Hey Jude: Difference between revisions
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| Recorded = 31 July 1968 at [[Trident Studios]], [[London]] |
| Recorded = 31 July 1968 at [[Trident Studios]], [[London]] |
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| Genre = [[Rock music|Rock]] |
| Genre = [[Rock music|Rock]] |
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| Length = 7:11 (Single version) 7:06 ([[Hey Jude (album)|Hey Jude album]] version) |
| Length = 7:11 (Single version) 7:06 ([[Hey Jude (album)|Hey Jude album]] version) |
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| Label = [[Apple Records|Apple]] |
| Label = [[Apple Records|Apple]] |
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| Writer = [[Lennon/McCartney]]<ref name="bmi">{{cite web |url=http://repertoire.bmi.com/title.asp?blnWriter=True&blnPublisher=True&blnArtist=True&page=1&keyid=562357&ShowNbr=0&ShowSeqNbr=0&querytype=WorkID |title=HEY JUDE (Legal Title), BMI Work #562357 |publisher=BMI.com |accessdate=2009-10-23}}</ref><ref name="pastmasters">{{cite album-notes |year=2009 |title=Past Masters |albumlink=Past Masters (The Beatles albums) |bandname=[[The Beatles]] |format=booklet |publisher=[[Apple Records]] |location=London |page=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://satv.sonydadc.com/sony_atv/cgi-bin/details?trackId=SATV00000099288 |title=Sony ATV}}</ref> |
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| Writer = [[Lennon/McCartney]]{{sfn|BMI|2009}}{{sfn|Apple Records|2009|p=2}}{{sfn|sonydadc.com}} |
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| Producer = [[George Martin]] |
| Producer = [[George Martin]] |
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| Certification = 4x Platinum ([[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]]) |
| Certification = 4x Platinum ([[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]]) |
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"'''Hey Jude'''" is a song by the English [[Rock music|rock]] band [[The Beatles]]. Credited to [[Lennon/McCartney]], the [[ballad (music)|ballad]] evolved from "Hey Jules", a song [[Paul McCartney]] wrote to comfort [[John Lennon]]'s son [[Julian Lennon|Julian]] during his parents' divorce. "Hey Jude" begins with a verse-bridge structure based around McCartney's vocal performance and piano accompaniment; further details are added as the song progresses to distinguish sections. After the fourth verse, the song shifts to a fade-out [[Coda (music)|coda]] that lasts for more than four minutes. |
"'''Hey Jude'''" is a song by the English [[Rock music|rock]] band [[The Beatles]]. Credited to [[Lennon/McCartney]], the [[ballad (music)|ballad]] evolved from "Hey Jules", a song [[Paul McCartney]] wrote to comfort [[John Lennon]]'s son [[Julian Lennon|Julian]] during his parents' divorce. "Hey Jude" begins with a verse-bridge structure based around McCartney's vocal performance and piano accompaniment; further details are added as the song progresses to distinguish sections. After the fourth verse, the song shifts to a fade-out [[Coda (music)|coda]] that lasts for more than four minutes. |
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"Hey Jude" was released in August 1968 as the first single from The Beatles' record label [[Apple Records]]. Totalling more than seven minutes in length, "Hey Jude" was at the time the longest single ever to top the British charts. |
"Hey Jude" was released in August 1968 as the first single from The Beatles' record label [[Apple Records]]. Totalling more than seven minutes in length, "Hey Jude" was at the time the longest single ever to top the British charts.<ref name="lowry1pl44">Lowry (2002), p. 44.</ref> It also spent nine weeks as number one in the United States—the longest run at the top of the American charts for a Beatles single. The single has sold approximately eight million copies and is frequently included on professional lists of the all-time best songs. |
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==Inspiration and composition== |
==Inspiration and composition== |
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In 1968, John Lennon and his wife [[Cynthia Lennon]] separated due to his affair with [[Yoko Ono]]. Soon afterwards, Paul McCartney drove out to visit Cynthia and Julian, her son with Lennon. "We'd been very good friends for millions of years and I thought it was a bit much for them suddenly to be ''personae non gratae'' and out of my life," McCartney said. |
In 1968, John Lennon and his wife [[Cynthia Lennon]] separated due to his affair with [[Yoko Ono]]. Soon afterwards, Paul McCartney drove out to visit Cynthia and Julian, her son with Lennon. "We'd been very good friends for millions of years and I thought it was a bit much for them suddenly to be ''personae non gratae'' and out of my life," McCartney said.<ref name="miles1p465">Miles (1997), p. 465.</ref> Cynthia Lennon recalled, "I was truly surprised when, one afternoon, Paul arrived on his own. I was touched by his obvious concern for our welfare.... On the journey down he composed 'Hey Jude' in the car. I will never forget Paul's gesture of care and concern in coming to see us."<ref name="cross1p366">Cross (2005), p. 366.</ref> |
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The song's original title was "Hey Jules", and it was intended to comfort Julian Lennon from the stress of his parents' divorce. McCartney said, "I started with the idea 'Hey Jules', which was Julian, don't make it bad, take a sad song and make it better. Hey, try and deal with this terrible thing. I knew it was not going to be easy for him. I always feel sorry for kids in divorces ... I had the idea [for the song] by the time I got there. I changed it to 'Jude' because I thought that sounded a bit better." |
The song's original title was "Hey Jules", and it was intended to comfort Julian Lennon from the stress of his parents' divorce. McCartney said, "I started with the idea 'Hey Jules', which was Julian, don't make it bad, take a sad song and make it better. Hey, try and deal with this terrible thing. I knew it was not going to be easy for him. I always feel sorry for kids in divorces ... I had the idea [for the song] by the time I got there. I changed it to 'Jude' because I thought that sounded a bit better."<ref name="miles1p465"/> Julian Lennon discovered the song had been written for him almost twenty years later. He remembered being closer to McCartney than to his father: "Paul and I used to hang about quite a bit—more than Dad and I did. We had a great friendship going and there seems to be far more pictures of me and Paul playing together at that age than there are pictures of me and my dad."<ref name="cross1p367">Cross (2005), p. 367.</ref> |
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Although McCartney originally wrote the song for Julian Lennon, John Lennon thought it had actually been written for him: |
Although McCartney originally wrote the song for Julian Lennon, John Lennon thought it had actually been written for him:<ref name="sheff1p186">Sheff (2000), p. 186.</ref> |
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<blockquote>But I always heard it as a song to me. If you think about it... Yoko's just come into the picture. He's saying. 'Hey, Jude—Hey, John.' I know I'm sounding like one of those fans who reads things into it, but you can ''hear'' it as a song to me ... Subconsciously, he was saying, Go ahead, leave me. On a conscious level, he didn't want me to go ahead.</blockquote> |
<blockquote>But I always heard it as a song to me. If you think about it... Yoko's just come into the picture. He's saying. 'Hey, Jude—Hey, John.' I know I'm sounding like one of those fans who reads things into it, but you can ''hear'' it as a song to me ... Subconsciously, he was saying, Go ahead, leave me. On a conscious level, he didn't want me to go ahead.</blockquote> |
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Other people believed McCartney wrote the song about them, including Judith Simons, a journalist with the ''[[Daily Express]]''. |
Other people believed McCartney wrote the song about them, including Judith Simons, a journalist with the ''[[Daily Express]]''.<ref name="harryp517">Harry (2000), p. 517.</ref> Still others, including John Lennon, have speculated that McCartney's failing long-term relationship with [[Jane Asher]] when he wrote "Hey Jude" was an unconscious "message to himself".<ref name="amg-hj">{{cite web |first=Richie |last=Unterberger |authorlink=Richie Unterberger |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=33:1ukqoayaeiop |title=Rview of "Hey Jude" |accessdate=2006-01-20 |publisher=[[Allmusic]]}}</ref> In fact, when Lennon mentioned that he thought the song was about him, McCartney denied it, and told Lennon he had written the song about himself.<ref name="hertsgaardp236">Hertsgaard (1995), p. 236.</ref> |
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McCartney changed the title to "Hey Jude" because the name Jude was easier to sing. |
McCartney changed the title to "Hey Jude" because the name Jude was easier to sing.<ref name="cross1p367"/> Much as he did with "[[Yesterday (song)|Yesterday]]", McCartney played the song for other musicians and friends. Ron Griffith of [[Badfinger]], the first band to join the Beatles-owned record label [[Apple Records]], recalled that on their first day in the studio, "Paul walked over to the grand piano and said, 'Hey lads, have a listen', and he sat down and gave us a full concert rendition of 'Hey Jude'. We were gobsmacked."<ref name="cross1p367"/><ref name="mojo2003">{{cite web |url=http://www.chrishunt.biz/features01.html |title=The Story Of Hey Jude |last=Hunt |first=Chris |authorlink=Chris Hunt |publisher=[[Mojo (magazine)|Mojo]] |work=Beatles Special |year=2003}}</ref> |
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==Musical structure== |
==Musical structure== |
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[[Image:Hey Jude.jpg|thumb|right|400px|"Hey Jude" verse chord analysis .]] |
[[Image:Hey Jude.jpg|thumb|right|400px|"Hey Jude" verse chord analysis .]] |
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"Hey Jude" begins with McCartney singing lead vocals and playing the piano. The patterns McCartney plays are based on three chords: F, C and B-flat (I, V and IV); |
"Hey Jude" begins with McCartney singing lead vocals and playing the piano. The patterns McCartney plays are based on three chords: F, C and B-flat (I, V and IV);<ref name="lowry1pl44"/> the second verse adds accompaniment by guitar and a single tambourine. The main chord progression is "flipped on its head" for the coda, as the C chord is replaced by E-flat.<ref name="hertsgaardp249-250">Hertsgaard (1995), pp. 249-250.</ref> Writer Tim Riley notes, "As Ringo offers a restrained tom-tom and cymbal fill, the piano shifts downward to add a flat seventh to the tonic chord, making the downbeat of the bridge the point of arrival ('And any time you feel the ''pain''')."<ref name="riley1p252">Riley (2002), p. 252.</ref> At the end of each bridge, McCartney sings a brief phrase ("Na-na-na na . . .") and plays a piano fill which leads to the next verse; the phrase McCartney sings serves to "reorient the harmony for the verse as the piano figure turns upside down into a vocal aside." Additional details, such as tambourine on the third verse and subtle harmonies that accompany the lead vocal, are added to sustain the interest of the listener throughout the four-verse, two-bridge song.<ref name="riley1p253">Riley (2002), p. 253.</ref> |
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The verse-bridge structure of the song persists for approximately three minutes, after which the band leads into a four-minute long coda. During the coda, the rest of band, backed by an orchestra that also provides backing vocals, repeat the phrase "Na-na-na na" followed by the words "Hey Jude" until the song gradually fades out. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine described the coda as "a fadeout that engagingly spoofs the fadeout as a gimmick for ending pop records."{{ |
The verse-bridge structure of the song persists for approximately three minutes, after which the band leads into a four-minute long coda. During the coda, the rest of band, backed by an orchestra that also provides backing vocals, repeat the phrase "Na-na-na na" followed by the words "Hey Jude" until the song gradually fades out. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine described the coda as "a fadeout that engagingly spoofs the fadeout as a gimmick for ending pop records."<ref name="Time Apple">{{cite news |title=Apples for the Beatles |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,900338,00.html |publisher=[[Time magazine|Time]] |date=1968-09-06 |accessdate=2007-08-09 }}</ref> Riley notes the repeated chord progression of the coda (I-flat VII-IV-I) "answers all the musical questions raised at the beginnings and ends of bridges," for "The flat seventh that pose dominant turns into bridges now has an entire chord built on it." This three-chord refrain allows McCartney "a bedding [. . .] to leap about on vocally",<ref name="riley1p254">Riley (2002), p. 254.</ref> as he ad-libs his vocal performance for the rest of the song. Riley concludes that the song "becomes a tour of Paul's vocal range: from the graceful inviting tones of the opening verse, through the mounting excitement of the song itself, to the surging raves of the coda."<ref name="riley1p255">Riley (2002), p. 255.</ref> |
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While "Hey Jude" was intended to address Julian Lennon, writer Mark Hertsgaard noted "many of the song's lyrics do seem directed more at a grown man on the verge of a powerful new love, especially the lines 'you have found her now go and get her' and 'you're waiting for someone to perform with.'" |
While "Hey Jude" was intended to address Julian Lennon, writer Mark Hertsgaard noted "many of the song's lyrics do seem directed more at a grown man on the verge of a powerful new love, especially the lines 'you have found her now go and get her' and 'you're waiting for someone to perform with.'"<ref name="hertsgaardp236"/> Tim Riley wrote, "If the song is about self-worth and self-consolation in the face of hardship, the vocal performance itself conveys much of the journey. He begins by singing to comfort someone else, finds himself weighing his own feelings in the process, and finally, in the repeated refrains that nurture his own approbation, he comes to believe in himself."<ref name="riley1p255"/> |
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==Recording== |
==Recording== |
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The Beatles recorded 25 [[take]]s of "Hey Jude" at [[Abbey Road Studios]] in two nights, 29 July and 30 July 1968. These were mostly rehearsals, however, as they planned to record the master track at [[Trident Studios]] to utilise their [[Multitrack recording|eight-track recording machine]] (Abbey Road was still limited to four-tracks). |
The Beatles recorded 25 [[take]]s of "Hey Jude" at [[Abbey Road Studios]] in two nights, 29 July and 30 July 1968. These were mostly rehearsals, however, as they planned to record the master track at [[Trident Studios]] to utilise their [[Multitrack recording|eight-track recording machine]] (Abbey Road was still limited to four-tracks).<ref name="lewisohn1p145">Lewisohn (1988), p. 145.</ref> One take from 29 July is available on the ''[[Anthology 3]]'' CD.<ref name="anthology-3">{{cite album-notes |last=Lewisohn |first=Mark |authorlink=Mark Lewisohn |title=Anthology 3 |albumlink=Anthology 3 |year=1996 |bandname=[[The Beatles]] |format=booklet |publisher=[[Apple Records]] |location=London |publisherid=34451 |page=14}}</ref> The master rhythm track was recorded on 31 July at Trident. Four takes were recorded; take one was selected. The song was completed on 1 August with additional overdubs including a 36-piece orchestra for the song's long [[coda (music)|coda]], scored by [[George Martin]]. The orchestra consisted of ten violins, three violas, three cellos, two flutes, one contra bassoon, one bassoon, two clarinets, one contra bass clarinet, four trumpets, four trombones, two horns, percussion, and two string basses. While adding backing vocals, The Beatles asked the orchestra members if they would clap their hands and sing along to the refrain in the song's coda. Most complied (for a double fee), but one declined, saying "I'm not going to clap my hands and sing Paul McCartney's bloody song!"<ref name="lewisohn1p146">Lewisohn (1988), p. 146.</ref> |
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[[Ringo Starr]] almost missed his drum cue. He left for a toilet break—unnoticed by the other Beatles—and the Beatles started recording. In 1994, McCartney said, "Ringo walked out to go to the toilet and I hadn't noticed. The toilet was only a few yards from his drum booth, but he'd gone past my back and I still thought he was in his drum booth. I started what was the actual take, and 'Hey Jude' goes on for hours before the drums come in and while I was doing it I suddenly felt Ringo tiptoeing past my back rather quickly, trying to get to his drums. And just as he got to his drums, boom boom boom, his timing was absolutely impeccable." |
[[Ringo Starr]] almost missed his drum cue. He left for a toilet break—unnoticed by the other Beatles—and the Beatles started recording. In 1994, McCartney said, "Ringo walked out to go to the toilet and I hadn't noticed. The toilet was only a few yards from his drum booth, but he'd gone past my back and I still thought he was in his drum booth. I started what was the actual take, and 'Hey Jude' goes on for hours before the drums come in and while I was doing it I suddenly felt Ringo tiptoeing past my back rather quickly, trying to get to his drums. And just as he got to his drums, boom boom boom, his timing was absolutely impeccable."<ref name="miles1p466">Miles (1997), p. 466.</ref> |
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At about 3:01 of the song, McCartney can be heard to say, "Oh, fucking hell!" According to sound engineers [[Ken Scott]] and [[Geoff Emerick]], it was Lennon's idea to leave the mistake in the final mix. "'Paul hit a clunker on the piano and said a naughty word,' Lennon gleefully crowed, 'but I insisted we leave it in, buried just low enough so that it can barely be heard. Most people won't ever spot it…but we'll know it's there.'" |
At about 3:01 of the song, McCartney can be heard to say, "Oh, fucking hell!" According to sound engineers [[Ken Scott]] and [[Geoff Emerick]], it was Lennon's idea to leave the mistake in the final mix. "'Paul hit a clunker on the piano and said a naughty word,' Lennon gleefully crowed, 'but I insisted we leave it in, buried just low enough so that it can barely be heard. Most people won't ever spot it…but we'll know it's there.'"<ref name="emerickp263">Emerick (2006), p. 263.</ref> |
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[[George Harrison]] and McCartney had a disagreement over this song. According to McCartney, during a rehearsal Harrison played an answer to every line of the vocal. This did not fit with McCartney's idea of the song's arrangement, and he vetoed it. |
[[George Harrison]] and McCartney had a disagreement over this song. According to McCartney, during a rehearsal Harrison played an answer to every line of the vocal. This did not fit with McCartney's idea of the song's arrangement, and he vetoed it.<ref name="lewisohn1p146"/><ref name="miles1p466"/> In a 1994 interview, McCartney said, "We were joking when we made the ''Anthology'': I was saying: 'I realise I was a bossy git.' And George said, 'Oh no, Paul, you never did anything like that!' ... But it was essential for me and looking back on it, I think, Okay. Well, it was bossy, but it was ballsy of me, because I could have bowed to the pressure."<ref name="miles1p466"/> Ron Richards, who worked for George Martin at both [[Parlophone]] at [[Associated Independent Recording|AIR Studios]], and who discovered [[The Hollies]],<ref name="martin2p137,183">Martin (1994), pp. 137,183.</ref> was present for many Beatle recording sessions. He said McCartney was "oblivious to anyone else's feelings in the studio," and that he was driven to make the best possible record, at almost any cost.<ref name="spitz1p783">Spitz (2005), p. 783.</ref> |
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==Single release== |
==Single release== |
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"Hey Jude" was released on 26 August 1968 in the United States and 30 August in the United Kingdom, backed with "[[Revolution (song)|Revolution]]" on the [[B-side]] of a 7" single. |
"Hey Jude" was released on 26 August 1968 in the United States and 30 August in the United Kingdom, backed with "[[Revolution (song)|Revolution]]" on the [[B-side]] of a 7" single.<ref name="lewisohn1p200">Lewisohn (1988), p. 200.</ref> The single was the debut release of the Beatles' record label Apple Records; in the US, it was also the first Beatles single to be issued in a paper sleeve instead of a picture cover.<ref name="beatles.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.beatles.com/html/heyjude/index.html |title=Hey Jude | publisher=Beatles.com |accessdate=2004-06-03 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20040804021440/http://www.beatles.com/html/heyjude/index.html |archivedate=2004-08-04 }}</ref> Even though "Hey Jude" was recorded during the sessions for the album ''[[The Beatles (album)|The Beatles]]'', also known as The White Album, it was always intended as a single and not an album track.<ref name="lewisohn1p145"/><ref name="spitz1p782">Spitz (2005), p. 782.</ref><ref name="macdonald2p302-304">MacDonald (2005), pp. 302-304.</ref> Lennon wanted "Revolution" to be the A-side of the single, but the other Beatles did not agree. In his 1970 interview with ''[[Rolling Stone]]'', he said "Hey Jude" was worthy of an A-side, "but we could have had both."<ref name="wenner1p110">Wenner (2000), p. 110.</ref> Ten years later in 1980, he told ''[[Playboy]]'' he still disagreed with the decision.<ref name="sheff1p187">Sheff (2000), p. 187.</ref> |
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"Hey Jude" began its sixteen-week run on the British charts on 7 September 1968, claiming the top spot a week later. It only lasted two weeks on top before being knocked off by another single from Apple, [[Mary Hopkin]]'s "[[Those Were the Days (song)|Those Were the Days]]". |
"Hey Jude" began its sixteen-week run on the British charts on 7 September 1968, claiming the top spot a week later. It only lasted two weeks on top before being knocked off by another single from Apple, [[Mary Hopkin]]'s "[[Those Were the Days (song)|Those Were the Days]]".<ref name="cross1p481"/> The single was certified [[RIAA certification|gold]] by the [[Recording Industry Association of America]] on 13 September; that same week ''[[NME]]'' reported that two million copies of the single had been sold.<ref name="schulteiss1p220">Schultheiss (1980), p. 220.</ref> The song entered the U.S. charts on 14 September 1968, where it stayed for the next nineteen weeks. Two weeks later, "Hey Jude" was number one in the charts, and held that position for the following eight weeks, totalling nine weeks.<ref name="cross1p539">Cross (2005), p. 539.</ref> setting the U.S. record for the longest time spent by a Beatles single at number one,<ref name="cross1p604-605">Cross (2005), pp. 604-605.</ref> as well as being the longest-playing single to reach number one.<ref name="cross1p539"/> |
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American radio stations were averse to playing anything longer than the usual three to three-and-a-half minutes, and [[Capitol Records]] pressed a shortened version of the song specifically for airplay. |
American radio stations were averse to playing anything longer than the usual three to three-and-a-half minutes, and [[Capitol Records]] pressed a shortened version of the song specifically for airplay.<ref name="cross1p539"/> "Hey Jude" clocked in at seven minutes and eleven seconds. <!-- IT SAYS 7:05 ABOVE -->The only other chart-topping song worldwide in the 1960s that ran over seven minutes was [[Richard Harris (actor)|Richard Harris]]' "[[MacArthur Park (song)|MacArthur Park]]". In the UK, where "MacArthur Park" did not top the chart, "Hey Jude" remained the longest number-one hit for nearly a quarter of a century, until it was surpassed in 1993 by [[Meat Loaf]]'s "[[I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)]]", which ran seven minutes fifty-eight seconds as a single.<ref name="american_singles">{{cite web |url=http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.beatles-discography.com/us-singles.html |first=Craig |last=Cross |title=American Singles |accessdate=2006-01-20}}</ref> |
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On 30 November 1968 ''NME'' reported that sales had reached nearly six million copies worldwide. |
On 30 November 1968 ''NME'' reported that sales had reached nearly six million copies worldwide.<ref>Schultheiss (1980), p. 226.</ref> "Hey Jude" became the biggest-selling debut release for a record label ever, selling an estimated eight million copies worldwide and topping the charts in eleven countries.<ref name="cross1p481">Cross (2005), p. 481.</ref> It remains the Beatles' most commercially successful single.<ref name="mojo2003"/> "Hey Jude" was the top [[Billboard Hot 100]] single for 1968, according to year-end charts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/yearend_chart_display.jsp?f=The+Billboard+Hot+100&g=Year-end+Singles&year=1968 |title=The Billboard Hot 100 1968 |publisher=Billboard.com |accessdate=2007-08-16}}</ref> While the record was certified gold the day before it entered the U.S. charts, it took almost thirty years to be certified [[RIAA certification|platinum]], on 17 February 1999.<ref name="american_singles"/> The single has since been certified four times platinum (four million copies shipped) in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=&artist=The%20Beatles&format=SINGLE&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=Platinum&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2009&sort=Artist&perPage=25 |title=RIAA Gold & Platinum Searchable Database - The Beatles Platinum Singles |accessdate=2009-07-09}}</ref> |
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==Critical reception== |
==Critical reception== |
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Upon the release of the "Hey Jude" single, ''Time'' contrasted it with its B-side "Revolution". ''Time'' wrote, "The other side of the new disk urges activism of a different sort" as McCartney "liltingly exhorts a friend to overcome his fears and commit himself in love." |
Upon the release of the "Hey Jude" single, ''Time'' contrasted it with its B-side "Revolution". ''Time'' wrote, "The other side of the new disk urges activism of a different sort" as McCartney "liltingly exhorts a friend to overcome his fears and commit himself in love."<ref name="Time Apple" /> Music analyst [[Alan W. Pollack|Alan Pollack]] praised "Hey Jude" saying, "it's such a good illustration of two compositional lessons—how to fill a large canvas with simple means, and how to use diverse elements such as harmony, bassline, and orchestration to articulate form and contrast." He also said it is unusual for a long song because it uses a "binary form that combines a fully developed, hymn-like song together with an extended, mantra-like jam on a simple chord progression."<ref name="pollack">{{cite web |first=Alan W. |last=Pollack |url=http://www.icce.rug.nl/~soundscapes/DATABASES/AWP/hj.shtml |title=Notes on "Hey Jude" |year=2000 |publisher=Soundscapes| accessdate=2009-08-27}}</ref> Pollack described the song's long coda and fadeout as "an astonishingly transcendental effect,"<ref name="pollack"/> while Unterberger observed, "What could have very easily been boring is instead hypnotic".<ref name="amg-hj"/> |
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"Hey Jude" was nominated for the [[Grammy Awards of 1969]] in the [[Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record of the Year]], [[Grammy Award for Song of the Year|Song of the Year]] and [[Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal|Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal]] categories, but failed to win any of them.{{ |
"Hey Jude" was nominated for the [[Grammy Awards of 1969]] in the [[Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record of the Year]], [[Grammy Award for Song of the Year|Song of the Year]] and [[Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal|Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal]] categories, but failed to win any of them.<ref name="latimes">{{cite web |url=http://theenvelope.latimes.com/factsheets/awardsdb/env-awards-db-search,0,7169155.htmlstory?searchtype=all&query=the+beatles&x=26&y=17 |title=Awards Database |publisher=The Envelope ([[LA Times]]) |accessdate=2007-03-04}}</ref> It did win the 1968 [[Ivor Novello Awards|Ivor Novello Award]] for "A-Side With the Highest Sales". In the ''[[NME]]'' 1968 Readers' Poll, "Hey Jude" was named the best single of the year.<ref name="thisdayinmusic">{{cite web |url=http://www.thisdayinmusic.com/cont/awards/awards68.html |title=The Ivor Novello Awards 1968 |publisher=This Day In Music |accessdate=2006-01-20}}</ref> In 2001, "Hey Jude" was inducted into the [[National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences]] Grammy Hall of Fame.<ref name="yahoo-music">{{cite web |first=Brett |last=Atwood |url=http://music.yahoo.com/read/news/12057267 |title=Beatles, Byrds & Supremes Songs Added To Grammy Hall Of Fame |date=2001-02-13 |publisher=Yahoo! Music|accessdate=2007-08-14}}</ref> {{RS500S|8|it}}<ref name="rs500s">{{cite web |url=http://www.rollingstone.com/news/coverstory/500songs |title=The Rolling Stone 500 Greatest Songs of All Time |publisher = Rolling Stone | date = 9 December 2004 |accessdate=2007-08-14}}</ref> It came in third on [[Channel 4]]'s list of 100 Greatest Singles.<ref name="chan4">{{cite web |url=http://www.procolharum.com/99/awsop_gb+mf-100-bestlist.htm |title="Channel 4 : The 100 best singles" |publisher=ProcolHarum.com |accessdate=2006-01-20}}</ref> The Amusement & Music Operators Association ranked "Hey Jude" the 11th-best [[jukebox]] single of all time.<ref name="bmi">{{cite web |url=http://www.bmi.com/awards/jukebox.asp |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20050207065755/http://www.bmi.com/awards/jukebox.asp |archivedate=2005-02-07 |title=AMOA announcestop 40 jukebox singles of all time |publisher=[[Broadcast Music Incorporated|BMI]] |accessdate=2006-01-20}}</ref> |
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==Promotional film== |
==Promotional film== |
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The Beatles hired [[Michael Lindsay-Hogg]] to shoot the "Hey Jude" promotional film (he had previously directed a 'promo' film for "[[Paperback Writer]]") and they settled on the idea of filming with a live, albeit controlled audience. Hogg shot the film at [[Twickenham Film Studios]] on 4 September 1968, with McCartney himself designing the set. Tony Bramwell, a friend of the Beatles, later described the set as "the piano, there; drums, there; and orchestra in two tiers at the back." The event is also memorable as it marked Starr's return to the group after a two-week hiatus, during which he had announced that he had left the band. |
The Beatles hired [[Michael Lindsay-Hogg]] to shoot the "Hey Jude" promotional film (he had previously directed a 'promo' film for "[[Paperback Writer]]") and they settled on the idea of filming with a live, albeit controlled audience. Hogg shot the film at [[Twickenham Film Studios]] on 4 September 1968, with McCartney himself designing the set. Tony Bramwell, a friend of the Beatles, later described the set as "the piano, there; drums, there; and orchestra in two tiers at the back." The event is also memorable as it marked Starr's return to the group after a two-week hiatus, during which he had announced that he had left the band.<ref name="lewisohn1p151">Lewisohn (1988), p. 151.</ref> The eventual, final film was a combination of several different takes<ref name="liverpool">{{cite web |url=http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/liverpool-life-features/liverpool-special-features/2009/03/06/marc-sinden-on-john-lennon-we-were-in-the-presence-of-god-92534-23077241 |first=Emma |last=Pinch |title=Marc Sinden on John Lennon: We were in the presence of God |date=2009-03-06 |publisher=Liverpool Daily Post|accessdate=2009-03-07}}</ref> and included filmed 'introductions' to the song by [[David Frost]] (who introduced the Beatles as "the greatest tea-room orchestra in the world")<ref name="cross1p368">Cross (2005), p. 368.</ref> and [[Sir Cliff Richard]], for their respective, eponymous TV programmes.<ref name="liverpool"/> As filming wore on, Lennon repeatedly asked Lindsay-Hogg if he had the footage he needed. After twelve takes, McCartney said, "I think that's enough" and filming concluded.<ref name="liverpool"/> It was first aired in the UK on 8 September 1968 and the film was later broadcast for the United States on ''[[The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour]]'' on 6 October 1968.<ref>Schultheiss (1980), p. 222.</ref> Footage of the performance can be seen in the ''Anthology'' DVD series. |
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==Auctioned lyrics== |
==Auctioned lyrics== |
||
In 1996, Julian Lennon paid £25,000 for the recording notes to "Hey Jude" at an auction. Lennon spent another £35,000 at the auction buying John Lennon memorabilia. John Cousins, Julian Lennon's manager, stated, "He has a few photographs of his father, but not very much else. He is collecting for personal reasons, these are family heirlooms if you like."{{ |
In 1996, Julian Lennon paid £25,000 for the recording notes to "Hey Jude" at an auction. Lennon spent another £35,000 at the auction buying John Lennon memorabilia. John Cousins, Julian Lennon's manager, stated, "He has a few photographs of his father, but not very much else. He is collecting for personal reasons, these are family heirlooms if you like."<ref name="heyjules">{{cite web |url=http://heyjules.com/19931997/articles/1996sept29times.html |title=Lennon and son finally work it out |publisher=Hey Jules (from London Sunday Times) |date=1996-09-29 |accessdate=2007-03-04}}</ref> |
||
In 2002, the original handwritten lyrics for the song were nearly auctioned off at [[Christie's]] in London. The sheet of notepaper with the scrawled lyrics had been expected to fetch up to £80,000 at the auction, which was scheduled for 30 April 2002. McCartney went to court to stop the auction, claiming the paper had disappeared from his West London home. Richard Morgan, representing Christie's, said McCartney had provided no evidence that he had ever owned the piece of paper on which the lyrics were written. The courts decided in McCartney's favour and prohibited the sale of the lyrics. They had been sent to Christie's for auction by Frenchman Florrent Tessier, who said he purchased the piece of paper at a street market stall in London for £10 in the early 1970s. In the original catalogue for the auction, Julian Lennon had written, "It's very strange to think that someone has written a song about you. It still touches me."{{ |
In 2002, the original handwritten lyrics for the song were nearly auctioned off at [[Christie's]] in London. The sheet of notepaper with the scrawled lyrics had been expected to fetch up to £80,000 at the auction, which was scheduled for 30 April 2002. McCartney went to court to stop the auction, claiming the paper had disappeared from his West London home. Richard Morgan, representing Christie's, said McCartney had provided no evidence that he had ever owned the piece of paper on which the lyrics were written. The courts decided in McCartney's favour and prohibited the sale of the lyrics. They had been sent to Christie's for auction by Frenchman Florrent Tessier, who said he purchased the piece of paper at a street market stall in London for £10 in the early 1970s. In the original catalogue for the auction, Julian Lennon had written, "It's very strange to think that someone has written a song about you. It still touches me."<ref name="cbsnews">{{cite web |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/04/30/entertainment/main507573.shtml |first=Jane |last=Wardell |title=McCartney In 'Hey Jude' Battle |date=2002-04-30 |publisher=[[CBS|CBS News]]/[[Associated Press]]}}</ref>'' |
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==Charts== |
==Charts== |
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Line 81: | Line 81: | ||
!Peak<br />position |
!Peak<br />position |
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|- |
|- |
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|Austrian Singles Chart{{ |
|Austrian Singles Chart<ref>{{cite web | title=The Beatles - Hey Jude (song) | publisher=AustrianCharts.at | url=http://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=The+Beatles&titel=Hey+Jude&cat=s | accessdate=16 August 2007}}</ref> |
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| style="text-align:center;"|1 |
| style="text-align:center;"|1 |
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|- |
|- |
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|Norwegian Singles Chart<ref>{{cite web | title=The Beatles - Hey Jude (song) | publisher=NorweiganCharts.com | url=http://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=The+Beatles&titel=Hey+Jude&cat=s | accessdate=16 August 2007}}</ref> |
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|Irish Singles Chart{{sfn|IrishCharts.ie|2007}} |
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| style="text-align:center;"|1 |
| style="text-align:center;"|1 |
||
|- |
|- |
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|Swiss Singles Chart<ref>{{cite web | title=The Beatles - Hey Jude (song) | publisher=SwissCharts.com | url=http://swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=The+Beatles&titel=Hey+Jude&cat=s | accessdate=16 August 2007}}</ref> |
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|Norwegian Singles Chart{{sfn|NorweiganCharts.com|2007}} |
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| style="text-align:center;"|1 |
| style="text-align:center;"|1 |
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|- |
|- |
||
| |
|UK Singles Chart<ref name="cross1p481"/> |
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| style="text-align:center;"|1 |
| style="text-align:center;"|1 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref name="cross1p539"/> |
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|UK Singles Chart{{sfn|Cross|2005|p=481}} |
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| style="text-align:center;"|1 |
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|- |
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|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot 100{{sfn|Cross|2005|p=539}} |
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| style="text-align:center;"|1 |
| style="text-align:center;"|1 |
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|} |
|} |
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Line 106: | Line 103: | ||
*[[Ringo Starr]] – backing vocal, [[Drum kit|drums]], [[tambourine]] |
*[[Ringo Starr]] – backing vocal, [[Drum kit|drums]], [[tambourine]] |
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*Uncredited – 10 violins, 3 violas, 3 cellos, 2 double basses, 2 flutes, 2 clarinets, 1 bass clarinet, 1 bassoon, 1 contrabassoon, 4 trumpets, 2 horns, 4 trombones, 1 percussion |
*Uncredited – 10 violins, 3 violas, 3 cellos, 2 double basses, 2 flutes, 2 clarinets, 1 bass clarinet, 1 bassoon, 1 contrabassoon, 4 trumpets, 2 horns, 4 trombones, 1 percussion |
||
:Personnel per [[Ian MacDonald]] |
:Personnel per [[Ian MacDonald]]<ref name="macdonald2p302-304"/> |
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==Notes== |
==Notes== |
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{{Reflist|colwidth= |
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
||
* {{cite book |last=Cross |first=Craig |year=2005 |title=The Beatles: Day-by-Day, Song-by-Song, Record-by-Record |publisher=[[iUniverse]] |location=Lincoln, NE |isbn=0-595-34663-4}} |
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{{Refbegin|2}} |
|||
* {{cite book |last=Emerick |first=Geoff |authorlink=Geoff Emerick |year=2006 |last2=Massey |first2=Howard |title=Here, There and Everywhere: My Life Recording the Music of the Beatles |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |location=New York |isbn=1-592-40179-1}} |
|||
* {{cite album-notes |
|||
* {{cite book |last=Harry |first=Bill |authorlink=Bill Harry |year=2000 |title=The Beatles Encyclopedia: Revised and Updated |publisher=[[Virgin Publishing]] |location=London |isbn=0-7535-0481-2}} |
|||
| publisher=[[Apple Records]] |
|||
* {{cite book |last=Hertsgaard |first=Mark |year=1995 |title=A Day in the Life: The Music and Artistry of the Beatles |publisher=[[Delacorte Press]] |location=New York |isbn=0-385-31377-2}} |
|||
| year=2009 |
|||
* {{cite book |last=Lewisohn |first=Mark |authorlink=Mark Lewisohn |year=1988 |title=The Beatles Recording Sessions |publisher=[[Harmony Books]] |location=New York |isbn=0-517-57066-1}} |
|||
| title=Past Masters |
|||
* {{cite book |last=Lowry |first=Todd |year=2002 |title=Lennon and McCartney Hits |publisher=Hal Leonard |isbn=0-534-03250-X}} |
|||
| location=London |
|||
* {{cite book |last=Miles |first=Barry |authorlink=Barry Miles |year=1997 |title=Paul McCartney: Many Years From Now |publisher=[[Henry Holt and Company]] |location=New York |isbn=0-8050-5249-6}} |
|||
| albumlink=Past Masters (The Beatles albums) |
|||
* {{cite book |last=MacDonald |first=Ian |authorlink=Ian MacDonald |year=2005 |title=Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties |edition=Second Revised |publisher=Pimlico (Rand) |location=London |isbn=1-844-13828-3}} |
|||
| bandname=[[The Beatles]] |
|||
* {{cite book |last=Martin |first=George |authorlink=George Martin |year=1994 |last2=Hornsby |first2=Jeremy |title=All You Need Is Ears |publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]] |location=New York |isbn=0-312-11482-6}} |
|||
| format=booklet |
|||
* {{cite book |last=Riley |first=Tim |year=2002 |title=The Beatles: Album By Album, Song By Song, the Sixties and After |publisher=Da Capo Press |location=Cambridge, MA |isbn=ISBN 0-306-81120-0}} |
|||
| ref={{SfnRef|Apple Records|2009|p=2}} |
|||
* {{cite book |last=Schultheiss |first=Tom |year=1980 |title=A Day in the Life: The Beatles Day-By-Day |publisher=Pierian Press |location=Ann Arbor |isbn=0-87650-120-X}} |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |last=Sheff |first=David |authorlink=David Sheff |year=2000 |title=All We Are Saying: The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono |publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]] |location=New York |isbn=0-312-25464-4}} |
|||
* {{cite web |
|||
* {{cite book |last=Spitz |first=Bob |authorlink=Bob Spitz |year=2005 |title=The Beatles: The Biography |publisher=[[Little, Brown]] |location=Boston |isbn=0-316-80352-9}} |
|||
| last=Atwood |
|||
* {{cite book |last=Wenner |first=Jann S |authorlink=Jann Wenner |year=2000 |title=Lennon Remembers (Full interview from Lennon's 1970 interview in [[Rolling Stone]] magazine) |publisher=Verso |location=London |isbn=1-85984-600-9}} |
|||
| first=Brett |
|||
| year=2001 |
|||
| title=Beatles, Byrds & Supremes Songs Added To Grammy Hall Of Fame |
|||
| date=13 February 2001 |
|||
| work=Yahoo! Music |
|||
| url=http://music.yahoo.com/read/news/12057267 |
|||
| accessdate=14 August 2007 |
|||
| ref=harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite web |
|||
| work=AustrianCharts.at |
|||
| year=2007 |
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| title=The Beatles - Hey Jude (song) |
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| url=http://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=The+Beatles&titel=Hey+Jude&cat=s |
|||
| accessdate=16 August 2007 |
|||
| ref={{SfnRef|AustrianCharts.at|2007}} |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite web |
|||
| work=[[Broadcast Music Incorporated|BMI]] |
|||
| year=2006 |
|||
| title=AMOA announces top 40 jukebox singles of all time |
|||
| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20050207065755/http://www.bmi.com/awards/jukebox.asp |
|||
| archivedate=2005-02-07 |
|||
| url=http://www.bmi.com/awards/jukebox.asp |
|||
| accessdate=20 January 2006 |
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| ref={{SfnRef|BMI|2006}} |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite web |
|||
| work=BMI |
|||
| year=2009 |
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| title=HEY JUDE (Legal Title), BMI Work #562357 |
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| url=http://repertoire.bmi.com/title.asp?blnWriter=True&blnPublisher=True&blnArtist=True&page=1&keyid=562357&ShowNbr=0&ShowSeqNbr=0&querytype=WorkID |
|||
| accessdate=23 October 2009 |
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| ref={{SfnRef|BMI|2009}} |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite web |
|||
| work=Beatles.com |
|||
| year=2004 |
|||
| title=Hey Jude |
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| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20040804021440/http://www.beatles.com/html/heyjude/index.html |
|||
| archivedate=2004-08-04 |
|||
| url=http://www.beatles.com/html/heyjude/index.html |
|||
| accessdate=03 June 2004 |
|||
| ref={{SfnRef|Beatles.com|2004}} |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite web |
|||
| work=Billboard.com |
|||
| year=2007 |
|||
| title=The Billboard Hot 100 1968 |
|||
| url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/yearend_chart_display.jsp?f=The+Billboard+Hot+100&g=Year-end+Singles&year=1968 |
|||
| accessdate=16 August 2007 |
|||
| ref={{SfnRef|Billboard.com|2007}} |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
| last=Cross |
|||
| first=Craig |
|||
| year=2005 |
|||
| title=The Beatles: Day-by-Day, Song-by-Song, Record-by-Record |
|||
| publisher=[[iUniverse]] |
|||
| location=Lincoln, NE |
|||
| isbn=0-595-34663-4 |
|||
| ref=harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite web |
|||
| last=Cross |
|||
| first=Craig |
|||
| year=2006 |
|||
| title=American Singles |
|||
| url=http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.beatles-discography.com/us-singles.html |
|||
| accessdate=20 January 2006 |
|||
| ref=harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
| last=Emerick |
|||
| first=Geoff |
|||
| year=2006 |
|||
| authorlink=Geoff Emerick |
|||
| last2=Massey |
|||
| first2=Howard |
|||
| title=Here, There and Everywhere: My Life Recording the Music of the Beatles |
|||
| publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |
|||
| location=New York |
|||
| isbn=1-592-40179-1 |
|||
| ref=harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite web |
|||
| work=The Envelope ([[LA Times]]) |
|||
| year=2007 |
|||
| title=Awards Database |
|||
| url=http://theenvelope.latimes.com/factsheets/awardsdb/env-awards-db-search,0,7169155.htmlstory?searchtype=all&query=the+beatles&x=26&y=17 |
|||
| accessdate=04 March 2007 |
|||
| ref={{SfnRef|The Envelope (LA Times)|2007}} |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
| last=Harry |
|||
| first=Bill |
|||
| year=2000 |
|||
| authorlink=Bill Harry |
|||
| title=The Beatles Encyclopedia: Revised and Updated |
|||
| publisher=[[Virgin Publishing]] |
|||
| location=London |
|||
| isbn=0-7535-0481-2 |
|||
| ref=harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
| last=Hertsgaard |
|||
| first=Mark |
|||
| year=1995 |
|||
| title=A Day in the Life: The Music and Artistry of the Beatles |
|||
| publisher=[[Delacorte Press]] |
|||
| location=New York |
|||
| isbn=0-385-31377-2 |
|||
| ref=harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite web |
|||
| work=Hey Jules (from London Sunday Times) |
|||
| year=1996 |
|||
| title=Lennon and son finally work it out |
|||
| date=29 September 1996 |
|||
| url=http://heyjules.com/19931997/articles/1996sept29times.html |
|||
| accessdate=04 March 2007 |
|||
| ref={{SfnRef|Hey Jules|1996}} |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite web |
|||
| last=Hunt |
|||
| first=Chris |
|||
| year=2003 |
|||
| authorlink=Chris Hunt |
|||
| title=The Story Of Hey Jude |
|||
| work=Beatles Special |
|||
| url=http://www.chrishunt.biz/features01.html |
|||
| ref=harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
| last=Lewisohn |
|||
| first=Mark |
|||
| year=1988 |
|||
| authorlink=Mark Lewisohn |
|||
| title=The Beatles Recording Sessions |
|||
| publisher=[[Harmony Books]] |
|||
| location=New York |
|||
| isbn=0-517-57066-1 |
|||
| ref=harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite album-notes |
|||
| last=Lewisohn |
|||
| first=Mark |
|||
| year=1996 |
|||
| authorlink=Mark Lewisohn |
|||
| title=Anthology 3 |
|||
| publisher=[[Apple Records]] |
|||
| location=London |
|||
| albumlink=Anthology 3 |
|||
| bandname=[[The Beatles]] |
|||
| format=booklet |
|||
| publisherid=34451 |
|||
| ref=harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
| last=Lowry |
|||
| first=Todd |
|||
| year=2002 |
|||
| title=Lennon and McCartney Hits |
|||
| publisher=Hal Leonard |
|||
| isbn=0-534-03250-X |
|||
| ref=harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
| last=MacDonald |
|||
| first=Ian |
|||
| year=2005 |
|||
| authorlink=Ian MacDonald |
|||
| title=Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties |
|||
| publisher=Pimlico (Rand) |
|||
| location=London |
|||
| edition=Second Revised |
|||
| isbn=1-844-13828-3 |
|||
| ref=harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
| last=Martin |
|||
| first=George |
|||
| year=1994 |
|||
| authorlink=George Martin |
|||
| last2=Hornsby |
|||
| first2=Jeremy |
|||
| title=All You Need Is Ears |
|||
| publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]] |
|||
| location=New York |
|||
| isbn=0-312-11482-6 |
|||
| ref=harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
| last=Miles |
|||
| first=Barry |
|||
| year=1997 |
|||
| authorlink=Barry Miles |
|||
| title=Paul McCartney: Many Years From Now |
|||
| publisher=[[Henry Holt and Company]] |
|||
| location=New York |
|||
| isbn=0-8050-5249-6 |
|||
| ref=harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite web |
|||
| work=NorweiganCharts.com |
|||
| year=2007 |
|||
| title=The Beatles - Hey Jude (song) |
|||
| url=http://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=The+Beatles&titel=Hey+Jude&cat=s |
|||
| accessdate=16 August 2007 |
|||
| ref={{SfnRef|NorweiganCharts.com|2007}} |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite news |
|||
| last=Pinch |
|||
| first=Emma |
|||
| year=2009 |
|||
| title=Marc Sinden on John Lennon: We were in the presence of God |
|||
| date=06 March 2009 |
|||
| newspaper=Liverpool Daily Post |
|||
| url=http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/liverpool-life-features/liverpool-special-features/2009/03/06/marc-sinden-on-john-lennon-we-were-in-the-presence-of-god-92534-23077241 |
|||
| accessdate=07 March 2009 |
|||
| ref=harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite web |
|||
| last=Pollack |
|||
| first=Alan W. |
|||
| year=2000 |
|||
| authorlink=Alan W. Pollack |
|||
| title=Notes on "Hey Jude" |
|||
| work=Soundscapes |
|||
| url=http://www.icce.rug.nl/~soundscapes/DATABASES/AWP/hj.shtml |
|||
| accessdate=27 August 2009 |
|||
| ref=harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite web |
|||
| work=ProcolHarum.com |
|||
| year=2006 |
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}} |
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* {{cite web |
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| work=[[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]] |
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| year=2009 |
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| title=RIAA Gold & Platinum Searchable Database - The Beatles Platinum Singles |
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| url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=&artist=The%20Beatles&format=SINGLE&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=Platinum&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2009&sort=Artist&perPage=25 |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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| title=The Beatles: Album By Album, Song By Song, the Sixties and After |
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| publisher=Da Capo Press |
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| location=Cambridge, MA |
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| isbn=ISBN 0-306-81120-0 |
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}} |
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* {{cite web |
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| year=2004 |
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| title=The Rolling Stone 500 Greatest Songs of All Time |
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| accessdate=14 August 2007 |
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* {{cite book |
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| title=A Day in the Life: The Beatles Day-By-Day |
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| location=Ann Arbor |
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| isbn=0-87650-120-X |
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* {{cite book |
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| title=All We Are Saying: The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono |
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| publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]] |
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| location=New York |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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| last=Spitz |
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| first=Bob |
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| year=2005 |
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| authorlink=Bob Spitz |
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| title=The Beatles: The Biography |
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| publisher=[[Little, Brown]] |
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| location=Boston |
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| isbn=0-316-80352-9 |
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| ref=harv |
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}} |
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* {{cite web |
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| work=SwissCharts.com |
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| year=2007 |
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| title=The Beatles - Hey Jude (song) |
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| url=http://swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=The+Beatles&titel=Hey+Jude&cat=s |
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| accessdate=16 August 2007 |
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| ref={{SfnRef|SwissCharts.com|2007}} |
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}} |
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* {{cite web |
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| work=This Day In Music |
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| year=2006 |
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| title=The Ivor Novello Awards 1968 |
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| url=http://www.thisdayinmusic.com/cont/awards/awards68.html |
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| accessdate=20 January 2006 |
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| ref={{SfnRef|This Day In Music|2006}} |
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}} |
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* {{cite news |
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| work=[[Time magazine|Time]] |
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| year=1968 |
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| title=Apples for the Beatles |
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| date=06 September 1968 |
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| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,900338,00.html |
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| accessdate=09 August 2007 |
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| ref={{SfnRef|Time|1968}} |
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}} |
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* {{cite web |
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| last=Unterberger |
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| first=Richie |
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| year=2006 |
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| authorlink=Richie Unterberger |
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| title=Review of "Hey Jude" |
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| work=[[Allmusic]] |
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| url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=33:1ukqoayaeiop |
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| accessdate=20 January 2006 |
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| ref=harv |
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}} |
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* {{cite news |
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| last=Wardell |
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| first=Jane |
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| year=2002 |
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| title=McCartney In 'Hey Jude' Battle |
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| date=30 April 2002 |
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| work=[[CBS|CBS News]]/[[Associated Press]] |
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| url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/04/30/entertainment/main507573.shtml |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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| last=Wenner |
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| first=Jann S |
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| year=2000 |
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| authorlink=Jann Wenner |
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| title=Lennon Remembers (Full interview from Lennon's 1970 interview in Rolling Stone magazine) |
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| publisher=Verso |
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| location=London |
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}} |
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* {{cite web |
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| ref={{SfnRef|sonydadc.com}} |
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{{Refend}} |
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{{start box}} |
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Revision as of 12:58, 20 December 2009
"Hey Jude" | |
---|---|
Song | |
B-side | "Revolution" |
"Hey Jude" is a song by the English rock band The Beatles. Credited to Lennon/McCartney, the ballad evolved from "Hey Jules", a song Paul McCartney wrote to comfort John Lennon's son Julian during his parents' divorce. "Hey Jude" begins with a verse-bridge structure based around McCartney's vocal performance and piano accompaniment; further details are added as the song progresses to distinguish sections. After the fourth verse, the song shifts to a fade-out coda that lasts for more than four minutes.
"Hey Jude" was released in August 1968 as the first single from The Beatles' record label Apple Records. Totalling more than seven minutes in length, "Hey Jude" was at the time the longest single ever to top the British charts.[4] It also spent nine weeks as number one in the United States—the longest run at the top of the American charts for a Beatles single. The single has sold approximately eight million copies and is frequently included on professional lists of the all-time best songs.
Inspiration and composition
In 1968, John Lennon and his wife Cynthia Lennon separated due to his affair with Yoko Ono. Soon afterwards, Paul McCartney drove out to visit Cynthia and Julian, her son with Lennon. "We'd been very good friends for millions of years and I thought it was a bit much for them suddenly to be personae non gratae and out of my life," McCartney said.[5] Cynthia Lennon recalled, "I was truly surprised when, one afternoon, Paul arrived on his own. I was touched by his obvious concern for our welfare.... On the journey down he composed 'Hey Jude' in the car. I will never forget Paul's gesture of care and concern in coming to see us."[6]
The song's original title was "Hey Jules", and it was intended to comfort Julian Lennon from the stress of his parents' divorce. McCartney said, "I started with the idea 'Hey Jules', which was Julian, don't make it bad, take a sad song and make it better. Hey, try and deal with this terrible thing. I knew it was not going to be easy for him. I always feel sorry for kids in divorces ... I had the idea [for the song] by the time I got there. I changed it to 'Jude' because I thought that sounded a bit better."[5] Julian Lennon discovered the song had been written for him almost twenty years later. He remembered being closer to McCartney than to his father: "Paul and I used to hang about quite a bit—more than Dad and I did. We had a great friendship going and there seems to be far more pictures of me and Paul playing together at that age than there are pictures of me and my dad."[7]
Although McCartney originally wrote the song for Julian Lennon, John Lennon thought it had actually been written for him:[8]
But I always heard it as a song to me. If you think about it... Yoko's just come into the picture. He's saying. 'Hey, Jude—Hey, John.' I know I'm sounding like one of those fans who reads things into it, but you can hear it as a song to me ... Subconsciously, he was saying, Go ahead, leave me. On a conscious level, he didn't want me to go ahead.
Other people believed McCartney wrote the song about them, including Judith Simons, a journalist with the Daily Express.[9] Still others, including John Lennon, have speculated that McCartney's failing long-term relationship with Jane Asher when he wrote "Hey Jude" was an unconscious "message to himself".[10] In fact, when Lennon mentioned that he thought the song was about him, McCartney denied it, and told Lennon he had written the song about himself.[11]
McCartney changed the title to "Hey Jude" because the name Jude was easier to sing.[7] Much as he did with "Yesterday", McCartney played the song for other musicians and friends. Ron Griffith of Badfinger, the first band to join the Beatles-owned record label Apple Records, recalled that on their first day in the studio, "Paul walked over to the grand piano and said, 'Hey lads, have a listen', and he sat down and gave us a full concert rendition of 'Hey Jude'. We were gobsmacked."[7][12]
Musical structure
"Hey Jude" begins with McCartney singing lead vocals and playing the piano. The patterns McCartney plays are based on three chords: F, C and B-flat (I, V and IV);[4] the second verse adds accompaniment by guitar and a single tambourine. The main chord progression is "flipped on its head" for the coda, as the C chord is replaced by E-flat.[13] Writer Tim Riley notes, "As Ringo offers a restrained tom-tom and cymbal fill, the piano shifts downward to add a flat seventh to the tonic chord, making the downbeat of the bridge the point of arrival ('And any time you feel the pain')."[14] At the end of each bridge, McCartney sings a brief phrase ("Na-na-na na . . .") and plays a piano fill which leads to the next verse; the phrase McCartney sings serves to "reorient the harmony for the verse as the piano figure turns upside down into a vocal aside." Additional details, such as tambourine on the third verse and subtle harmonies that accompany the lead vocal, are added to sustain the interest of the listener throughout the four-verse, two-bridge song.[15]
The verse-bridge structure of the song persists for approximately three minutes, after which the band leads into a four-minute long coda. During the coda, the rest of band, backed by an orchestra that also provides backing vocals, repeat the phrase "Na-na-na na" followed by the words "Hey Jude" until the song gradually fades out. Time magazine described the coda as "a fadeout that engagingly spoofs the fadeout as a gimmick for ending pop records."[16] Riley notes the repeated chord progression of the coda (I-flat VII-IV-I) "answers all the musical questions raised at the beginnings and ends of bridges," for "The flat seventh that pose dominant turns into bridges now has an entire chord built on it." This three-chord refrain allows McCartney "a bedding [. . .] to leap about on vocally",[17] as he ad-libs his vocal performance for the rest of the song. Riley concludes that the song "becomes a tour of Paul's vocal range: from the graceful inviting tones of the opening verse, through the mounting excitement of the song itself, to the surging raves of the coda."[18]
While "Hey Jude" was intended to address Julian Lennon, writer Mark Hertsgaard noted "many of the song's lyrics do seem directed more at a grown man on the verge of a powerful new love, especially the lines 'you have found her now go and get her' and 'you're waiting for someone to perform with.'"[11] Tim Riley wrote, "If the song is about self-worth and self-consolation in the face of hardship, the vocal performance itself conveys much of the journey. He begins by singing to comfort someone else, finds himself weighing his own feelings in the process, and finally, in the repeated refrains that nurture his own approbation, he comes to believe in himself."[18]
Recording
The Beatles recorded 25 takes of "Hey Jude" at Abbey Road Studios in two nights, 29 July and 30 July 1968. These were mostly rehearsals, however, as they planned to record the master track at Trident Studios to utilise their eight-track recording machine (Abbey Road was still limited to four-tracks).[19] One take from 29 July is available on the Anthology 3 CD.[20] The master rhythm track was recorded on 31 July at Trident. Four takes were recorded; take one was selected. The song was completed on 1 August with additional overdubs including a 36-piece orchestra for the song's long coda, scored by George Martin. The orchestra consisted of ten violins, three violas, three cellos, two flutes, one contra bassoon, one bassoon, two clarinets, one contra bass clarinet, four trumpets, four trombones, two horns, percussion, and two string basses. While adding backing vocals, The Beatles asked the orchestra members if they would clap their hands and sing along to the refrain in the song's coda. Most complied (for a double fee), but one declined, saying "I'm not going to clap my hands and sing Paul McCartney's bloody song!"[21]
Ringo Starr almost missed his drum cue. He left for a toilet break—unnoticed by the other Beatles—and the Beatles started recording. In 1994, McCartney said, "Ringo walked out to go to the toilet and I hadn't noticed. The toilet was only a few yards from his drum booth, but he'd gone past my back and I still thought he was in his drum booth. I started what was the actual take, and 'Hey Jude' goes on for hours before the drums come in and while I was doing it I suddenly felt Ringo tiptoeing past my back rather quickly, trying to get to his drums. And just as he got to his drums, boom boom boom, his timing was absolutely impeccable."[22]
At about 3:01 of the song, McCartney can be heard to say, "Oh, fucking hell!" According to sound engineers Ken Scott and Geoff Emerick, it was Lennon's idea to leave the mistake in the final mix. "'Paul hit a clunker on the piano and said a naughty word,' Lennon gleefully crowed, 'but I insisted we leave it in, buried just low enough so that it can barely be heard. Most people won't ever spot it…but we'll know it's there.'"[23]
George Harrison and McCartney had a disagreement over this song. According to McCartney, during a rehearsal Harrison played an answer to every line of the vocal. This did not fit with McCartney's idea of the song's arrangement, and he vetoed it.[21][22] In a 1994 interview, McCartney said, "We were joking when we made the Anthology: I was saying: 'I realise I was a bossy git.' And George said, 'Oh no, Paul, you never did anything like that!' ... But it was essential for me and looking back on it, I think, Okay. Well, it was bossy, but it was ballsy of me, because I could have bowed to the pressure."[22] Ron Richards, who worked for George Martin at both Parlophone at AIR Studios, and who discovered The Hollies,[24] was present for many Beatle recording sessions. He said McCartney was "oblivious to anyone else's feelings in the studio," and that he was driven to make the best possible record, at almost any cost.[25]
Single release
"Hey Jude" was released on 26 August 1968 in the United States and 30 August in the United Kingdom, backed with "Revolution" on the B-side of a 7" single.[26] The single was the debut release of the Beatles' record label Apple Records; in the US, it was also the first Beatles single to be issued in a paper sleeve instead of a picture cover.[27] Even though "Hey Jude" was recorded during the sessions for the album The Beatles, also known as The White Album, it was always intended as a single and not an album track.[19][28][29] Lennon wanted "Revolution" to be the A-side of the single, but the other Beatles did not agree. In his 1970 interview with Rolling Stone, he said "Hey Jude" was worthy of an A-side, "but we could have had both."[30] Ten years later in 1980, he told Playboy he still disagreed with the decision.[31]
"Hey Jude" began its sixteen-week run on the British charts on 7 September 1968, claiming the top spot a week later. It only lasted two weeks on top before being knocked off by another single from Apple, Mary Hopkin's "Those Were the Days".[32] The single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America on 13 September; that same week NME reported that two million copies of the single had been sold.[33] The song entered the U.S. charts on 14 September 1968, where it stayed for the next nineteen weeks. Two weeks later, "Hey Jude" was number one in the charts, and held that position for the following eight weeks, totalling nine weeks.[34] setting the U.S. record for the longest time spent by a Beatles single at number one,[35] as well as being the longest-playing single to reach number one.[34]
American radio stations were averse to playing anything longer than the usual three to three-and-a-half minutes, and Capitol Records pressed a shortened version of the song specifically for airplay.[34] "Hey Jude" clocked in at seven minutes and eleven seconds. The only other chart-topping song worldwide in the 1960s that ran over seven minutes was Richard Harris' "MacArthur Park". In the UK, where "MacArthur Park" did not top the chart, "Hey Jude" remained the longest number-one hit for nearly a quarter of a century, until it was surpassed in 1993 by Meat Loaf's "I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)", which ran seven minutes fifty-eight seconds as a single.[36]
On 30 November 1968 NME reported that sales had reached nearly six million copies worldwide.[37] "Hey Jude" became the biggest-selling debut release for a record label ever, selling an estimated eight million copies worldwide and topping the charts in eleven countries.[32] It remains the Beatles' most commercially successful single.[12] "Hey Jude" was the top Billboard Hot 100 single for 1968, according to year-end charts.[38] While the record was certified gold the day before it entered the U.S. charts, it took almost thirty years to be certified platinum, on 17 February 1999.[36] The single has since been certified four times platinum (four million copies shipped) in the United States.[39]
Critical reception
Upon the release of the "Hey Jude" single, Time contrasted it with its B-side "Revolution". Time wrote, "The other side of the new disk urges activism of a different sort" as McCartney "liltingly exhorts a friend to overcome his fears and commit himself in love."[16] Music analyst Alan Pollack praised "Hey Jude" saying, "it's such a good illustration of two compositional lessons—how to fill a large canvas with simple means, and how to use diverse elements such as harmony, bassline, and orchestration to articulate form and contrast." He also said it is unusual for a long song because it uses a "binary form that combines a fully developed, hymn-like song together with an extended, mantra-like jam on a simple chord progression."[40] Pollack described the song's long coda and fadeout as "an astonishingly transcendental effect,"[40] while Unterberger observed, "What could have very easily been boring is instead hypnotic".[10]
"Hey Jude" was nominated for the Grammy Awards of 1969 in the Record of the Year, Song of the Year and Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal categories, but failed to win any of them.[41] It did win the 1968 Ivor Novello Award for "A-Side With the Highest Sales". In the NME 1968 Readers' Poll, "Hey Jude" was named the best single of the year.[42] In 2001, "Hey Jude" was inducted into the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences Grammy Hall of Fame.[43] In 2004, it was ranked number 8 on Rolling Stone's list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time".[44] It came in third on Channel 4's list of 100 Greatest Singles.[45] The Amusement & Music Operators Association ranked "Hey Jude" the 11th-best jukebox single of all time.[1]
Promotional film
The Beatles hired Michael Lindsay-Hogg to shoot the "Hey Jude" promotional film (he had previously directed a 'promo' film for "Paperback Writer") and they settled on the idea of filming with a live, albeit controlled audience. Hogg shot the film at Twickenham Film Studios on 4 September 1968, with McCartney himself designing the set. Tony Bramwell, a friend of the Beatles, later described the set as "the piano, there; drums, there; and orchestra in two tiers at the back." The event is also memorable as it marked Starr's return to the group after a two-week hiatus, during which he had announced that he had left the band.[46] The eventual, final film was a combination of several different takes[47] and included filmed 'introductions' to the song by David Frost (who introduced the Beatles as "the greatest tea-room orchestra in the world")[48] and Sir Cliff Richard, for their respective, eponymous TV programmes.[47] As filming wore on, Lennon repeatedly asked Lindsay-Hogg if he had the footage he needed. After twelve takes, McCartney said, "I think that's enough" and filming concluded.[47] It was first aired in the UK on 8 September 1968 and the film was later broadcast for the United States on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour on 6 October 1968.[49] Footage of the performance can be seen in the Anthology DVD series.
Auctioned lyrics
In 1996, Julian Lennon paid £25,000 for the recording notes to "Hey Jude" at an auction. Lennon spent another £35,000 at the auction buying John Lennon memorabilia. John Cousins, Julian Lennon's manager, stated, "He has a few photographs of his father, but not very much else. He is collecting for personal reasons, these are family heirlooms if you like."[50]
In 2002, the original handwritten lyrics for the song were nearly auctioned off at Christie's in London. The sheet of notepaper with the scrawled lyrics had been expected to fetch up to £80,000 at the auction, which was scheduled for 30 April 2002. McCartney went to court to stop the auction, claiming the paper had disappeared from his West London home. Richard Morgan, representing Christie's, said McCartney had provided no evidence that he had ever owned the piece of paper on which the lyrics were written. The courts decided in McCartney's favour and prohibited the sale of the lyrics. They had been sent to Christie's for auction by Frenchman Florrent Tessier, who said he purchased the piece of paper at a street market stall in London for £10 in the early 1970s. In the original catalogue for the auction, Julian Lennon had written, "It's very strange to think that someone has written a song about you. It still touches me."[51]
Charts
Chart (1968) | Peak position |
---|---|
Austrian Singles Chart[52] | 1 |
Norwegian Singles Chart[53] | 1 |
Swiss Singles Chart[54] | 1 |
UK Singles Chart[32] | 1 |
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[34] | 1 |
Personnel
- Paul McCartney – vocal, bass, piano
- John Lennon – backing vocal, acoustic guitar
- George Harrison – backing vocal, lead guitar
- Ringo Starr – backing vocal, drums, tambourine
- Uncredited – 10 violins, 3 violas, 3 cellos, 2 double basses, 2 flutes, 2 clarinets, 1 bass clarinet, 1 bassoon, 1 contrabassoon, 4 trumpets, 2 horns, 4 trombones, 1 percussion
- Personnel per Ian MacDonald[29]
Notes
- ^ a b "HEY JUDE (Legal Title), BMI Work #562357". BMI.com. Retrieved 2009-10-23. Cite error: The named reference "bmi" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Past Masters (Media notes). London: Apple Records. 2009. p. 2.
{{cite AV media notes}}
:|format=
requires|url=
(help); Unknown parameter|albumlink=
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ignored (help) - ^ "Sony ATV".
- ^ a b Lowry (2002), p. 44.
- ^ a b Miles (1997), p. 465.
- ^ Cross (2005), p. 366.
- ^ a b c Cross (2005), p. 367.
- ^ Sheff (2000), p. 186.
- ^ Harry (2000), p. 517.
- ^ a b Unterberger, Richie. "Rview of "Hey Jude"". Allmusic. Retrieved 2006-01-20.
- ^ a b Hertsgaard (1995), p. 236.
- ^ a b Hunt, Chris (2003). "The Story Of Hey Jude". Beatles Special. Mojo.
- ^ Hertsgaard (1995), pp. 249-250.
- ^ Riley (2002), p. 252.
- ^ Riley (2002), p. 253.
- ^ a b "Apples for the Beatles". Time. 1968-09-06. Retrieved 2007-08-09.
- ^ Riley (2002), p. 254.
- ^ a b Riley (2002), p. 255.
- ^ a b Lewisohn (1988), p. 145.
- ^ Lewisohn, Mark (1996). Anthology 3 (Media notes). London: Apple Records. p. 14.
{{cite AV media notes}}
:|format=
requires|url=
(help); Unknown parameter|albumlink=
ignored (help); Unknown parameter|bandname=
ignored (help); Unknown parameter|publisherid=
ignored (help) - ^ a b Lewisohn (1988), p. 146.
- ^ a b c Miles (1997), p. 466.
- ^ Emerick (2006), p. 263.
- ^ Martin (1994), pp. 137,183.
- ^ Spitz (2005), p. 783.
- ^ Lewisohn (1988), p. 200.
- ^ "Hey Jude". Beatles.com. Archived from the original on 2004-08-04. Retrieved 2004-06-03.
- ^ Spitz (2005), p. 782.
- ^ a b MacDonald (2005), pp. 302-304.
- ^ Wenner (2000), p. 110.
- ^ Sheff (2000), p. 187.
- ^ a b c Cross (2005), p. 481.
- ^ Schultheiss (1980), p. 220.
- ^ a b c d Cross (2005), p. 539.
- ^ Cross (2005), pp. 604-605.
- ^ a b Cross, Craig. "American Singles". Retrieved 2006-01-20.
- ^ Schultheiss (1980), p. 226.
- ^ "The Billboard Hot 100 1968". Billboard.com. Retrieved 2007-08-16.
- ^ "RIAA Gold & Platinum Searchable Database - The Beatles Platinum Singles". Retrieved 2009-07-09.
- ^ a b Pollack, Alan W. (2000). "Notes on "Hey Jude"". Soundscapes. Retrieved 2009-08-27.
- ^ "Awards Database". The Envelope (LA Times). Retrieved 2007-03-04.
- ^ "The Ivor Novello Awards 1968". This Day In Music. Retrieved 2006-01-20.
- ^ Atwood, Brett (2001-02-13). "Beatles, Byrds & Supremes Songs Added To Grammy Hall Of Fame". Yahoo! Music. Retrieved 2007-08-14.
- ^ "The Rolling Stone 500 Greatest Songs of All Time". Rolling Stone. 9 December 2004. Retrieved 2007-08-14.
- ^ ""Channel 4 : The 100 best singles"". ProcolHarum.com. Retrieved 2006-01-20.
- ^ Lewisohn (1988), p. 151.
- ^ a b c Pinch, Emma (2009-03-06). "Marc Sinden on John Lennon: We were in the presence of God". Liverpool Daily Post. Retrieved 2009-03-07.
- ^ Cross (2005), p. 368.
- ^ Schultheiss (1980), p. 222.
- ^ "Lennon and son finally work it out". Hey Jules (from London Sunday Times). 1996-09-29. Retrieved 2007-03-04.
- ^ Wardell, Jane (2002-04-30). "McCartney In 'Hey Jude' Battle". CBS News/Associated Press.
- ^ "The Beatles - Hey Jude (song)". AustrianCharts.at. Retrieved 16 August 2007.
- ^ "The Beatles - Hey Jude (song)". NorweiganCharts.com. Retrieved 16 August 2007.
- ^ "The Beatles - Hey Jude (song)". SwissCharts.com. Retrieved 16 August 2007.
References
- Cross, Craig (2005). The Beatles: Day-by-Day, Song-by-Song, Record-by-Record. Lincoln, NE: iUniverse. ISBN 0-595-34663-4.
- Emerick, Geoff; Massey, Howard (2006). Here, There and Everywhere: My Life Recording the Music of the Beatles. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 1-592-40179-1.
- Harry, Bill (2000). The Beatles Encyclopedia: Revised and Updated. London: Virgin Publishing. ISBN 0-7535-0481-2.
- Hertsgaard, Mark (1995). A Day in the Life: The Music and Artistry of the Beatles. New York: Delacorte Press. ISBN 0-385-31377-2.
- Lewisohn, Mark (1988). The Beatles Recording Sessions. New York: Harmony Books. ISBN 0-517-57066-1.
- Lowry, Todd (2002). Lennon and McCartney Hits. Hal Leonard. ISBN 0-534-03250-X.
{{cite book}}
: Check|isbn=
value: checksum (help) - Miles, Barry (1997). Paul McCartney: Many Years From Now. New York: Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 0-8050-5249-6.
- MacDonald, Ian (2005). Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties (Second Revised ed.). London: Pimlico (Rand). ISBN 1-844-13828-3.
- Martin, George; Hornsby, Jeremy (1994). All You Need Is Ears. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-11482-6.
- Riley, Tim (2002). The Beatles: Album By Album, Song By Song, the Sixties and After. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. ISBN ISBN 0-306-81120-0.
{{cite book}}
: Check|isbn=
value: invalid character (help) - Schultheiss, Tom (1980). A Day in the Life: The Beatles Day-By-Day. Ann Arbor: Pierian Press. ISBN 0-87650-120-X.
- Sheff, David (2000). All We Are Saying: The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-25464-4.
- Spitz, Bob (2005). The Beatles: The Biography. Boston: Little, Brown. ISBN 0-316-80352-9.
- Wenner, Jann S (2000). Lennon Remembers (Full interview from Lennon's 1970 interview in Rolling Stone magazine). London: Verso. ISBN 1-85984-600-9.
- The Beatles songs
- 1968 singles
- Apple Records singles
- Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
- UK Singles Chart number-one singles
- Number-one singles in Germany
- Number-one singles in Switzerland
- Number-one singles in Canada
- Number-one singles in Norway
- Irish Singles Chart number-one singles
- Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients
- Singles certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America
- Songs produced by George Martin
- Songs written by Lennon/McCartney
- Rock ballads