Early life and career of Barack Obama: Difference between revisions

Early life and career of Barack Obama
Early life and career of Barack Obama
44th President of the United States
	Incumbent
	Assumed office ; January 20, 2009
Vice President	Joe Biden
Preceded by	George W. Bush
Personal details
Born	Barack Hussein Obama II; August 4, 1961 (age 63); Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.
Political party	Democratic
Spouse	Michelle Obama (m. 1992)
Children	Malia (b. 1998) ; Sasha (b. 2001)
Residence(s)	The White House; Washington, D.C.
Alma mater	Occidental College; Columbia University (A.B.); Harvard Law School (J.D.)
Profession	Community organizer; Attorney; Author; Constitutional law professor
Signature
Website	Official White House Website

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Barack Obama, the 44th President of the United States, was born on August 4, 1961 in Honolulu, in the state of Hawaii^[5] to Barack Hussein Obama, Sr. (1936–1982) (born in Kanyadhiang, Rachuonyo District, Nyanza Province,^[6] Kenya Colony, British Empire) and Stanley Ann Dunham, known as Ann (1942–1995) (born in Wichita, Sedgwick County, in the state of Kansas, United States of America).^[7]

Childhood years

File:Ann Dunham with father and children (enhanced).jpg

Right-to-left: Barack Obama and Maya Soetoro with their mother Ann and maternal grandfather Stanley Dunham in Hawaii (early 1970s)

Parents' background and meeting

Obama's parents met in a basic Russian language course in September 1960 while both were attending the University of Hawaii at Manoa, where Obama's father had enrolled as the university's first African foreign student in September 1959.^[8]^[9] Obama's mother dropped out of the University of Hawaii after the fall 1960 semester and Obama's parents were married on the Hawaiian island of Maui on February 2, 1961.^[10] Obama was born in Honolulu on August 4, 1961 at the old Kapiolani Maternity and Gynecological Hospital at 1611 Bingham Street—a predecessor of the Kapi'olani Medical Center for Women & Children at 1319 Punahou Street.^[8]^[11]^[12] His birth was announced in The Honolulu Advertiser and the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, with his parents' address listed as 6085 Kalaniana'ole Highway—his maternal grandparents' home.^[12]

Soon after his birth, while Obama's father continued his education at the University of Hawaii, Obama's mother took her son to Seattle, Washington, where she took classes at the University of Washington from September 1961 to June 1962, and lived in an apartment at 516 13th Ave. E. in the Capitol Hill neighborhood with her infant son.^[13] Obama's father graduated from the University of Hawaii with a B.A. in economics and left Hawaii in June 1962, and traveled to Cambridge, Massachusetts where he began graduate study in economics at Harvard University in September 1962.^[8]^[14]^[15]^[16]

Obama's mother and her son returned to Honolulu, and in January 1963 resumed her undergraduate education with the spring semester at the University of Hawaii.^[13] Obama's maternal grandparents lived in Apartment 110 at 1427 Alexander Street in Honolulu in 1963, and then moved into a house at 2234 University Avenue in Honolulu in 1964; Obama's mother lived at 2277 Kamehameha Avenue in 1963.^[12] In January 1964, Obama's mother filed for divorce, which was not contested.^[10] Barack Obama, Sr. later graduated from Harvard University with an A.M. in economics and returned to Kenya in 1965.^[14]^[15]^[17]

At the East-West Center, Obama's mother met Lolo Soetoro, an Indonesian surveyor, who had come to Honolulu on an East-West Center grant in September 1962 to study at the University of Hawaii, from which received a M.A. in geography in June 1964. In 1965, Soetoro married Obama's mother in Hawaii. Obama's stepfather returned to Indonesia in 1966, and Obama and his mother moved into her parents' house at 2234 University Avenue in Honolulu, with Obama's mother continuing her studies at the University of Hawaii—earning a B.A. in anthropology in August 1967, while her son attended kindergarten in 1966–1967 at Noelani Elementary School.^[12]^[18]

Indonesia

In October 1967, Obama and his mother moved to Jakarta to rejoin his stepfather. Obama, his mother and his stepfather initially lived in a rented house at 16 Kyai Haji Ramli Tengah Street in a newly built neighborhood in the Menteng Dalam administrative village of the Tebet subdistrict in South Jakarta for two and a half years, with his stepfather working on a topographic survey for the Indonesian government.^[19]^[20] From January 1968 to December 1969, Obama's mother taught English and was an assistant director of the U.S. government-subsidized Indonesia-America Friendship Institute,^[21] while Obama attended the Indonesian-language Santo Fransiskus Asisi (St. Francis of Assisi) Catholic School around the corner from their house for 1st, 2nd, and part of 3rd grade.^[19]

In 1970, Obama's stepfather's financial situation was improved by a new job in Union Oil Company's government relations office,^[8]^[22]^[23]^[24] and the family moved two miles north to 22 Taman Amir Hamzah Street in the Matraman Dalam neighborhood in the Pegangsaan administrative village of the Menteng subdistrict in Central Jakarta.^[19]^[25] From January 1970 to August 1972, Obama's mother taught English and was a department head and a director of the Institute of Management Education and Development,^[21] while Obama attended the Indonesian-language government-run Besuki School, one and half miles east in the exclusive Menteng administrative village, for part of 3rd grade and for 4th grade,^[19] and was a Cub Scout.^[26] In mid-1970, between 3rd and 4th grades at the Besuki School, Obama spent the summer in Hawaii with his maternal grandparents, Stanley and Madelyn Dunham, and interviewed for admission to the Punahou School in Honolulu,^[27] while on August 15, 1970, Obama's mother and stepfather had a daughter, Maya Kassandra Soetoro.^[28]

Return to Hawaii

In mid-1971, Obama moved back to Hawaii to live with his grandparents in Apt. 1206 in the Punahou Circle Apartments at 1617 S. Beretania Street in Honolulu, and attend Punahou School starting in 5th grade.^[12]^[29] Obama's mother visited Obama in Honolulu from late 1971 to January 1972, which bracketed a month-long visit in December 1971 by Obama's father, Barack Obama, Sr.—the last time the 10-year-old Obama would see his father.

A year later, in August 1972, Obama's mother and his sister Maya rejoined Obama in Hawaii, with his mother beginning graduate study in anthropology at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. In 1973, Obama lived with his mother and sister in an apartment at 1839 Poki Street in Honolulu.^[12]^[22]

File:Barack Obama Sr Jr.jpg

Obama (right) with his father in Hawaii. ca. 1971

Obama's mother completed her coursework at the University of Hawaii for a M.A. in anthropology in December 1974,^[30] and after three years in Hawaii, returned with Obama's sister Maya to Jakarta in 1975 to complete her contract with the Institute of Management Education and Development and to do anthropological field work.^[31] Obama chose to stay with his grandparents in Apt. 1008 in the Punahou Circle Apartments at 1617 S. Beretania Street in Honolulu to continue attending Punahou School for high school.^[12]^[32]

In his memoir, Obama describes his experiences growing up in his mother's middle class family. His knowledge about his African father, who returned once for a brief visit in 1971, came mainly through family stories and photographs.^[33] Of his early childhood, Obama writes: "That my father looked nothing like the people around me—that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk—barely registered in my mind."^[9] The book describes his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage.^[34] He wrote that he used alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine during his teenage years to "push questions of who I was out of my mind".^[35] Obama has said that it was a seriously misguided mistake. At the Saddleback Civil Presidential Forum Barack Obama identified his high-school drug use as his greatest moral failure.^[36] Obama has stated he has not used any illegal drugs since he was a teenager.^[37]

Some of his fellow students at Punahou School later told the Honolulu Star-Bulletin that Obama was mature for his age as a high school student and that he sometimes attended parties and other events in order to associate with African American college students and military service people. Reflecting later on his formative years in Honolulu, Obama wrote: "The opportunity that Hawaii offered—to experience a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect—became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the values that I hold most dear."^[38]

Education summary

Grade	Dates	School	Location	Type	Degree/Notes
Kindergarten	1966–1967	Noelani Elementary School	Honolulu, Hawaii	Public
1st-3rd grade	1968–1970	St. Francis Assisi	Jakarta, Indonesia	Private Catholic
4th grade	1970–1971	State Elementary School Menteng 01	Jakarta, Indonesia	Public
5th-12th grade	1971–1979	Punahou School	Honolulu, Hawaii	Private	High school diploma, 1979^[38]
Freshman–Sophomore year	1979–1981	Occidental College	Los Angeles, California	Private	Transferred to Columbia
Junior–Senior year	1981–1983	Columbia University	New York City	Private	A.B., political science major with international relations focus
1L-3L	1988–1991	Harvard Law School	Cambridge, Massachusetts	Private	J.D., magna cum laude President, Harvard Law Review

Adult life

College years

Following high school, Obama moved to Los Angeles in 1979, where he studied at Occidental College for two years.^[39] On February 18, 1981, he made his first public speech, calling for Occidental's divestment from South Africa.^[39] In the summer of 1981, Obama traveled to Jakarta, Indonesia to visit his mother and sister Maya, and visited the families of Occidental College friends in Hyderabad, India and Karachi, Pakistan for three weeks.^[39]

He then transferred to Columbia University in New York City, where he majored in political science with a specialization in international relations.^[40] Obama lived off campus in a modest rented apartment at 142 West 109th St.^[41]^[42] He graduated with a A.B. from Columbia in 1983, then worked at Business International Corporation and New York Public Interest Research Group.^[43]^[44]

Early career in Chicago

After four years living in New York City, Obama moved to Chicago to work as a community organizer. He worked for three years from June 1985 to May 1988 as director of the Developing Communities Project (DCP), a church-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes in Greater Roseland (Roseland, West Pullman, and Riverdale) on Chicago's far South Side.^[43]^[45]^[46] During his three years as the DCP's director, its staff grew from 1 to 13 and its annual budget grew from $70,000 to $400,000, with accomplishments including helping set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization in Altgeld Gardens.^[47] Obama also worked as a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, a community organizing institute.^[48] In the summer of 1988, he traveled for the first time to Europe for three weeks then to Kenya for five weeks where he met many of his paternal relatives for the first time.^[49]

Harvard Law School

Obama entered Harvard Law School in late 1988. In an interview with Ebony in 1990, he stated that he saw a degree in law as a vehicle to facilitate better community organization and activism: "The idea was not only to get people to learn how to hope and dream about different possibilities, but to know how the tax structure affects what kind of housing gets built where."^[50] At the end of his first year he was selected as an editor of the Harvard Law Review based on his grades and a writing competition.^[51] In February 1990, his second year at Harvard, he was elected president of the law review, a full-time volunteer position functioning as editor-in-chief and supervising the law review's staff of 80 editors.^[52] Obama's election as the first black president of the law review was widely reported and followed by several long, detailed profiles.^[52] He got himself elected by convincing a crucial swing bloc of conservatives that he would protect their interests if they supported him. Building up that trust was done with the same kind of long listening sessions he had used in the poor neighborhoods of South Side, Chicago. Richard Epstein, who later taught at the University of Chicago Law School when Obama later taught there, said Obama was elected editor "because people on the other side believed he would give them a fair shake."^[46]^[53]

While in law school he worked as an associate at the law firms of Sidley & Austin in 1989, where he met his wife, Michelle, and where Newton N. Minow was a managing partner. Minow later would introduce Obama to some of Chicago's top business leaders.^[46] In the summer of 1990 he worked at Hopkins & Sutter.^[54] Also during his law school years, Obama spent eight days in Los Angeles taking a national training course on Alinsky methods of organizing.^[46] He graduated with a J.D. magna cum laude from Harvard in 1991 and returned to Chicago.^[51]

Settling down in Chicago

The publicity from his election as the first African American president of the Harvard Law Review led to a contract and advance to write a book about race relations.^[55] In an effort to recruit him to their faculty, the University of Chicago Law School provided Obama with a fellowship and an office to work on his book.^[55] He originally planned to finish the book in one year, but it took much longer as the book evolved into a personal memoir. In order to work without interruptions, Obama and his wife, Michelle, traveled to Bali where he wrote for several months. The manuscript was finally published as Dreams from My Father in mid-1995.^[55]

He married Michelle LaVaughn Robinson in 1992^[56] and settled down with her in Hyde Park, a liberal, integrated, middle-class Chicago neighborhood with a history of electing reform-minded politicians independent of the Daley political machine.^[57] The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born in 1998; their second, Natasha (known as Sasha), in 2001.^[58]

One effect of the marriage was to bring Obama closer to other politically influential Chicagoans. One of Michelle's best friends was Jesse Jackson's daughter, Santita, later the godmother of the Obamas' first child. Michelle herself had worked as an aide to Mayor Richard M. Daley. Marty Nesbitt, a young, successful black businessman (who played basketball with Michelle's brother, Craig Robinson), became Obama's best friend and introduced him to other African-American business people. Before the marriage, according to Craig, Obama talked about his political ambitions, even saying that he might run for president someday.^[46]

Project Vote

Obama directed Illinois Project Vote from April to October 1992, a voter registration drive, officially nonpartisan, that helped Carol Moseley Braun become the first black woman ever elected to the Senate.^[46] He headed up a staff of 10 and 700 volunteers that achieved its goal of 400,000 registered African Americans in the state, leading Crain's Chicago Business to name Obama to its 1993 list of "40 under Forty" powers to be.^[59]^[60]^[61] Although fundraising was not required for the position when Obama was recruited for the job, he started an active campaign to raise money for the project. According to Sandy Newman, who founded Project Vote, Obama "raised more money than any of our state directors had ever done. He did a great job of enlisting a broad spectrum of organizations and people, including many who did not get along well with one another."^[61]

The fundraising brought Obama into contact with the wealthy, liberal elite of Chicago, some of whom became supporters in his future political career. Through one of them he met David Axelrod, who later headed Obama's campaign for president.^[46] The fundraising committee was chaired by John Schmidt, a former chief of staff to Mayor Richard M. Daley, and John W. Rogers Jr., a young black money manager and founder of Ariel Capital Management.^[61] Obama also met much of the city's black political leadership, although he didn't always get along with the older politicians, with friction sometimes developing over Obama's reluctance to spend money and his insistence on results.^[46] "He really did it, and he let other people take all the credit", Schmidt later said. "The people standing up at the press conferences were Jesse Jackson and Bobby Rush and I don't know who else. Barack was off to the side and only the people who were close to it knew he had done all the work."^[61]

1992–1996

Obama taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School for twelve years, as a Lecturer for four years (1992–1996), and as a Senior Lecturer for eight years (1996–2004).^[62] During this time he taught courses in due process and equal protection, voting rights, and racism and law. He published no legal scholarship, and turned down tenured positions, but served eight years in the Illinois Senate during his twelve years at the university.^[63]

In 1993 Obama joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland, a 12-attorney law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and neighborhood economic development, where he was an associate for three years from 1993 to 1996, then of counsel from 1996 to 2004, with his law license becoming inactive in 2002.^[43]^[64] The firm was well-known among influential Chicago liberals and leaders of the black community, and the firm's Judson H. Miner, who met with Obama to recruit him before Obama's 1991 graduation from law school, had been counsel to former Chicago Mayor Harold Washington, although the law firm often clashed with the administration of Mayor Richard M. Daley. The 29-year-old law student made it clear in his initial interview with Miner that he was more interested in joining the firm to learn about Chicago politics than to practice law.^[57] During the four years Obama worked as a full time lawyer at the firm, he was involved in 30 cases and accrued 3,723 billable hours.^[65]

Obama was a founding member of the board of directors of Public Allies in 1992, resigning before his wife, Michelle, became the founding executive director of Public Allies Chicago in early 1993.^[43]^[66] He served on the board of directors of the Woods Fund of Chicago, which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund Obama's DCP, from 1993–2002, and served on the board of directors of The Joyce Foundation from 1994–2002.^[43] Membership on the Joyce and Wood foundation boards, which gave out tens of millions of dollars to various local organizations while Obama was a member, helped Obama get to know and be known by influential liberal groups and cultivate a network of community activists that later supported his political career.^[57] Obama served on the board of directors of the Chicago Annenberg Challenge from 1995–2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995–1999.^[43] He also served on the board of directors of the Chicago Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, the Center for Neighborhood Technology, and the Lugenia Burns Hope Center.^[43] In 1995, Obama also announced his candidacy for a seat in the Illinois state Senate and attended Louis Farrakhan's Million Man March in Washington, DC.^[67]

Notes

^ ^a ^b "Birth Certificate of Barack Obama". Department of Health, Hawaii. PolitiFact.com. August 8, 1961. Retrieved December 12, 2008.
^ "Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized". msnbc.com. Associated Press. November 17, 2008. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
^ "Barack Obama, long time UCC member, inaugurated forty-fourth U.S. President" (Press release). United Church of Christ. January 20, 2009. Retrieved January 21, 2009. Barack Obama, who spent more than 20 years as a UCC member, is the forty-fourth President of the United States.
^ An Associated Press wire story on Obama's resignation from Trinity United Church of Christ in the course of the Jeremiah Wright controversy stated that he had, in doing so, disaffiliated himself with the UCC. (See "Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized". msnbc.com. Associated Press. November 17, 2008. Retrieved January 20, 2009.)
^ "Statement by Dr. Chiyome Fukino" (PDF). hawaii.gov. Retrieved December 5, 2008. Joe Miller, "Does Obama have Kenyan Citizenship?", Fact Check, August 29, 2008, quoted in part on FightTheSmears
^ "Partial Ancestor Table: President Barack Hussein Obama, Jr" (PDF). New England Historic Genealogical Society. Retrieved July 21, 2009.
^ http://www.kake.com/home/misc/38157259.html
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Maraniss, David (August 22, 2008). "Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible". washingtonpost.com. Retrieved January 1, 2009. (online)
Maraniss, David (August 24, 2008). "Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible". The Washington Post. p. A22. Retrieved January 1, 2009. (print)
^ ^a ^b Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 9–10.
^ ^a ^b Ripley, Amanda (April 9, 2008). "The story of Barack Obama's mother". time.com. Retrieved January 15, 2011. (online)
Ripley, Amanda (April 21, 2008). "A mother's story". Time. 171 (16): 36–40, 42. ("Raising Obama" cover story) (print)
^ . (August 1, 1961). "Listing of hospitals". Hospitals. 35 (15): 63. ISSN 0018-5973. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |author= has numeric name (help) Kapiolani Maternity and Gynecological Hospital, 1611 Bingham St., 110 beds.
Serafin, Peter (March 21, 2004). "Punahou grad stirs up Illinois politics". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved January 1, 2009.
Nakaso, Dan (December 22, 2008). "Twin sisters, Obama on parallel paths for years". The Honolulu Advertiser. p. B1. Retrieved January 22, 2011. She did not know Obama's mother, Ann Dunham, while they were in labor together on August 4, 1961, at the old Kapiolani Maternity and Gynecological Hospital.
Voell, Paula (January 20, 2009). "Teacher from Kenmore recalls Obama was a focused student". The Buffalo News. p. C1. Archived from the original on August 20, 2010. Retrieved January 26, 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Hoover, Will (November 9, 2008). "Obama's Hawaii boyhood homes drawing gawkers". The Honolulu Advertiser. p. A1. Retrieved November 26, 2008.
^ ^a ^b Dougherty, Phil (February 7, 2009). "Stanley Ann Dunham, mother of Barack Obama, graduates from Mercer Island High School in 1960". Seattle: HistoryLink.org. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
Dougherty, Phil (February 10, 2009). "Barack Obama moves to Seattle in August or early September 1961". Seattle: HistoryLink.org. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
^ ^a ^b Sanders, Edmund (July 17, 2008). "So alike and yet so different". Los Angeles Times. p. A1. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
^ ^a ^b Jacobs, Sally (September 21, 2008). "A father's charm, absence". The Boston Globe. p. 1A. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
^ . (February 26, 2009). "President Obama's connection to UH Economics". Honolulu: Department of Economics, University of Hawaii at Manoa. Retrieved January 15, 2011. {{cite web}}: |author= has numeric name (help)
^ . (1986). "Harvard alumni directory, vol. 1" (17th ed.). Boston: Harvard Alumni Association: 904. ISSN 0895-1683. {{cite journal}}: |author= has numeric name (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Trifonovitch, Kelli Abe (October 2008). "Being local, Barry and Bryan". Hawaii Business Magazine. Retrieved November 26, 2008.
Dingeman, Robbie (December 3, 2008). "Obama childhood locales attracting more tourists". The Honolulu Advertiser. p. A1. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
San Nicholas, Claudine (January 21, 2009). "Retired teachers on Maui recall young, "cute" student Barry". Maui News. Retrieved March 16, 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Pickler, Nedra (Associated Press) (January 24, 2007). "Obama debunks claim about Islamic school". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 8, 2008.
Watson, Paul (March 15, 2007). "As a child, Obama crossed a cultural divide in Indonesia". Los Angeles Times. p. A1. Retrieved March 16, 2008.
Scharnberg, Kirsten; Barker, Kim (March 25, 2007). "The not-so-simple story of Barack Obama's youth". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Retrieved January 14, 2008.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Barker, Kim (March 25, 2007). "History of schooling distorted". Chicago Tribune. p. 28. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
Anderton, Trish (June 26, 2007). "Obama's Jakarta trail". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on June 26, 2007. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
Higgins, Andrew (April 9, 2010). "Catholic school in Indonesia seeks recognition for its role in Obama's life". The Washington Post. p. A1. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
Onishi, Norimitsu (November 9, 2010). "Obama visits a nation that knew him as Barry". The New York Times. p. A14. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
^ Obama (1995, 2004), p. 32.
^ ^a ^b Dunham, S. Ann (2008). "Tentang penulis (About the author)". Pendekar-pendekar besi Nusantara: kajian antropologi tentang pandai besi tradisional di Indonesia (Peasant blacksmithing in Indonesia: surviving and thriving against all odds). Bandung: Mizan. pp. 211–219. ISBN 9789794335345.
^ ^a ^b Nakaso, Dan (September 12, 2008). "Obama's mother's work focus of UH seminar". The Honolulu Advertiser. p. 1A. Retrieved November 26, 2008.
^ Habib, Ridlawn (November 11, 2008). "Kalau ke Jogja, Barry bisa habiskan seekor ayam baceman (If traveling to Yogyakrta, Barry can eat one whole chicken)". Jawa Pos (in Indonesian). Surabya. Retrieved May 6, 2011. Google Translate's English translation
^ Scott, Janny (2011). A singular woman: the untold story of Barack Obama's mother. New York: Riverhead Books. p. 113. ISBN 1594487979. When Lolo completed his military service, Trisulo, who was married to Lolo's sister, Soewardinah, used his contacts with foreign oil companies doing business in Indonesia, he told me, to help Lolo get a job in the Jakarta office of the Union Oil Company of California. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Obama (1995, 2004), p. 46.
^ Forbes, Mark (October 1, 2008). "Obama, aka fat little Barry, remembered". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 13. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
^ Obama, Barack (1995, 2004). pp. 54, 58.
^ Fornek, Scott; Good, Greg (September 9, 2007). "The Obama family tree" (PDF). Chicago Sun-Times. p. 2B. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 25, 2008. Retrieved January 15, 2011.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 58–59.
^ Dewey, Alice; White, Geoffrey (November 2008). "Ann Dunham: a personal reflection". Anthropology News. 49 (8): 20. doi:10.1111/an.2008.49.8.20. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) reprinted by:
Dewey, Alice; White, Geoffrey (March 9, 2009). "Ann Dunham: a personal reflection". Honolulu: University of Hawaii Department of Anthropology. Retrieved January 15, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
. (2009). "Spotlight on alumni: EWC alumna Ann Dunham—mother to President Obama and champion of women's rights and economic justice". News. Honolulu: East-West Center. Retrieved January 15, 2011. {{cite web}}: |author= has numeric name (help)
^ Dunham, S. Ann; Dewey, Alice G.; Cooper, Nancy I. (2009). "January 8, 1976 letter from Ann Dunham Soetoro (Jl. Polowijan 3, Kraton, Yogyakarta) to Prof. Alice G. Dewey (Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu)". Surviving against the odds: village industry in Indonesia. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press. pp. xli–xliv. ISBN 0822346877.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Mendell (2007), p. 43.
^ Merida, Kevin (December 14, 2007). "The ghost of a father". The Washington Post. p. A12. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
See also:
Ochieng, Philip (November 1, 2004). "From home squared to the US Senate: how Barack Obama was lost and found". The EastAfrican. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
Obama (1995), pp. 5–11, 62–71.
In August 2006, Obama flew his wife and two daughters from Chicago to join him in a visit to his father's birthplace, a village near Kisumu in rural western Kenya.
Gnecchi, Nico (August 27, 2006). "Obama receives hero's welcome at his family's ancestral village in Kenya". Voice of America. Archived from 27, 2006-voa17.cfm the original on January 15, 2011. Retrieved January 4, 2008. {{cite news}}: Check |url= value (help)
See also:
Cose, Ellis (September 11, 2006). "Walking the world stage". Newsweek. p. 26. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
Wrong, Michela (September 11, 2006). "Kenya glimpses a new kind of hero". New Statesman. p. 21. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
^ Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 4 and 5.
See also:
Serrano, Richard A. (March 11, 2007). "Obama's peers didn't see his angst". Los Angeles Times. p. A20. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
^ Elliott, Philip (Associated Press) (November 21, 2007). "Obama gets blunt with N.H. students". The Boston Globe. p. 8A. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
In Dreams from My Father, Obama writes: "Pot had helped, and booze; maybe a little blow when you could afford it."
Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 93–94.
For analysis of the political impact of the quote and Obama's more recent admission that he smoked marijuana as a teenager ("When I was a kid, I inhaled."), see:
Romano, Lois (January 3, 2007). "Effect of Obama's candor remains to be seen". The Washington Post. p. A1. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
Seelye, Katharine Q. (October 24, 2006). "Obama offers more variations from the norm". The New York Times. p. A21. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
^ Hornick, Ed (August 17, 2008). "Obama, McCain talk issues at pastor's forum". CNN.com. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
^ Schoenburg, Bernard (November 16, 2003). "Frank talk about drug use in Obama's 'open book'". The State Journal-Register. p. 17 (Editorial). Retrieved August 23, 2008.
reprinted by: National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML), which was
reprinted by: Mark Greer's Media Awareness Project (MAP) d/b/a DrugSense (Irvine, Calif.)
^ ^a ^b Reyes, B.J. (February 8, 2007). "Punahou left lasting impression on Obama". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved September 7, 2010. As a teenager, Obama went to parties and sometimes sought out gatherings on military bases or at the University of Hawaii that were mostly attended by blacks.
^ ^a ^b ^c Gordon, Larry (January 29, 2007). "Occidental recalls 'Barry' Obama". Los Angeles Times. p. B1. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
Possley, Maurice (March 30, 2007). "Activism blossomed in college". Chicago Tribune. p. 20. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
Talev, Margaret (November 19, 2007). "Pivotal college speech launched Obama into politics" (paid archive). The Sacramento Bee. p. A16. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
Kovaleski, Serge F. (February 9, 2008). "Old friends say drugs played bit part in Obama's young life". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
Rohter, Larry (April 10, 2008). "Obama says real-life experience trumps rivals' foreign policy credits". The New York Times. p. A18. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
Goldman, Adam; Tanner, Robert (Associated Press) (May 15, 2008). "Old friends recall Obama's years in LA, NYC". usatoday.com. Retrieved May 12, 2010.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Helman, Scott (August 25, 2008). "Small college awakened future senator to service". The Boston Globe. p. 1A. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
Jackson, Brooks (June 5, 2009). "More 'birther' nonsense: Obama's 1981 Pakistan trip". FactCheck.org. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 92–112.
Mendell (2007), pp. 55–62.
Remnick (2010), pp. 98–112.
^ Boss-Bicak, Shira (January 2005). "Barack Obama '83". Columbia College Today. Retrieved June 9, 2008.
^ The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama, Alfred A. Knopf, Random House, Inc., 2010, p. 113.
^ [1] Bragging Rights: President Obama Studied Here, Bragging Rights: President Obama Studied Here, New York Times, June 13, 2010, Elizabeth Harris.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Chassie, Karen (ed.) (2007). Who's Who in America, 2008. New Providence, NJ: Marquis Who's Who. p. 3468. ISBN 9780837970110. OCLC 1141571. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |author= has generic name (help)
^ Scott, Janny (October 30, 2007). "Obama's Account of New York Years Often Differs from What Others Say". The New York Times. Retrieved April 13, 2008. Obama (1995), pp. 133–140; Mendell (2007), pp. 62–63.
^ Secter, Bob; McCormick, John (March 30, 2007). "Portrait of a pragmatist". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Retrieved February 14, 2009.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 140–295; Mendell (2007), pp. 63–83.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Lizza, Ryan (March 19, 2007). "The Agitator; Barack Obama's unlikely political education". The New Republic. Retrieved July 16, 2008.
^ Matchan, Linda (February 15, 1990). 15, 1990&s.endDate=February 15, 1990 "A Law Review breakthrough" (paid archive). The Boston Globe. p. 29. Retrieved June 6, 2008. {{cite news}}: Check |url= value (help) Corr, John (February 27, 1990). "From mean streets to hallowed halls" (paid archive). The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. C01. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
^ Obama, Barack (1988). "Why organize? Problems and promise in the inner city". Illinois Issues. 14 (8–9): 40–42. ISSN 0738-9663. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) reprinted in:
Knoepfle, Peg (ed.) (1990). After Alinsky: community organizing in Illinois. Springfield, Ill.: Sangamon State University. pp. 35–40. ISBN 0962087335. He has also been a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, an organizing institute working throughout the Midwest. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
^ Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 299–437.
^ Brown, Roxanne (August 1990). "In Pursuit of Excellence". Ebony magazine. Johnson Publishing Company. pp. 114, 116. Retrieved January 2, 2009.
^ ^a ^b Levenson, Michael; Saltzman, Jonathan (January 28, 2007). "At Harvard Law, a unifying voice". The Boston Globe. Retrieved June 15, 2008.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Kantor, Jodi (January 28, 2007). "In law school, Obama found political voice". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Kodama, Marie C (January 19, 2007). "Obama left mark on HLS". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Mundy, Liza (August 12, 2007). "A series of fortunate events". The Washington Post. p. W10. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Heilemann, John (October 22, 2007). "When they were young". New York. 40 (37): 32–7, 132–3. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Mendell (2007), pp. 80–92.
^ ^a ^b Butterfield, Fox (February 6, 1990). "First black elected to head Harvard's Law Review". The New York Times. p. A20. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Ybarra, Michael J (February 7, 1990). "Activist in Chicago now heads Harvard Law Review" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 3. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Matchan, Linda (February 15, 1990). 15, 1990&s.endDate=February 15, 1990 "A Law Review breakthrough" (paid archive). The Boston Globe. p. 29. Retrieved June 15, 2008. {{cite news}}: Check |url= value (help) Corr, John (February 27, 1990). "From mean streets to hallowed halls" (paid archive). The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. C01. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Drummond, Tammerlin (March 12, 1990). "Barack Obama's Law; Harvard Law Review's first black president plans a life of public service" (paid archive). Los Angeles Times. p. E1. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Pugh, Allison J. (Associated Press) (April 18, 1990). "Law Review's first black president aims to help poor" (paid archive). The Miami Herald. p. C01. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
^ "Barack Obama and His Life (in Polish)". Rogalinski.com.pl. Retrieved March 3, 2012.
^ Aguilar, Louis (July 11, 1990). "Survey: Law firms slow to add minority partners" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 1 (Business). Retrieved June 15, 2008. Barack Obama, a summer associate at Hopkins & Sutter in Chicago
^ ^a ^b ^c Scott, Janny (May 18, 2008). "The story of Obama, written by Obama". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Obama (1995), pp. xiii–xvii.
^ Fornek, Scott (October 3, 2007). "Michelle Obama: 'He Swept Me Off My Feet'". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved December 2, 2007.
^ ^a ^b ^c Becker, Jo and Drew, Christopher, "Pragmatic politics, forged on the South Side", The New York Times, May 11, 2008, retrieved July 16, 2008
^ Springen, Karen and Jonathan Darman (January 29, 2007). "Ground Support". Newsweek. Retrieved July 25, 2008.
^ Anderson, Veronica (September 27–October 3, 1993). "40 under Forty: Barack Obama, Director, Illinois Project Vote". Crain's Chicago Business. p. 43. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
White, Jesse (ed.) (2000). Illinois Blue Book, 2000, Millennium ed (PDF). Springfield, IL: Illinois Secretary of State. p. 83. OCLC 43923973. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 25, 2007. Retrieved June 6, 2008. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
^ Reynolds, Gretchen (January 1, 1993). "Vote of Confidence". Chicago Magazine. Retrieved July 25, 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Slevin, Peter, "For Obama, a Handsome Payoff in Political Gambles: Presidential Hopeful Has Friends, Successes and Precious Few Battle Scars", article, The Washington Post, November 13, 2007, page A3, retrieved July 18, 2008
^ University of Chicago Law School (March 27, 2008). "Statement regarding Barack Obama". University of Chicago Law School. Retrieved June 10, 2008. Miller, Joe (March 28, 2008). "Was Barack Obama really a constitutional law professor?". FactCheck.org. Retrieved June 10, 2008. Holan, Angie Drobnic (March 7, 2008). "Obama's 20 years of experience". PolitiFact.com. Retrieved June 10, 2008.
^ Jodi Cantor (July 30, 2008). "Teaching Law, Testing Ideas, Obama Stood Slightly Apart". New York Times. Retrieved September 10, 2008.
^ Robinson, Mike (Associated Press) (February 20, 2007). "Obama got start in civil rights practice". The Boston Globe. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
Pallasch, Abdon M. (December 17, 2007). "As lawyer, Obama was strong, silent type; He was 'smart, innovative, relentless,' and he mostly let other lawyers do the talking". Chicago Sun-Times. p. 4. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
. (June 27, 1993). "People" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 9 (Business). Retrieved June 15, 2008. {{cite news}}: |author= has numeric name (help)
. (July 5, 1993). "Business appointments" (paid archive). Chicago-Sun-Times. p. 40. Retrieved June 15, 2008. {{cite news}}: |author= has numeric name (help)
Miner, Barnhill & Galland (2008). "About us". Miner, Barnhill & Galland – Chicago, Illinois. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
Reardon, Patrick T. (June 25, 2008). "Obama's Chicago" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 1 (Tempo). Retrieved February 13, 2010. 9. Lawyering. The law offices of Miner Barnhill & Galland Obama joined this tiny, liberal and politically powerful firm of about a dozen lawyers, specializing in civil rights cases and then known as Davis Miner Barnhill & Galland.
Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 438–439.
Mendell (2007), pp. 104–106.
^ Morain, Dan (November 17, 2008). "A look back on Obama's law years". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 20, 2008.
^ Public Allies (2008). "Fact Sheet on Public Allies' History with Senator Barack and Michelle Obama". Public Allies. Retrieved June 6, 2008. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ De Zutter, Hank (December 8, 1995). "What Makes Obama Run?". Chicago Reader. Retrieved November 20, 2008.

References

Mendell, David (2007). Obama: From Promise to Power. New York: Amistad/HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-085820-6.
Obama, Barack (1995, 2004). Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance. New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 1-4000-8277-3. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)

External links

Barack Obama pictures: The early years - Chicago Tribune
The life of Barack Obama - slideshow, MSNBC
Though Obama Had to Leave to Find Himself, It Is Hawaii That Made His Rise Possible - biography with slideshow, The Washington Post
Becoming Barack: 1993 Unseen Obama Interview Featured In New Movie - report & video, The Huffington Post

Template:Persondata

[birth-certificate-1] "Birth Certificate of Barack Obama". Department of Health, Hawaii. PolitiFact.com. August 8, 1961. Retrieved December 12, 2008.

[2] "Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized". msnbc.com. Associated Press. November 17, 2008. Retrieved January 20, 2009.

[ucc-3] "Barack Obama, long time UCC member, inaugurated forty-fourth U.S. President" (Press release). United Church of Christ. January 20, 2009. Retrieved January 21, 2009. Barack Obama, who spent more than 20 years as a UCC member, is the forty-fourth President of the United States.

[4] An Associated Press wire story on Obama's resignation from Trinity United Church of Christ in the course of the Jeremiah Wright controversy stated that he had, in doing so, disaffiliated himself with the UCC. (See "Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized". msnbc.com. Associated Press. November 17, 2008. Retrieved January 20, 2009.)

[birth-5] "Statement by Dr. Chiyome Fukino" (PDF). hawaii.gov. Retrieved December 5, 2008. Joe Miller, "Does Obama have Kenyan Citizenship?", Fact Check, August 29, 2008, quoted in part on FightTheSmears

[6] "Partial Ancestor Table: President Barack Hussein Obama, Jr" (PDF). New England Historic Genealogical Society. Retrieved July 21, 2009.

[7] ttp://www.kake.com/home/misc/38157259.html

[maraniss-8] Maraniss, David (August 22, 2008). "Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible". washingtonpost.com. Retrieved January 1, 2009. (online)
Maraniss, David (August 24, 2008). "Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible". The Washington Post. p. A22. Retrieved January 1, 2009. (print)

[Obama_1995,_2004,_pp._9–10-9] Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 9–10.

[ripley-10] Ripley, Amanda (April 9, 2008). "The story of Barack Obama's mother". time.com. Retrieved January 15, 2011. (online)
Ripley, Amanda (April 21, 2008). "A mother's story". Time. 171 (16): 36–40, 42. ("Raising Obama" cover story) (print)

[11] . (August 1, 1961). "Listing of hospitals". Hospitals. 35 (15): 63. ISSN 0018-5973. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |author= has numeric name (help) Kapiolani Maternity and Gynecological Hospital, 1611 Bingham St., 110 beds.
Serafin, Peter (March 21, 2004). "Punahou grad stirs up Illinois politics". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved January 1, 2009.
Nakaso, Dan (December 22, 2008). "Twin sisters, Obama on parallel paths for years". The Honolulu Advertiser. p. B1. Retrieved January 22, 2011. She did not know Obama's mother, Ann Dunham, while they were in labor together on August 4, 1961, at the old Kapiolani Maternity and Gynecological Hospital.
Voell, Paula (January 20, 2009). "Teacher from Kenmore recalls Obama was a focused student". The Buffalo News. p. C1. Archived from the original on August 20, 2010. Retrieved January 26, 2009.

[hoover-12] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Hoover, Will (November 9, 2008). "Obama's Hawaii boyhood homes drawing gawkers". The Honolulu Advertiser. p. A1. Retrieved November 26, 2008.

[dougherty-13] Dougherty, Phil (February 7, 2009). "Stanley Ann Dunham, mother of Barack Obama, graduates from Mercer Island High School in 1960". Seattle: HistoryLink.org. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
Dougherty, Phil (February 10, 2009). "Barack Obama moves to Seattle in August or early September 1961". Seattle: HistoryLink.org. Retrieved January 15, 2011.

[sanders-14] Sanders, Edmund (July 17, 2008). "So alike and yet so different". Los Angeles Times. p. A1. Retrieved January 15, 2011.

[jacobs-15] Jacobs, Sally (September 21, 2008). "A father's charm, absence". The Boston Globe. p. 1A. Retrieved January 15, 2011.

[16] . (February 26, 2009). "President Obama's connection to UH Economics". Honolulu: Department of Economics, University of Hawaii at Manoa. Retrieved January 15, 2011. {{cite web}}: |author= has numeric name (help)

[17] . (1986). "Harvard alumni directory, vol. 1" (17th ed.). Boston: Harvard Alumni Association: 904. ISSN 0895-1683. {{cite journal}}: |author= has numeric name (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[Noelani_Elementary-18] Trifonovitch, Kelli Abe (October 2008). "Being local, Barry and Bryan". Hawaii Business Magazine. Retrieved November 26, 2008.
Dingeman, Robbie (December 3, 2008). "Obama childhood locales attracting more tourists". The Honolulu Advertiser. p. A1. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
San Nicholas, Claudine (January 21, 2009). "Retired teachers on Maui recall young, "cute" student Barry". Maui News. Retrieved March 16, 2009.

[jakarta_schools-19] Pickler, Nedra (Associated Press) (January 24, 2007). "Obama debunks claim about Islamic school". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 8, 2008.
Watson, Paul (March 15, 2007). "As a child, Obama crossed a cultural divide in Indonesia". Los Angeles Times. p. A1. Retrieved March 16, 2008.
Scharnberg, Kirsten; Barker, Kim (March 25, 2007). "The not-so-simple story of Barack Obama's youth". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Retrieved January 14, 2008.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Barker, Kim (March 25, 2007). "History of schooling distorted". Chicago Tribune. p. 28. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
Anderton, Trish (June 26, 2007). "Obama's Jakarta trail". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on June 26, 2007. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
Higgins, Andrew (April 9, 2010). "Catholic school in Indonesia seeks recognition for its role in Obama's life". The Washington Post. p. A1. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
Onishi, Norimitsu (November 9, 2010). "Obama visits a nation that knew him as Barry". The New York Times. p. A14. Retrieved January 15, 2011.

[20] Obama (1995, 2004), p. 32.

[mizan-21] Dunham, S. Ann (2008). "Tentang penulis (About the author)". Pendekar-pendekar besi Nusantara: kajian antropologi tentang pandai besi tradisional di Indonesia (Peasant blacksmithing in Indonesia: surviving and thriving against all odds). Bandung: Mizan. pp. 211–219. ISBN 9789794335345.

[Nakaso_2008-22] Nakaso, Dan (September 12, 2008). "Obama's mother's work focus of UH seminar". The Honolulu Advertiser. p. 1A. Retrieved November 26, 2008.

[Habib_2008-23] Habib, Ridlawn (November 11, 2008). "Kalau ke Jogja, Barry bisa habiskan seekor ayam baceman (If traveling to Yogyakrta, Barry can eat one whole chicken)". Jawa Pos (in Indonesian). Surabya. Retrieved May 6, 2011. Google Translate's English translation

[Scott_2011-24] Scott, Janny (2011). A singular woman: the untold story of Barack Obama's mother. New York: Riverhead Books. p. 113. ISBN 1594487979. When Lolo completed his military service, Trisulo, who was married to Lolo's sister, Soewardinah, used his contacts with foreign oil companies doing business in Indonesia, he told me, to help Lolo get a job in the Jakarta office of the Union Oil Company of California. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)

[25] Obama (1995, 2004), p. 46.

[26] Forbes, Mark (October 1, 2008). "Obama, aka fat little Barry, remembered". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 13. Retrieved January 20, 2009.

[27] Obama, Barack (1995, 2004). pp. 54, 58.

[fornek-28] Fornek, Scott; Good, Greg (September 9, 2007). "The Obama family tree" (PDF). Chicago Sun-Times. p. 2B. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 25, 2008. Retrieved January 15, 2011.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[29] Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 58–59.

[anthropology-30] Dewey, Alice; White, Geoffrey (November 2008). "Ann Dunham: a personal reflection". Anthropology News. 49 (8): 20. doi:10.1111/an.2008.49.8.20. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) reprinted by:
Dewey, Alice; White, Geoffrey (March 9, 2009). "Ann Dunham: a personal reflection". Honolulu: University of Hawaii Department of Anthropology. Retrieved January 15, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
. (2009). "Spotlight on alumni: EWC alumna Ann Dunham—mother to President Obama and champion of women's rights and economic justice". News. Honolulu: East-West Center. Retrieved January 15, 2011. {{cite web}}: |author= has numeric name (help)

[January_8,_1976_letter-31] Dunham, S. Ann; Dewey, Alice G.; Cooper, Nancy I. (2009). "January 8, 1976 letter from Ann Dunham Soetoro (Jl. Polowijan 3, Kraton, Yogyakarta) to Prof. Alice G. Dewey (Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu)". Surviving against the odds: village industry in Indonesia. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press. pp. xli–xliv. ISBN 0822346877.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[32] Mendell (2007), p. 43.

[ObamaSr-33] Merida, Kevin (December 14, 2007). "The ghost of a father". The Washington Post. p. A12. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
See also:
Ochieng, Philip (November 1, 2004). "From home squared to the US Senate: how Barack Obama was lost and found". The EastAfrican. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
Obama (1995), pp. 5–11, 62–71.
In August 2006, Obama flew his wife and two daughters from Chicago to join him in a visit to his father's birthplace, a village near Kisumu in rural western Kenya.
Gnecchi, Nico (August 27, 2006). "Obama receives hero's welcome at his family's ancestral village in Kenya". Voice of America. Archived from 27, 2006-voa17.cfm the original on January 15, 2011. Retrieved January 4, 2008. {{cite news}}: Check |url= value (help)
See also:
Cose, Ellis (September 11, 2006). "Walking the world stage". Newsweek. p. 26. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
Wrong, Michela (September 11, 2006). "Kenya glimpses a new kind of hero". New Statesman. p. 21. Retrieved January 4, 2008.

[34] Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 4 and 5.
See also:
Serrano, Richard A. (March 11, 2007). "Obama's peers didn't see his angst". Los Angeles Times. p. A20. Retrieved January 4, 2008.

[35] Elliott, Philip (Associated Press) (November 21, 2007). "Obama gets blunt with N.H. students". The Boston Globe. p. 8A. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
In Dreams from My Father, Obama writes: "Pot had helped, and booze; maybe a little blow when you could afford it."
Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 93–94.
For analysis of the political impact of the quote and Obama's more recent admission that he smoked marijuana as a teenager ("When I was a kid, I inhaled."), see:
Romano, Lois (January 3, 2007). "Effect of Obama's candor remains to be seen". The Washington Post. p. A1. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
Seelye, Katharine Q. (October 24, 2006). "Obama offers more variations from the norm". The New York Times. p. A21. Retrieved January 4, 2008.

[36] Hornick, Ed (August 17, 2008). "Obama, McCain talk issues at pastor's forum". CNN.com. Retrieved May 1, 2010.

[37] Schoenburg, Bernard (November 16, 2003). "Frank talk about drug use in Obama's 'open book'". The State Journal-Register. p. 17 (Editorial). Retrieved August 23, 2008.
reprinted by: National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML), which was
reprinted by: Mark Greer's Media Awareness Project (MAP) d/b/a DrugSense (Irvine, Calif.)

[punahou-38] Reyes, B.J. (February 8, 2007). "Punahou left lasting impression on Obama". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved September 7, 2010. As a teenager, Obama went to parties and sometimes sought out gatherings on military bases or at the University of Hawaii that were mostly attended by blacks.

[Occidental-39] Gordon, Larry (January 29, 2007). "Occidental recalls 'Barry' Obama". Los Angeles Times. p. B1. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
Possley, Maurice (March 30, 2007). "Activism blossomed in college". Chicago Tribune. p. 20. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
Talev, Margaret (November 19, 2007). "Pivotal college speech launched Obama into politics" (paid archive). The Sacramento Bee. p. A16. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
Kovaleski, Serge F. (February 9, 2008). "Old friends say drugs played bit part in Obama's young life". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
Rohter, Larry (April 10, 2008). "Obama says real-life experience trumps rivals' foreign policy credits". The New York Times. p. A18. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
Goldman, Adam; Tanner, Robert (Associated Press) (May 15, 2008). "Old friends recall Obama's years in LA, NYC". usatoday.com. Retrieved May 12, 2010.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Helman, Scott (August 25, 2008). "Small college awakened future senator to service". The Boston Globe. p. 1A. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
Jackson, Brooks (June 5, 2009). "More 'birther' nonsense: Obama's 1981 Pakistan trip". FactCheck.org. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 92–112.
Mendell (2007), pp. 55–62.
Remnick (2010), pp. 98–112.

[40] Boss-Bicak, Shira (January 2005). "Barack Obama '83". Columbia College Today. Retrieved June 9, 2008.

[41] The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama, Alfred A. Knopf, Random House, Inc., 2010, p. 113.

[Harris-42] [1] Bragging Rights: President Obama Studied Here, Bragging Rights: President Obama Studied Here, New York Times, June 13, 2010, Elizabeth Harris.

[Who's_Who_2008-43] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Chassie, Karen (ed.) (2007). Who's Who in America, 2008. New Providence, NJ: Marquis Who's Who. p. 3468. ISBN 9780837970110. OCLC 1141571. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |author= has generic name (help)

[44] Scott, Janny (October 30, 2007). "Obama's Account of New York Years Often Differs from What Others Say". The New York Times. Retrieved April 13, 2008. Obama (1995), pp. 133–140; Mendell (2007), pp. 62–63.

[45] Secter, Bob; McCormick, John (March 30, 2007). "Portrait of a pragmatist". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Retrieved February 14, 2009.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 140–295; Mendell (2007), pp. 63–83.

[lizza-46] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Lizza, Ryan (March 19, 2007). "The Agitator; Barack Obama's unlikely political education". The New Republic. Retrieved July 16, 2008.

[47] Matchan, Linda (February 15, 1990). 15, 1990&s.endDate=February 15, 1990 "A Law Review breakthrough" (paid archive). The Boston Globe. p. 29. Retrieved June 6, 2008. {{cite news}}: Check |url= value (help) Corr, John (February 27, 1990). "From mean streets to hallowed halls" (paid archive). The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. C01. Retrieved June 6, 2008.

[48] Obama, Barack (1988). "Why organize? Problems and promise in the inner city". Illinois Issues. 14 (8–9): 40–42. ISSN 0738-9663. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) reprinted in:
Knoepfle, Peg (ed.) (1990). After Alinsky: community organizing in Illinois. Springfield, Ill.: Sangamon State University. pp. 35–40. ISBN 0962087335. He has also been a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, an organizing institute working throughout the Midwest. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)

[49] Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 299–437.

[50] Brown, Roxanne (August 1990). "In Pursuit of Excellence". Ebony magazine. Johnson Publishing Company. pp. 114, 116. Retrieved January 2, 2009.

[Harvard_Law_2007-51] Levenson, Michael; Saltzman, Jonathan (January 28, 2007). "At Harvard Law, a unifying voice". The Boston Globe. Retrieved June 15, 2008.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Kantor, Jodi (January 28, 2007). "In law school, Obama found political voice". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Kodama, Marie C (January 19, 2007). "Obama left mark on HLS". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Mundy, Liza (August 12, 2007). "A series of fortunate events". The Washington Post. p. W10. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Heilemann, John (October 22, 2007). "When they were young". New York. 40 (37): 32–7, 132–3. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Mendell (2007), pp. 80–92.

[Harvard_Law_1990-52] Butterfield, Fox (February 6, 1990). "First black elected to head Harvard's Law Review". The New York Times. p. A20. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Ybarra, Michael J (February 7, 1990). "Activist in Chicago now heads Harvard Law Review" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 3. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Matchan, Linda (February 15, 1990). 15, 1990&s.endDate=February 15, 1990 "A Law Review breakthrough" (paid archive). The Boston Globe. p. 29. Retrieved June 15, 2008. {{cite news}}: Check |url= value (help) Corr, John (February 27, 1990). "From mean streets to hallowed halls" (paid archive). The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. C01. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Drummond, Tammerlin (March 12, 1990). "Barack Obama's Law; Harvard Law Review's first black president plans a life of public service" (paid archive). Los Angeles Times. p. E1. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Pugh, Allison J. (Associated Press) (April 18, 1990). "Law Review's first black president aims to help poor" (paid archive). The Miami Herald. p. C01. Retrieved June 15, 2008.

[53] "Barack Obama and His Life (in Polish)". Rogalinski.com.pl. Retrieved March 3, 2012.

[54] Aguilar, Louis (July 11, 1990). "Survey: Law firms slow to add minority partners" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 1 (Business). Retrieved June 15, 2008. Barack Obama, a summer associate at Hopkins & Sutter in Chicago

[Scott_2008a-55] Scott, Janny (May 18, 2008). "The story of Obama, written by Obama". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Obama (1995), pp. xiii–xvii.

[MOHSMOMF-56] Fornek, Scott (October 3, 2007). "Michelle Obama: 'He Swept Me Off My Feet'". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved December 2, 2007.

[jbcdnyt-57] Becker, Jo and Drew, Christopher, "Pragmatic politics, forged on the South Side", The New York Times, May 11, 2008, retrieved July 16, 2008

[groundsupport-58] Springen, Karen and Jonathan Darman (January 29, 2007). "Ground Support". Newsweek. Retrieved July 25, 2008.

[crain's-59] Anderson, Veronica (September 27–October 3, 1993). "40 under Forty: Barack Obama, Director, Illinois Project Vote". Crain's Chicago Business. p. 43. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
White, Jesse (ed.) (2000). Illinois Blue Book, 2000, Millennium ed (PDF). Springfield, IL: Illinois Secretary of State. p. 83. OCLC 43923973. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 25, 2007. Retrieved June 6, 2008. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)

[voteofconfidence-60] Reynolds, Gretchen (January 1, 1993). "Vote of Confidence". Chicago Magazine. Retrieved July 25, 2008.

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