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|[http://x.com x.com] || Weinstein & DePaolis || [[PayPal|X.Commerce/PayPal]]
|[http://x.com x.com] || Weinstein & DePaolis || [[PayPal|X.Commerce/PayPal]]
|-
|-
|[http://x.org x.org] || [[The Open Group]] || [[X.Org Foundation]]
|[https://x.org x.org] || [[The Open Group]] || [[X.Org Foundation]]
|-
|-
|[http://z.com z.com] || HomePage.com || [[GMO Internet, Inc.]]
|[https://z.com z.com] || HomePage.com || [[GMO Internet, Inc.]]
|}
|}
Some other single-letter domain names are also in use.
Some other single-letter domain names are also in use.
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|[http://a.co a.co] || [[Amazon.com]] || Amazon's official URL shortcut. Generally used by Amazon in SMS messages for informing purchasers of activity on an order
|[http://a.co a.co] || [[Amazon.com]] || Amazon's official URL shortcut. Generally used by Amazon in SMS messages for informing purchasers of activity on an order
|-
|-
|[http://g.co g.co] || [[Google]] || Google's official URL shortcut
|[https://g.co g.co] || [[Google]] || Google's official URL shortcut
|-
|-
|[http://g.cn g.cn] || [[Google]] || Google China's official URL shortcut
|[http://g.cn g.cn] || [[Google]] || Google China's official URL shortcut
|-
|[https://messenger.com m.me] || [[Facebook]] || Facebook Messenger's official URL shortcut.
|-
|-
|[[Twitter#URL_shortener|t.co]]|| [[Twitter]] || Twitter's official URL shortcut
|[[Twitter#URL_shortener|t.co]]|| [[Twitter]] || Twitter's official URL shortcut
|-
|-
|[http://t.me/ t.me] || [[Telegram (software)|Telegram]] || Telegram's official URL shortcut
|[https://t.me/ t.me] || [[Telegram (software)|Telegram]] || Telegram's official URL shortcut
|-
|-
|[http://w.org w.org] || [[WordPress]] || Redirects to [http://wordpress.org wordpress.org], has some assets for wordpress.org (under s.w.org) (see for example [http://wordpress.org/news/2013/12/parker/ wordpress.org/news/2013/12/parker/]).
|[https://w.org w.org] || [[WordPress]] || Redirects to [https://wordpress.org wordpress.org], has some assets for wordpress.org (under s.w.org) (see for example [https://wordpress.org/news/2013/12/parker/ wordpress.org/news/2013/12/parker/]).


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Many other single-letter second-level domains have been registered under [[country code top-level domains]]. The list of Country code top-level domains which have been identified to allow single-letter domains are : .ac .af .ag .ai .am .asia .biz .bo .by .bz .cm .cn .co .com.ar .com.br .co.at .co.il .co.uk .cr .cz .cx .dj .de .dk .fm .gd .gg .gl .gp .gs .gt .gy .hn .ht .ie.<ref>One and Two Letter .IE Domains Now Available ''[https://shortdomains.ie/#one-two-letter-ie-domains "The release of short .ie domain names "] Dublin, 12 October 2015</ref> im .io .je .kg .ki .kW .la .lb .lc .ly .md .mg .mk .mp .ms .mW .mx .mu .nF .nz .pe .ph .pk .pl .pn .pr .pw .ro .sh .st .tc .tl .tt .to .tv .travel .ua .ws .vc .vg .vn and .vu.<ref>Hofman Laursen, Christopher ''[http://www.europeandomaincentre.com/pages/news-room/domain-management-news/the-world-s-shortest-domain-names-how-to-get-a-one-character-domain The World's Shortest Domain Names: How To Get a One Character Domain]'', Copenhagen, 01 December 2014. Retrieved on 04 December 2014.</ref>
Many other single-letter second-level domains have been registered under [[country code top-level domains]]. The list of Country code top-level domains which have been identified to allow single-letter domains are : .ac .af .ag .ai .am .asia .biz .bo .by .bz .cm .cn .co .com.ar .com.br .co.at .co.il .co.uk .cr .cz .cx .dj .de .dk .fm .gd .gg .gl .gp .gs .gt .gy .hn .ht .ie.<ref>One and Two Letter .IE Domains Now Available ''[https://shortdomains.ie/#one-two-letter-ie-domains "The release of short .ie domain names "] Dublin, 12 October 2015</ref> im .io .je .kg .ki .kw .la .lb .lc .ly .md .mg .mk .mp .ms .mW .mx .mu .nF .nz .pe .ph .pk .pl .pn .pr .pw .ro .sh .st .tc .tl .tt .to .tv .travel .ua .ws .vc .vg .vn and .vu.<ref>Hofman Laursen, Christopher ''[http://www.europeandomaincentre.com/pages/news-room/domain-management-news/the-world-s-shortest-domain-names-how-to-get-a-one-character-domain The World's Shortest Domain Names: How To Get a One Character Domain]'', Copenhagen, 01 December 2014. Retrieved on 04 December 2014.</ref>


Single-character non-[[ASCII]] second-level domains also exist (e.g. [http://☺.com ☺.com]), but these are actually registered as their [[Punycode]] translations (which are more than a single character) for [[Domain Name System|DNS]] purposes.
Single-character non-[[ASCII]] second-level domains also exist (e.g. [http://☺.com ☺.com]), but these are actually registered as their [[Punycode]] translations (which are more than a single character) for [[Domain Name System|DNS]] purposes.

Revision as of 12:26, 30 April 2017

Single-letter second-level domains are domain names in which the second-level domain consists of only one letter, such as x.com. In 1993, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) explicitly reserved all single-letter and single-digit second-level domain names in the top-level domains com, net, and org, and grandfathered those that had already been assigned. In December 2005, ICANN considered auctioning these domains.

Active single-letter domains

On December 1, 1993, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) explicitly reserved the remaining single-letter and single-digit domain names. The few domains that were already assigned were grandfathered in and continued to exist.[1][better source needed]

The assigned domains in this group are the following:

Domain 1993 Owner Current Owner
i.net INet Solutions Ltd Future Media Architects
q.com JG CenturyLink
q.net Privately owned Q Networks
x.com Weinstein & DePaolis X.Commerce/PayPal
x.org The Open Group X.Org Foundation
z.com HomePage.com GMO Internet, Inc.

Some other single-letter domain names are also in use.

Domain Current User Usage
a.co Amazon.com Amazon's official URL shortcut. Generally used by Amazon in SMS messages for informing purchasers of activity on an order
g.co Google Google's official URL shortcut
g.cn Google Google China's official URL shortcut
m.me Facebook Facebook Messenger's official URL shortcut.
t.co Twitter Twitter's official URL shortcut
t.me Telegram Telegram's official URL shortcut
w.org WordPress Redirects to wordpress.org, has some assets for wordpress.org (under s.w.org) (see for example wordpress.org/news/2013/12/parker/).

Many other single-letter second-level domains have been registered under country code top-level domains. The list of Country code top-level domains which have been identified to allow single-letter domains are : .ac .af .ag .ai .am .asia .biz .bo .by .bz .cm .cn .co .com.ar .com.br .co.at .co.il .co.uk .cr .cz .cx .dj .de .dk .fm .gd .gg .gl .gp .gs .gt .gy .hn .ht .ie.[2] im .io .je .kg .ki .kw .la .lb .lc .ly .md .mg .mk .mp .ms .mW .mx .mu .nF .nz .pe .ph .pk .pl .pn .pr .pw .ro .sh .st .tc .tl .tt .to .tv .travel .ua .ws .vc .vg .vn and .vu.[3]

Single-character non-ASCII second-level domains also exist (e.g. ☺.com), but these are actually registered as their Punycode translations (which are more than a single character) for DNS purposes.

Project94

In 2012, the Public Interest Registry (PIR) initiated Project94, in which 94 one- and two-letter domains in the top-level domain org, that had been traditionally reserved, are awarded to qualifying organizations.[4]

Two-letter domain names

Two-letter second-level domain names under the new generic top-level domains are viewed as a potential source of confusion with country code top-level domains and must be reserved, according to the gTLD Registry Agreement, pending agreement on a process for releasing them after appropriate measures have been taken.[5]

Two-letter .com domain names were never reserved. It was possible for anyone to register them in the very early years of the Internet (from 1985 to 1998). The first company to own an active Two Letter Domain is Hewlett-Packard. Since 1998 all permutations of the 26 × 26 = 676 .com domains have been registered and (barring the very unlikely event of a lapse in registration) they can only be obtained by buying them from the previous owner. In 1997 American Airlines was the first company to buy a two-letter domain AA.com on the secondary market, followed in 1998 by Hennes & Mauritz HM.com and Deutsche Bank DB.com.[6]

Notable examples of two letter .com domains used by Individuals and large corporations

There are also 26 × 10 x 2 = 520 less prominent .com two letter domains with a combination of letters and numbers:

Two-letter domains with other extensions are less prominent but they are also used by notable companies and organizations:

In most TLDs such as .info, two-letter domains are not available.

Market value of single- or two-letter domains

Only three of the 26 possible single-letter domains have ever been registered in the .com domain extension, all before 1992. The other 23 single-letter .com domains were registered January 1, 1992 by Jon Postel, with the intention to avoid a single company commercially controlling a letter of the Alphabet. Many but not all .com two-letter domains are among the most valuable domains.

While it is widely believed that the domains business.com and sex.com have been the most valuable domain transactions, prominent two-letter domains have only been sold after nondisclosed transactions handled by specialized broker and law firms.

The value of the LG Corp (the South Korean electronics conglomerate formerly known as Lucky Goldstar) purchase of LG.com was never published. LG Group missed the first sale of the domain in 2008 from the original owner the chemical company Lockwood Greene to the .com entrepreneur Andy Booth, who currently runs www.Booth.com. Booth had used it to launch a footballing website known as LifeGames. LG Corp bought "lg.com" one year later, in 2009, for a significant[tone] amount. Following the purchase, LG Group changed worldwide marketing to LG.com, which is now their central internet address for all countries. All national LG Country domains like "LG.de" or "LG.com.mx" redirect to "LG.com".[clarify][citation needed]

The value of the initially secret November 2010 Facebook purchase of FB.com was revealed two months later to be $8.5 million in cash and rest in stocks.[7]

IG Group paid $4.7 million in September 2013 to buy IG.com [8]

GMO Internet Inc. buys Z.com for nearly $6.8 Million from Nissan, who previously used it for the Nissan Z series cars.[9]

ΙΞ.com (a combination of two greek letters 'Iota and Xi', resembling the English letter 'E') was purchased in 2013 for an undisclosed amount.

Controversy

With the 2005 announcement that registration of the remaining single-letter names might become available, some companies have attempted to establish a right to the names by claiming trademark rights over single letters used in such a context. U magazine, a college oriented publication, went so far as to re-brand its website as "U.com" and apply for a trademark registration of the same phrase, before sending a letter to ICANN attempting to gain priority for the domain if it should ever become available in the future.[10]

References

  1. ^ Bill Manning; Eric Brunner; Donald Eastlake (March 2000). I-D draft-ietf-dnsind-iana-dns-01. IETF. p. 15.
  2. ^ One and Two Letter .IE Domains Now Available "The release of short .ie domain names " Dublin, 12 October 2015
  3. ^ Hofman Laursen, Christopher The World's Shortest Domain Names: How To Get a One Character Domain, Copenhagen, 01 December 2014. Retrieved on 04 December 2014.
  4. ^ Project 94
  5. ^ "Two Character SLDs - ICANN". www.icann.org. Retrieved 2016-11-04.
  6. ^ Two Letter .coms Activation Timeline
  7. ^ Transaction of the FB.com domain
  8. ^ "IG.com sells for $4.7 Million". morganlinton.com.
  9. ^ Michael Berkens. "Z.com Sold For $6.8 Million Dollars". TheDomains.com.
  10. ^ "U.com letter" (PDF). icann.org.
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