revamp the company. A December 4 announcement revealed that Dow planned to exit the automotive sealers business in 2008 or 2009.[40] Within several weeks, Dow also announced the formation of a joint venture, later named K-Dow, with the Petrochemical Industries Company, a subsidiary of Kuwait Petroleum Corporation. In exchange for $9.5 billion, Dow sold a 50% interest in five of its global businesses: polyethylene, polypropylene and polycarbonate plastics, and ethylenamines and ethanolamines.[41]

Controversies

Throughout its long history the company has been involved in a number of controversies.

Vietnam war: Napalm and Agent Orange

During the Vietnam War, Dow became the sole supplier of napalm to the United States military who used the Napalm in their efforts during the war.

Napalm, an incendiary[42][43]liquid used as a weapon in Vietnam, led to human casualties[44] that were widely displayed in the news media[45]. Napalm continues to be a major source of criticism for Dow's past, such as this ad mocking Dow's "Human Element" campaign citing a quote by a US Army Official praising the ability of Dow Chemicals to improve napalm's burning capacity [46][47].

Main article: Agent Orange

Agent Orange, a chemical defoliant containing dioxin, was also manufactured by Dow in New Plymouth, New Zealand and in America for use by the U.S. military during the Vietnam War. The dioxin from the defoliant made its way into the food chain and was linked to a major increase in birth defects[48] among Vietnamese people. Many exposed to Agent Orange, which was heavily sprayed in South Vietnam, have died at a young age from the same dioxin related ailments that United States Veterans were compensated for. These include soft tissue sarcoma as well as other exposure-related illnesses like diabetes[49]. In 2005, a lawsuit was filed by Vietnamese victims of Agent Orange against Dow and Monsanto, which also supplied Agent Orange to the military. The lawsuit was dismissed.[50][51] In 2006, a court in South Korea did order[52] Dow and Monsanto to compensate South Korean veterans of the Vietnam War and their families for Agent Orange-related injuries.

The Agent Orange was also used in Gagetown in New Brunswick, Canada[53]. Canadian veterans received a compensation package[54] for their exposure but many were concerned it was not adequate

Breast implants

A major manufacturer of silicone breast implants, Dow Corning (Dow's Joint Venture with Corning Inc.) was successfully sued in 1977 for damages arising from a woman whose implants ruptured; it was the first such successful suit, and Dow Corning paid $170,000 in a settlement.

Per the 2005 10-K for The Dow Chemical Company filing "On October 6, 2005, all such cases then pending in the District Court against the Company were dismissed. Should cases involving Dow Corning’s breast implant and other silicone medical products be filed against the Company in the future, they will be accorded similar treatment." The Dow Chemical Company - 10-K Filing - 2005

DBCP

Until the late 1970s, Dow produced DBCP (1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane), a soil fumigant and nematicide sold under the names the Nemagon and Fumazone. Workers at Dow's DBCP production were made sterile by exposure to the compound. These male reproductive effects were consistent with animal experiments showing that DBCP sterilized rabbits. The workers successfully sued the company, and most domestic uses of DBCP were banned in 1977. Amid growing concerns over the chemical's effects on male workers, Dow ceased production and reclaimed DBCP that had been shipped to its users. Despite warning from the company about its health effects, Dole Food Company, who was using the chemical on its banana plantations in Latin America, threatened to sue Dow if it stopped DBCP shipments, so Dow shipped half a million gallons of DBCP to Dole, much it reclaimed from other users. Plantation workers who became sterile or were stricken with other maladies subsequently sued both Dow and Dole in Latin American courts, alleging that their ailments were caused by DBCP exposure. While the courts agreed with the workers and awarded them over $600 million in damages, they have been unable to collect payments from the companies. A group of workers then sued in the United States, and, on November 5, 2007, a Los Angeles jury awarded them 3.2 million dollars. Dole and Dow vowed to appeal the decision.[55]

Chlorpyrifos

Chlorpyrifos, marketed by Dow as Dursban, is well known as a home and garden insecticide, and until 2000 it was one of the most widely used household pesticide in the US. The pesticide is also a nerve toxin and suspected endocrine disruptor and has been associated with carcinogenicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity, and acute toxicity. One study claims that Dow has contributed to 80% of the Chlorpyrifos burden of the US.

In 1995, Dow was fined $732,000 for not sending the EPA reports it had received on 249 Dursban poisoning incidents. In June 2000, Dow withdrew registration of chlorpyrifos for use in homes and other places where children could be exposed, and severely restricted its use on crops. The company, however, continues to market Dursban in industrializing countries, including India, where Dow's sales literature claimed Dursban has "an established record of safety regarding humans and pets."

In 2003, Dow agreed to pay $2 million - the largest penalty ever in a pesticide case - to the state of New York, in response to a lawsuit filed by the Attorney General to end Dow's illegal advertising of Dursban as "safe".

Dioxin Leaks

Areas along Michigan's Tittabawassee River, which runs within yards of Dow's main plant in Midland, were found to contain elevated levels of the cancer-causing chemical dioxin in November 2006. The dioxin was located in sediments two to ten feet below the surface of the river, and, according to the New York Times, "there is no indication that residents or workers in the area are directly exposed to the sites".[56] However, people who often eat fish from the river had slightly elevated levels of dioxin in their blood.[56] In July 2007, Dow reached an agreement with the Environmental Protection Agency to remove 50,000 cubic yards (38,000 m3) of sediment from three areas of the riverbed and levees of the river that had been found to be contaminated.[57]

Vasuli Shinde Controversy

Dow Chemical was mired in a controversy, when it acquired 100 acres of land for a $100 million research facility in village Vasuli Shinde on the banks of the river Sudha, near Chakan in Maharashtra, India. Prior permission from local village authorities was not asked for by the state government before land allotment. The disputed land is the birthplace of the saint Tukaram, who wrote the Gatha, a collection of Abhangs, here. It is also in close proximity at a distance of 5 kilometers from his birthplace. Moreover it is also the place associated with the Marathi saint Dnyaneshwar. As such this place is considered holy, and revered by the Varkari sect, who follow the teachings of Tukaram. It is interesting to note that even sant Tukaram in his time had to face protests in the same place for propagating his teachings.The state government was asked by Lok Shasan to review the construction of such a facility in view of these allegations. After an interim High Court order to start the construction activity, the unfinished facility was stormed and destroyed it, a group of villagers stood accused of the crime. This Dow facility is one of the few major R&D centers Dow is setting up around the world. The R&D Center in China started almost at the same time as India but it is already complete & running whereas the one in India is mired in controversy.

Although it is interesting to note that National Chemical Laboratory (NCL) in Pune - a facility thought to be similar to the one Dow is setting up in the village - is a stone's throw away from the holy Chaturshringi Hills.

A retired judge is leading the protesters. He is alleged to have a history of protesting against any major investment in that area. He claims that many powerful people from major political parties such as Congress, NCP, Shiv Sena & BJP are supporting him. It is even rumored that the Chief Minister of Maharashtra fears him. [citation needed]

In an interview with Business Standard, Vilas Sonawane, the working president of Lok Shashan, pointed out discrepancies in the land deal between the Government and Dow and also brought to attention the fact that project details were also not being furnished by the state government under the RTI, so that community figures could fully understand the nature of the research facility.

Dow spokespersons refuted all charges in a press release, but failed to convince the villagers about opening a chemicals research facility in such a historically important and culturally rich area.

Environmental Record

Based on year 2000 data,[58] researchers at the Political Economy Research Institute determined that Dow Chemical was ranked eleventh among corporations in a measure of toxicity of airborne pollutants emitted in the United States, releasing more than 14 million pounds of toxins into American air in that year. (The statistics given are not correlated to the volume of production.) [59] According to United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) documents Dow has some responsibility for 96 of the United States' worst Superfund toxic waste dumps, in tenth place by number of sites. One of these, a mining site, is listed as the sole responsibility of Dow: all the rest are shared with numerous other companies. Fifteen sites have been listed by the EPA as finalized (cleaned up) and 69 are listed as "construction complete", meaning that all required plans and equipment for cleanup are in place.[60]

In 2007, Dow was awarded an American Chemical Council (ACC) award of 'Exceptional Merit' in recognition of its longstanding energy efficiency and conservation efforts. Between 1995 and 2005, Dow reduced energy intensity (BTU per pound produced) by 22%. This is equivalent to saving enough electricity to power eight million US homes for a year. [61] The same year, Dow subsidiary Dow Agrosciences won a United Nations Montreal Protocol Innovators Award for its efforts in helping replace methyl bromide - a compound identified as contributing to the depletion of the ozone layer. In addition, Dow Agrosciences won an EPA "Best of the Best" Stratospheric Ozone Protection Award. [1]. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) named Dow as a 2008 Energy Star Partner of the Year for excellence in energy management and reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.[62]

In 2008, Dow was reported[63] as being the major supplier of pesticides based on aminopyralid which had contaminated manure and caused widespread loss of vegetable crops in allotments and gardens across the UK.

Dow Corning

Main article: Dow Corning

Equally owned by Dow and Corning, Inc. (formerly Corning Glass Works), Dow Corning was founded in 1943 by the two companies as a joint venture. The company's focus is silicon-based products and technology.[64] Dow Corning in turn owns 63% of the Hemlock, Michigan-based Hemlock Semiconductor Corporation, which manufactures polycrystalline silicon for semiconductor chips.[65]

Board of directors

Current members of the board of directors of The Dow Chemical Company are:

2007 dismissals

On April 12, 2007, Dow dismissed two senior executives for "unauthorized discussions with third parties about the potential sale of the company." The two figures are executive vice president Romeo Kreinberg, and director and former CFO J. Pedro Reinhard. Dow claims they were secretly in contact with JPMorgan Chase; at the same time, a story surfaced in Britain's Sunday Express regarding a possible leveraged buyout of Dow. The two executives have since filed lawsuits claiming they were fired for being a threat to CEO Liveris, and that the allegations were concocted as a pretext.[67]

Major Sponsorships

In September 2004, the company obtained the naming rights to the Saginaw County Event Center in Saginaw, Michigan; the center is now called the Dow Event Center. The Saginaw Spirit (of the Ontario Hockey League) plays at the Center, which also hosts events such as professional wrestling and live theater.[68][69]

In October 2006 the company bought the naming rights to the stadium used by the Great Lakes Loons, a Single-A minor league baseball team located in its hometown of Midland, Michigan. The stadium, which opened in April 2007, is called Dow Diamond. The Dow Foundation played a key role in bringing the Loons to the city.

The company also sponsors a global running relay to highlight the need for better drinking water in locations around the globe. The run will roughly follow the 41st North parallel and cover nearly 12,000 miles (19,000 km). The run is organized by the Blue Planet Run Foundation.

Dow owns the Saginaw River Light and is active in its restoration.

Outlook

Dow CEO Andrew N. Liveris called 2005 the company's "best year ever" with operating profits of $5.4 billion, a jump of 56.5% compared with the previous year. [70] Net income rose more than 60% to $4.5 billion, on sales of $46.3 billion. 2006 looks as if it could be even better, with first-quarter net earnings of $1.2 billion. [71] All this is occurring in the context of adverse operating conditions, caused by high energy and raw material costs, and the effects of two damaging hurricanes.

Liveris supports the vertically integrated approach used at Dow, which produces everything from basic chemical feedstocks to high value products such as pesticides and reverse osmosis membranes. These value-adding product chains, along with Dow's wide product range, help the company to weather the storms of the global economy. Despite this, high energy and feedstock costs may begin to take their toll, particularly if global demand begins to fall just as supply is rising.

Like many chemical companies, Dow is facing pressures of regulation in the US and Europe, particularly as the EU introduces its new REACH policy. Litigation costs in the US taken over by Dow as a result of its 2001 takeover of Union Carbide also remain a concern.

For these reasons the company is looking to the Middle East and Asia for new projects. In Kuwait , Dow is constructing (with PIC of Kuwait) a new world-scale ethane cracker for production of ethylene, along with an ethylene oxide/ethylene glycol plant and (for 2008) a facility for production of aromatic hydrocarbons. In Oman, the company is working with the Oman government to build a new world-scale polyethylene plant. In China, the company is collaborating with Shenhua Group (the country's largest coal mining company) to improve catalyst efficiency to allow viable conversion of coal to olefins. Dow is also seeking to expand its R&D presence in Asia, adding 600 jobs in Shanghai by the end of 2007, and the company may open up a large R&D center in India.

The joint ventures planned for Asia are typical of Dow's "asset-light" approach, which works by offering a combination of intellectual property and money in exchange for a share in a world-scale production facility. At the same time, the company is considering selling a share of some of its existing assets in order to free up cash.

In June 2006 Liveris announced Dow's safety and environmental goals for 2015: [71]

  • 75% reduction in environmental, health and safety indicators from 2005. The company aims to have no fatalities, and a reduction in injuries, spillages and leaks.
  • 25% increase in energy efficiency.
  • 2.5% annual reduction in greenhouse gas emissions intensity.

Liveris expects these goals to be reached predominantly with fossil fuels, through energy conservation and reduction of energy intensity, as he does not expect alternative energy to play a major role for at least 10–20 years.

Subsidiaries and Joint Ventures

Dow Chemical has a number of Subsidiaries and Joint Ventures. [72]

Subsidiaries

Joint Ventures

Notes

  1. ^ The Dow Chemical Company information and related industry information from Hoover's United Kingdom (UK)
  2. ^ http://www.thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=479
  3. ^ "Dow's vision statement". Retrieved 2007-11-28.
  4. ^ "Hall of Fame Inventor Profile". National Inventors Hall of Fame. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessed= ignored (help)
  5. ^ a b "Corporate Profile" (PDF). The Dow Chemical Company. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessed= ignored (help)
  6. ^ "Fast Facts". The Dow Chemical Company. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessed= ignored (help)
  7. ^ "Quote from John Tysse, Dow vice-president of sales and marketing". Retrieved 2007-11-28.
  8. ^ http://www.thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=936
  9. ^ http://thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=574
  10. ^ http://thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=834
  11. ^ http://thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=1064
  12. ^ http://thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=872
  13. ^ http://thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=1152
  14. ^ http://www.thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=388
  15. ^ a b Chemical and Engineering News, Vol. 84, Issue 22 (May 29, 2006), pp 10-15
  16. ^ "ANGUS Chemical Company". The Dow Chemical Company. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessed= ignored (help)
  17. ^ "Dow Chemical". University of Michigan Department of Geography. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessed= ignored (help)
  18. ^ Brandt, E.N. (1997). Growth Company: Dow Chemical's First Century. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press. ISBN 0-87013-426-4. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  19. ^ a b History of Texas Operations
  20. ^ Dow Texas Operations Fast Facts
  21. ^ http://www.thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=1172
  22. ^ http://www.thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=1172
  23. ^ http://www.thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=1172
  24. ^ http://www.thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=1171
  25. ^ http://www.thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=1172
  26. ^ http://www.thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=1170
  27. ^ http://www.thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=1171
  28. ^ http://www.thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=1171
  29. ^ http://www.thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=1172
  30. ^ http://www.thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=1170
  31. ^ http://www.thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=1170
  32. ^ http://www.thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=1170
  33. ^ http://www.thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=1170
  34. ^ William Stavropoulos to Retire as Chairman of Dow; Andrew Liveris Elected Chairman Effective April 1, 2006
  35. ^ ""Dow Chemical agrees to buy Rohm & Haas"". Chicago Tribune. 2008-07-11. Retrieved 2008-07-11.
  36. ^ Dow Chemical to Buy Rohm and Haas, Wall Street Journal, July 11, 2008, p.B1
  37. ^ "Dow Announces Plant Closures To Strengthen Competitive Position". The Dow Chemical Company. 2006-08-31. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessed= ignored (help)
  38. ^ http://www.thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=624
  39. ^ Letter from the Site Leader — Steve Bolt
  40. ^ "Dow Chemical Job Cuts". The New York Times. December 5, 2007. Retrieved 2008-04-17. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  41. ^ "Dow Chemical Gets Kuwaiti Partner". The New York Times. December 14, 2007. Retrieved 2008-04-17. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  42. ^ http://www.studentsforbhopal.org/DirtyDow.htm#Napalm
  43. ^ http://moderntimes.vcdh.virginia.edu/PVCC/mbase/docs/napalm.html
  44. ^ http://moderntimes.vcdh.virginia.edu/PVCC/mbase/docs/napalm.html
  45. ^ http://www.studentsforbhopal.org/DirtyDow.htm
  46. ^ http://www.thetruthaboutdow.org/img/original/Napalm%20Dow%20Anti-%20Hu.jpg
  47. ^ http://maflempt.com/images/humanelement_large.jpg
  48. ^ http://www.vva.org/veteran/1207/agent_orange_feature.html
  49. ^ http://www.newsday.com/news/nationworld/nation/ny-woagent,0,5013319.story?coll=ny-homepage-bigpix2005
  50. ^ http://www.thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=711
  51. ^ "US won't compensate Vietnam's Agent Orange victims: official". Todayonline.com. 2006-06-06. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessed= ignored (help)
  52. ^ http://thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=203
  53. ^ http://thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=1174
  54. ^ http://www.thetruthaboutdow.org/article.php?id=364
  55. ^ "Dole must pay farmworkers $3.2 million", John Spano, Los Angeles Times, November 6, 2007.
  56. ^ a b Barringer, Felicity (July 4, 2007). "E.P.A. and Dow in Talks on Dioxin Cleanup at Main Factory". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-04-17. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  57. ^ Barringer, Felicity (July 18, 2007). "Michigan: Dioxin Deal". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-04-17. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  58. ^ [http://www.peri.umass.edu/Technical-Notes.264.0.html Political Economy Research Institute Toxic 100 Corporate Toxics Information Project Technical Notes retrieved 12 Nov 2007
  59. ^ Political Economy Research Institute
  60. ^ Center for Public Integrity
  61. ^ Dow Wins 2006 ACC Responsible Care Energy Efficiency Award
  62. ^ "EPA Names The Dow Chemical Company 2008 ENERGY STAR Partner of the Year". MSN Money. 2008-03-14PM ET. Retrieved 2008-03-18. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  63. ^ Davies, Caroline (2008-06-29). "Homegrown veg ruined by toxic fertiliser". The Observer. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessed= ignored (help)
  64. ^ "About Dow Corning". Dow Corning. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessed= ignored (help)
  65. ^ Wade, Cheryl (2006-06-24). "Governor visits HSC; expansion plans on schedule". Midland Daily News. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessed= ignored (help)
  66. ^ "Board of Directors". The Dow Chemical Company. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessed= ignored (help)
  67. ^ ""Former Dow executives fight back"", Chemical and Engineering News, p. 12, May 14 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help)
  68. ^ "The Dow Event Center". The Dow Chemical Company. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessed= ignored (help)
  69. ^ "Welcome to the Dow Event Center". Dow Event Center. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessed= ignored (help)
  70. ^ "Top 50 Chemical Producers", Chemical and Engineering News, Vol. 84, Issue 20 (May 15, 2006), pp 10-15
  71. ^ a b "Liveris Tells It Like It Is", Chemical and Engineering News, Vol. 84, Issue 22 (May 29, 2006), pp 10-15
  72. ^ "Joint Ventures and Subsidiaries". The Dow Chemical Company. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessed= ignored (help)

Further reading

  • Ray H. Boundy, J. Lawrence Amos. (1990). A History of the Dow Chemical Physics Lab: The Freedom to be Creative. M. Dekker. ISBN 0824780973.
  • E. Ned Brandt. (2003). Growth Company: Dow Chemical's First Century. Michigan State University Press. ISBN 0-87013-426-4
  • Don Whitehead and Max Dendermonde. (1968). The Dow Story: The History of the Dow Chemical Company. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 9080009997.

External links

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