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{{refimprove|date=November 2008}}
{{refimprove|date=November 2008}}
{{Redirect|BDV ||Nelson Frazier, Jr.}}
{{Redirect|BDV ||Nelson Frazier, Jr.}}
{{Taxobox
<!-- Color parameter is not needed -- automatically assigned -->
| name = ''Borna disease virus''
| virus_group = v
| ordo = ''[[Mononegavirales]]''
| familia = ''[[Bornaviridae]]''
| genus = ''[[Bornavirus]]''
| type_species = '''''Borna disease virus'''''
}}
{{Infobox Disease
{{Infobox Disease
| Name = {{PAGENAME}}
| Name = {{PAGENAME}}
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| MeshID = D001890
| MeshID = D001890
}}
}}
'''Borna disease''' is an infectious [[neurological]] syndrome<ref name="pmid17522214">{{cite journal |author=Ackermann A, Staeheli P, Schneider U |title=Adaptation of Borna disease virus to new host species attributed to altered regulation of viral polymerase activity |journal=J. Virol. |volume=81 |issue=15 |pages=7933–40 |year=2007 |month=August |pmid=17522214 |pmc=1951315 |doi=10.1128/JVI.00334-07 |url=http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17522214}}</ref> of [[warm-blooded]] animals, caused by [[Borna disease virus]], which causes abnormal behaviour and fatality.
'''Borna disease''' is an infectious [[neurological]] syndrome of [[warm-blooded]] animals, which causes abnormal behaviour and fatality. Originally identified in [[sheep]] and [[horse]]s in [[Europe]], it has since been found to occur in a wide range of warm-blooded animals including [[bird]]s, [[cattle]], [[cat]]s and [[primate]]s and has been found in animals in Europe, [[Asia]], [[Africa]] and [[North America]]. The name is derived from the town of [[Borna]] in [[Saxony]], [[Germany]], which suffered an epidemic of the disease in horses in 1885.

==Veterinary aspects==
Originally identified in [[sheep]] and [[horse]]s<ref name="pmid11944803">{{cite journal |author=Dauphin G, Legay V, Pitel PH, Zientara S |title=Borna disease: current knowledge and virus detection in France |journal=Vet. Res. |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=127–38 |year=2002 |pmid=11944803 |doi=10.1051/vetres:2002002 |url=http://publications.edpsciences.org/10.1051/vetres:2002002}}</ref> in [[Europe]], it has since been found to occur in a wide range of warm-blooded animals including [[bird]]s, [[cattle]], [[cat]]s<ref name="pmid16841569">{{cite journal |author=Kamhieh S, Flower RL |title=Borna disease virus (BDV) infection in cats. A concise review based on current knowledge |journal=Vet Q |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=66–73 |year=2006 |month=June |pmid=16841569 |doi= |url=}}</ref> and [[primate]]s and has been found in animals in Europe, [[Asia]], [[Africa]] and [[North America]]. The name is derived from the town of [[Borna]] in [[Saxony]], [[Germany]], which suffered an epidemic of the disease in horses in 1885.


Borna disease in sheep and horses arises after a four week incubation period followed by the development of immune-mediated [[meningitis]] and [[encephalomyelitis]]. Clinical manifestations vary but may include excited or depressed behaviour, [[ataxia]], ocular disorders and abnormal posture and movement. Mortality rates are 80-100% in horses and greater than 50% in sheep.
Borna disease in sheep and horses arises after a four week incubation period followed by the development of immune-mediated [[meningitis]] and [[encephalomyelitis]]. Clinical manifestations vary but may include excited or depressed behaviour, [[ataxia]], ocular disorders and abnormal posture and movement. Mortality rates are 80-100% in horses and greater than 50% in sheep.
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== Overview ==
== Overview ==


The causative agent of Borna disease, '''''Borna disease virus''''' (BDV) is a [[neurotropic]] [[virus]] and is the sole member of the ''Bornaviridae'' family within the ''[[Mononegavirales]]'' order.
The causative agent of Borna disease, [[Borna disease virus]] (BDV) is a [[neurotropic]] [[virus]] and is the sole member of the ''Bornaviridae'' family within the ''[[Mononegavirales]]'' order.


Although the virus is mainly seen as the causative agent of borna disease in [[horse]]s and other animals, recent findings have implicated that borna virus may play a role in some human neurological and psychiatric conditions including [[bipolar disorder]] and depression.
Although the virus is mainly seen as the causative agent of borna disease in [[horse]]s and other animals, recent findings have implicated that borna virus may play a role in some human neurological and psychiatric conditions including [[bipolar disorder]] and depression.


BDV also infects humans and is therefore considered to be a [[zoonosis|zoonotic agent]]. The role of BDV in human illness is controversial and it is yet to be established whether BDV causes any overt disease in humans. However, correlative evidence exists linking BDV infection with neuropsychiatric disorders such as [[bipolar disorder]]. Note: BDV is not the cause of bipolar disorder, but it shows similar qualities to those found in bipolar disorder.
BDV also infects humans and is therefore considered to be a [[zoonosis|zoonotic agent]]. The role of BDV in human illness is controversial and it is yet to be established whether BDV causes any overt disease in humans. However, correlative evidence exists linking BDV infection with neuropsychiatric disorders such as [[bipolar disorder]]. Note: BDV is not the cause of bipolar disorder, but it shows similar qualities to those found in bipolar disorder.

== Virology ==
=== Genome ===

It has the smallest [[genome]] (8.9 kilobases) of any ''Mononegavirales'' species and is unique within that order in its ability to replicate within the host [[cell nucleus]].

Borna virus was isolated from a diseased horse in the 1970s, but the virus particles were difficult to characterise. Nonetheless, the virus' [[genome]] has been characterised. It is a linear negative-sense single stranded RNA [[virus]] in the order of the [[mononegavirales]]. This order contains the family of lyssaviruses which includes the viruses responsible for [[rabies]]. A new family named the bornaviridae was created to hold this virus.

=== Replication ===

Bornaviruses enter the host by [[endocytosis]]. After this [[virus]] has entered its host it is taken up by [[endosomes]]. [[DNA replication|Replication]] of the bornavirus occurs inside the [[cell nucleus|nucleus]]. This is the only [[virus]] within the order [[Mononegavirales]] to do this. Bornaviruses have negative sense [[RNA]] [[genomes]]. The negative sense [[RNA]] is copied to make a positive sense RNA template. This template is then used to [[synthesis]]e many copies of the negative sense RNA [[genome]]. This is like making copies of a mold, and then using these molds to make many many more viruses.


== Epidemiology ==
== Epidemiology ==
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The first antibodies to Borna virus in humans were discovered in the mid-1980s. Since then, there have been conflicting results from various studies in regards to whether an association exists between the agent and clinical disease. Antibodies to Borna virus, which indicate prior infection, and Borna virus antigen have also been detected in blood donors.
The first antibodies to Borna virus in humans were discovered in the mid-1980s. Since then, there have been conflicting results from various studies in regards to whether an association exists between the agent and clinical disease. Antibodies to Borna virus, which indicate prior infection, and Borna virus antigen have also been detected in blood donors.


===Psychiatric disease===
⚫
Some other evidence cited in favour of the idea that borna virus could be responsible for human psychiatric disease includes the fact that the drug [[Amantadine]], which is used to treat [[influenza]] infections, has had some success in treating depression. Nonetheless, there are counter-claims that borna virus infections are not cleared by amantadine. The issue is further complicated by the fact that amantadine is also used in the treatment of [[Parkinson's Disease]], so may have direct effects on the [[nervous system]].
⚫
There is some evidence that there may be a relationship between infection and psychiatric disease.<ref name="pmid12857781">{{cite journal |author=Bode L, Ludwig H |title=Borna disease virus infection, a human mental-health risk |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=534–45 |year=2003 |month=July |pmid=12857781 |pmc=164222 |doi= |url=http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12857781}}</ref>


⚫
Some evidence cited in favour of the idea that borna virus could be responsible for human psychiatric disease includes the fact that the drug [[Amantadine]], which is used to treat [[influenza]] infections, has had some success in treating depression.<ref name="pmid11254023">{{cite journal |author=Dietrich DE, Bode L, Spannhuth CW, ''et al'' |title=Amantadine in depressive patients with Borna disease virus (BDV) infection: an open trial |journal=Bipolar Disord |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=65–70 |year=2000 |month=March |pmid=11254023 |doi= |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=1398-5647&date=2000&volume=2&issue=1&spage=65}}</ref> Nonetheless, there are counter-claims that borna virus infections are not cleared by amantadine. The issue is further complicated by the fact that amantadine is also used in the treatment of [[Parkinson's Disease]], so may have direct effects on the [[nervous system]].
The link between borna virus and human psychiatric disease is not yet conclusively proven, and there is much controversy among researchers about the validity of claims made. A recent study <ref>[http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1034/j.1601-5215.2003.00043.x/abs/]</ref> found no borna virus antibodies in 62 patients with the deficit form of schizophrenia. Interestingly, the majority of studies to date do lead to an association between the viral agent and human psychiatric disorders, however there exists a widely acknowledged{{by whom?|November 2008}} bias in the sciences toward publishing "positive" rather than "negative" findings, i.e. studies that fail to confirm hypothetical relationships.


The link between borna virus and human psychiatric disease is not yet conclusively proven, and there is much controversy among researchers about the validity of claims made. A recent study found no borna virus antibodies in 62 patients with the deficit form of schizophrenia. <ref name="urlWiley InterScience :: JOURNALS :: Acta Neuropsychiatrica">{{cite web |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118844334/abstract |title=Wiley InterScience :: JOURNALS :: Acta Neuropsychiatrica |format= |work= |accessdate=2009-01-20}}</ref>
The interest group should be limited to the Index which does have Borna Disease Virus (BDV) and psychiatric disorders. BDV interferes with normal interneuronal communication.

Although studies have shown an association between Borna and human psychiatric disorders,<ref name="pmid16324750">{{cite journal |author=Miranda HC, Nunes SO, Calvo ES, Suzart S, Itano EN, Watanabe MA |title=Detection of Borna disease virus p24 RNA in peripheral blood cells from Brazilian mood and psychotic disorder patients |journal=J Affect Disord |volume=90 |issue=1 |pages=43–7 |year=2006 |month=January |pmid=16324750 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2005.10.008 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165-0327(05)00300-9}}</ref><ref name="pmid11158085">{{cite journal |author=Fukuda K, Takahashi K, Iwata Y, ''et al'' |title=Immunological and PCR analyses for Borna disease virus in psychiatric patients and blood donors in Japan |journal=J. Clin. Microbiol. |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=419–29 |year=2001 |month=February |pmid=11158085 |pmc=87754 |doi=10.1128/JCM.39.2.419-429.2001 |url=http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11158085}}</ref><ref name="pmid9075304">{{cite journal |author=Waltrip RW, Buchanan RW, Carpenter WT, ''et al'' |title=Borna disease virus antibodies and the deficit syndrome of schizophrenia |journal=Schizophr. Res. |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=253–7 |year=1997 |month=February |pmid=9075304 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0920996496001144}}</ref> it is not yet known if this is an artifact of the [[file drawer problem]].


In the early 90's researchers in America and Japan conducted a 1000-subject investigation in which patients with psychiatric disorders were tested for BDV antibodies.{{Fact|date=May 2008}} According to the study, 768 patients suffering from bipolar disorder and schizophrenia tested positive for the antibodies, while 300 control subjects tested negative.{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
In the early 90's researchers in America and Japan conducted a 1000-subject investigation in which patients with psychiatric disorders were tested for BDV antibodies.{{Fact|date=May 2008}} According to the study, 768 patients suffering from bipolar disorder and schizophrenia tested positive for the antibodies, while 300 control subjects tested negative.{{Fact|date=May 2008}}


== References ==
== References ==
⚫
{{reflist|2}}
=== Notes ===
⚫
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
⚫
* {{cite journal |author=Bode L, Ludwig H |title=Borna disease virus infection, a human mental-health risk |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=534–45 |year=2003 |pmid=12857781 |pmc=164222 |doi= |url=http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12857781}}
* {{cite journal |author=Kamhieh S, Flower RL |title=Borna disease virus (BDV) infection in cats. A concise review based on current knowledge |journal=Vet Q |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=66–73 |year=2006 |pmid=16841569 |doi= |url=http://www.vetline.nl/qsites/files/000001327/73200673518PMkamhieh2.pdf}}
* {{cite book |author=Lipkin, W. I.; Koprowski, Hilary |title=Borna disease |publisher=Springer-Verlag |location=Berlin |year=1995 |pages= |isbn=3-540-57388-7 |series=Current topics in microbiology and immunology |volume=190 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/279.html '''ViralZone''': Bornavirus]


{{Zoonotic viral diseases}}
{{Zoonotic viral diseases}}

Revision as of 00:18, 21 January 2009

"BDV" redirects here. For other uses, see Nelson Frazier, Jr.
Borna disease
SpecialtyInfectious diseases Edit this on Wikidata

Borna disease is an infectious neurological syndrome[1] of warm-blooded animals, caused by Borna disease virus, which causes abnormal behaviour and fatality.

Veterinary aspects

Originally identified in sheep and horses[2] in Europe, it has since been found to occur in a wide range of warm-blooded animals including birds, cattle, cats[3] and primates and has been found in animals in Europe, Asia, Africa and North America. The name is derived from the town of Borna in Saxony, Germany, which suffered an epidemic of the disease in horses in 1885.

Borna disease in sheep and horses arises after a four week incubation period followed by the development of immune-mediated meningitis and encephalomyelitis. Clinical manifestations vary but may include excited or depressed behaviour, ataxia, ocular disorders and abnormal posture and movement. Mortality rates are 80-100% in horses and greater than 50% in sheep.

Borna disease in the horse gives rise to signs like:

  • Unusual posture, gait and ear positions
  • Movement Disturbances (principally ataxia or excess movement)

Overview

The causative agent of Borna disease, Borna disease virus (BDV) is a neurotropic virus and is the sole member of the Bornaviridae family within the Mononegavirales order.

Although the virus is mainly seen as the causative agent of borna disease in horses and other animals, recent findings have implicated that borna virus may play a role in some human neurological and psychiatric conditions including bipolar disorder and depression.

BDV also infects humans and is therefore considered to be a zoonotic agent. The role of BDV in human illness is controversial and it is yet to be established whether BDV causes any overt disease in humans. However, correlative evidence exists linking BDV infection with neuropsychiatric disorders such as bipolar disorder. Note: BDV is not the cause of bipolar disorder, but it shows similar qualities to those found in bipolar disorder.

Epidemiology

Vectors

The mode of transmission of BDV is unclear but probably occurs through intranasal exposure to contaminated saliva or nasal secretions. Following infection, individuals may develop Borna disease, or may remain subclinical, possibly acting as a carrier of the virus.

Borna virus and animals

Borna virus appears to have a wide host range, having been detected in horses, cattle, sheep, dogs and foxes. In 1995, the virus was isolated from cats suffering from a "staggering disease" in Sweden. Since that time, the virus has also been detected in cats in Japan and Britain.

In Germany, Japan and the USA the virus has been detected in humans, and it has a controversial association with human disease, particularly of the psychiatric kind.

Experimental infection of rats has been demonstrated to lead to learning impairments and altered social behaviour. The virus appears to be distributed primarily in the limbic system of the brain, including the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. These areas of the brain are considered to be of importance in emotion.

History

The first antibodies to Borna virus in humans were discovered in the mid-1980s. Since then, there have been conflicting results from various studies in regards to whether an association exists between the agent and clinical disease. Antibodies to Borna virus, which indicate prior infection, and Borna virus antigen have also been detected in blood donors.

Psychiatric disease

There is some evidence that there may be a relationship between infection and psychiatric disease.[4]

Some evidence cited in favour of the idea that borna virus could be responsible for human psychiatric disease includes the fact that the drug Amantadine, which is used to treat influenza infections, has had some success in treating depression.[5] Nonetheless, there are counter-claims that borna virus infections are not cleared by amantadine. The issue is further complicated by the fact that amantadine is also used in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease, so may have direct effects on the nervous system.

The link between borna virus and human psychiatric disease is not yet conclusively proven, and there is much controversy among researchers about the validity of claims made. A recent study found no borna virus antibodies in 62 patients with the deficit form of schizophrenia. [6]

Although studies have shown an association between Borna and human psychiatric disorders,[7][8][9] it is not yet known if this is an artifact of the file drawer problem.

In the early 90's researchers in America and Japan conducted a 1000-subject investigation in which patients with psychiatric disorders were tested for BDV antibodies.[citation needed] According to the study, 768 patients suffering from bipolar disorder and schizophrenia tested positive for the antibodies, while 300 control subjects tested negative.[citation needed]

References

  1. ^ Ackermann A, Staeheli P, Schneider U (2007). "Adaptation of Borna disease virus to new host species attributed to altered regulation of viral polymerase activity". J. Virol. 81 (15): 7933–40. doi:10.1128/JVI.00334-07. PMC 1951315. PMID 17522214. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Dauphin G, Legay V, Pitel PH, Zientara S (2002). "Borna disease: current knowledge and virus detection in France". Vet. Res. 33 (2): 127–38. doi:10.1051/vetres:2002002. PMID 11944803.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Kamhieh S, Flower RL (2006). "Borna disease virus (BDV) infection in cats. A concise review based on current knowledge". Vet Q. 28 (2): 66–73. PMID 16841569. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. ^ Bode L, Ludwig H (2003). "Borna disease virus infection, a human mental-health risk". Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 16 (3): 534–45. PMC 164222. PMID 12857781. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ^ Dietrich DE, Bode L, Spannhuth CW; et al. (2000). "Amantadine in depressive patients with Borna disease virus (BDV) infection: an open trial". Bipolar Disord. 2 (1): 65–70. PMID 11254023. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ "Wiley InterScience :: JOURNALS :: Acta Neuropsychiatrica". Retrieved 2009-01-20.
  7. ^ Miranda HC, Nunes SO, Calvo ES, Suzart S, Itano EN, Watanabe MA (2006). "Detection of Borna disease virus p24 RNA in peripheral blood cells from Brazilian mood and psychotic disorder patients". J Affect Disord. 90 (1): 43–7. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2005.10.008. PMID 16324750. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Fukuda K, Takahashi K, Iwata Y; et al. (2001). "Immunological and PCR analyses for Borna disease virus in psychiatric patients and blood donors in Japan". J. Clin. Microbiol. 39 (2): 419–29. doi:10.1128/JCM.39.2.419-429.2001. PMC 87754. PMID 11158085. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Waltrip RW, Buchanan RW, Carpenter WT; et al. (1997). "Borna disease virus antibodies and the deficit syndrome of schizophrenia". Schizophr. Res. 23 (3): 253–7. PMID 9075304. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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