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In the broadest sense, a '''warrior ''' is one who defends an ideal, institution, person or group of people against assault (or threat thereof), usually under some form of oath that, once taken, grants express authority to employ violence in fealty to the oath.
A '''warrior ''' is a person specializing in [[combat]] or [[war]]fare, especially within the context of a [[tribal society|tribal]] or [[clan]]-based warrior culture society that recognizes a separate warrior class or [[caste]].


In an extended sense, the term "warrior" is sometimes applied by [[analogy]] to anyone who acts with extraordinary bravery, at great peril, to protect the innocent. The analogical sense of the term is captured in the following passage:
⚫
==History==
Warriors seem to have been present in the earliest pre-state societies. Along with hunting, war was considered to be a definitive male activity. No matter the pretext for combat, it seemed to have been a rite of passage for a boy to become a man. Warriors took upon costumes and equipment that seemed to have a symbolic significance; combat itself would be preceded by ritual or sacrifice. Men of fighting age often lived apart in order to encourage bonding, and would ritualise combat in order to demonstrate individual prowess among one another. <ref>{{cite book|last1=Grant|first1=R.G|title=Warrior: A Visual History of the Fighting Man|date=2007|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-7566-3203-8|page=8|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref> Most of the basic weapons used by Warriors appeared before the rise of most hierarchial systems. Bows and arrows, clubs, spears, and other edged weapons were in widespread use. However with the new findings of metallurgy, the aforementioned weapons had grown in effectiveness. <ref>{{cite book|last1=Grant|first1=R.G|title=Warrior: A Visual History of the Fighting Man|date=2007|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-7566-3203-8|page=14|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref>


"The spirit of the warrior touches many across time and place. It is not exclusive to those professionals who devote their lives to it. It touches the mother who, with blinding ferocity, protects a child against danger. It touches the young man who blazes like a flame and charges forward when an armed terrorist storms onto the train that carries him. It touches the principal who plants herself, unyielding as granite, between a machete-wielding madman and the kindergarteners that he means to attack. It touches the brave samaritan who along his way sees a thug robbing an old man and does not avert his eyes but chases the thug away. Circumstances call, and the moment finds a warrior. The spirit of the warrior touches many across time and place."<ref>Daniel Modell, The Warrior's Manifesto, YMAA Publication Center, Inc., 2018, ISBN: 9781594395987</ref>
When the first hierarchical systems evolved 5000 years ago, the gap between the rulers and the ruled had increased. Making war to extend the outreach of their territories, rulers often forced men from lower orders of society into the military role. This had been the first use of professional soldiers —a distinct difference from the warrior communities.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Grant|first1=R.G|title=Warrior: A Visual History of the Fighting Man|date=2007|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-7566-3203-8|page=9|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref>


The warrior ethic in many societies later became the preserve of the ruling class. Egyptian pharaohs would depict themselves in war chariots, shooting at enemies, or smashing others with clubs. Fighting was considered a prestigious activity, but only when associated with status and power. European mounted knights would often feel contempt for the foot soldiers recruited from lower classes. Even in meso American societies of pre-Columbian America, the elite aristocratic soldiers remained separated from the lower classes of stone-throwers. <ref>{{cite book|last1=Grant|first1=R.G|title=Warrior: A Visual History of the Fighting Man|date=2007|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-7566-3203-8|page=10|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref>
⚫
==History==
[[Artifacts]] from early tribal and nomadic societies suggest that in some form warriors have existed from the dawn of history. Depictions in [[cave paintings]] and [[rock art]] of weaponry and tactical formations in pre-civilized hunts offer tantalizing clues about the beginnings of organized warfare and the coordinated, violent action wrought by a cadre of men bound to a common purpose so essential to it. Some of the earliest poetry, such as the [[Iliad]], was rooted in the theme of war and warrior. In some societies, such as ancient [[Sparta]], combat was an essential rite of passage from boyhood into manhood.


In contrast to the belief of the caste and clan based warrior who saw war as a place to attain valor and glory, warfare was a practical matter that could change the course of history. History always showed hat men of lower orders who, provided that they were practically organized and equipped, almost always outfought warrior elites through an individualistic and humble approach to war. This was the approach of the Roman legions who had only the incentive of promotion, as well as a strict level of discipline. When Europe's standing armies of the 17th and 18th centuries developed, discipline was at the core of their training. Officers had the role of transforming men that they viewed as lower class to become reliable fighting men. <ref>{{cite book|last1=Grant|first1=R.G|title=Warrior: A Visual History of the Fighting Man|date=2007|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-7566-3203-8|page=10|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref>
Apparel and weaponry in course of time carried symbolic as well as practical significance. [[Combat]] came often to be preceded by [[ritual]] or sacrifice. In some societies, men of fighting age were segregated to encourage bonding, and singular, ritualized contests served to display individual prowess. <ref>{{cite book|last1=Grant|first1=R.G|title=Warrior: A Visual History of the Fighting Man|date=2007|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-7566-3203-8|page=8|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref>


The advent of [[civilization]] saw also stratification. In practice, though not exclusively so, the uppermost stratum within societies of the ancient world was occupied by a [[tyrant]] (which did not necessarily carry negative connotations, as in, for example [[Greek city-states]] where the term fundamentally meant "ruler" and the ruler might be just or unjust, wise or thoughtless), an extension of the tribal [[chieftains]] of pre-civilized society. Historically, tyranny tended to seek an expanding imperium and for that, sizable and professional militaries were needed. Conscription was a common way of building such a [[military]]. The professional soldier was born of such conscription under tyrants seeking to expand their empires.<ref>Daniel Modell, The Warrior's Manifesto, YMAA Publication Center, Inc., 2018, ISBN: 9781594395987</ref>
Inspired by the Ancient Greek ideals of the 'citizen soldier', many European societies during the Renaissance began to incorporate conscription and raise armies from the general populace. A change in attitude was noted as well, as officers were told to treat their soldiers with moderation and respect. For example, men who fought in the American Civil War often elected their own officers. With the mobilization of citizens in the armies sometimes reaching the millions, societies often made efforts in order to maintain or revive the warrior spirit. This trend continues to the modern day. <ref>{{cite book|last1=Grant|first1=R.G|title=Warrior: A Visual History of the Fighting Man|date=2007|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-7566-3203-8|page=11|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref>
Due to the heroic connotations of the term "warrior", this metaphor is especially popular in publications advocating or recruiting for a country's military.<ref>e.g. [[Wong, Leonard]], "[http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/31/4/599 Leave No Man Behind: Recovering America’s Fallen Warriors]." ''Armed Forces & Society'', July 2005; vol. 31: pp. 599-622.; [[Bradley C.S. Watson]], "[http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/26/1/55 The Western Ethical Tradition and the Morality of the Warrior]." ''Armed Forces & Society'', October 1999; vol. 26: pp. 55-72; Samet, Elizabeth D., "[http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/31/4/623 Leaving No Warriors Behind: The Ancient Roots of a Modern Sensibility]." ''Armed Forces & Society'', July 2005; vol. 31: pp. 623-649; Miller, Laura L. and Charles Moskos, "[http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/21/4/615 Humanitarians or Warriors?: Race, Gender, and Combat Status in Operations Restore Hope]." ''Armed Forces & Society'', July 1995; vol. 21: pp. 615-637</ref>


==Women as warriors==
==Women as warriors==
Although the ethos of war and warrior was largely the prerogative of and defined by men in the ancient world, there are notable exceptions captured in myth and fact.
While the warrior class in tribal societies is typically all-male, there are some exceptions on record where women (typically unmarried, young women) formed part of the warrior class, particularly in pre-modern Japan.


[[Greek mythology]] speaks of the legendary [[Amazons]], a race of fierce female warriors ruling [[Themyscira]]. Likewise, the Valkyries of Norse Mythology are warlike female spirits who usher fallen warriors, if deemed worthy, into [[Valhalla]].
A purported group of fighting women is the legendary [[Amazons]], recorded in Classical Greek mythology. Similarly, the Valkyrie are depicted in Norse mythology, particularly the Icelandic Etta.


During the [[Viking Age]] a type of female warrior was the ''skjaldmær'', or [[shieldmaiden]]. A 2017 study produced DNA results confirming the remains excavated in [[Birka|Birka, Sweden]], were a [[Birka female Viking warrior|female warrior]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pasthorizonspr.com/index.php/archives/09/2017/viking-warrior-from-birka-grave-confirmed-as-female|title=Viking warrior from Birka grave confirmed as female|last=|first=|date=8 September 2017|work=Archaeology News from Past Horizons|access-date=16 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908191627/http://www.pasthorizonspr.com/index.php/archives/09/2017/viking-warrior-from-birka-grave-confirmed-as-female|archive-date=17 September 2017|dead-url=no}}</ref> These women survive in a few historical testimonies like those of the [[Byzantine Empire]].
During the [[Viking Age]] the ''skjaldmær'', or [[shieldmaiden]], served as warriors. Remains excavated in [[Birka|Birka, Sweden]], were, through DNA testing, confirmed to be a [[Birka female Viking warrior|female warrior]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pasthorizonspr.com/index.php/archives/09/2017/viking-warrior-from-birka-grave-confirmed-as-female|title=Viking warrior from Birka grave confirmed as female|last=|first=|date=8 September 2017|work=Archaeology News from Past Horizons|access-date=16 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908191627/http://www.pasthorizonspr.com/index.php/archives/09/2017/viking-warrior-from-birka-grave-confirmed-as-female|archive-date=17 September 2017|dead-url=no}}</ref> These women survive in a few historical testimonies like those of the [[Byzantine Empire]].


Many women not only fought on the field but led entire hosts of men within Pictish, Briton, and Irish Tribes in Pre [[Christian culture]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2015}} [[Boudicca]] of the [[Iceni]] is a famous example of a female leader of warriors, who [[Boudica#Boudica's uprising|rebelled]] against [[Roman Britain|Roman rule in Britain]]. [[Tomoe Gozen]] is celebrated in Japanese history as a woman samurai General in the 12th Century. [[Joan of Arc]], nicknamed "The Maid of Orléans" is considered a heroine of France for her role during the Lancastrian phase of the [[Hundred Years' War]].
Some women led hosts of men among the Picts, Britons, and Irish of the Pre-Christian era.{{Citation needed|date=January 2015}} [[Boudicca]] of the [[Iceni]] is a famous exemplar of this type who [[Boudica#Boudica's uprising|rebelled]] against [[Roman Britain|Roman rule in Britain]]. [[Tomoe Gozen]] is celebrated in Japanese history as a samurai General in the 12th Century. [[Joan of Arc]], nicknamed "The Maid of Orléans" is considered a heroine of France for her leadership and courage during the Lancastrian phase of the [[Hundred Years' War]].


==Warrior communities==
==Warrior communities==
Line 44: Line 44:
* [[Hajduk]]s<ref>{{cite book|author=Suraiya Faroqhi|title=An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c00jmTrjzAoC&pg=PA438|date=28 April 1997|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-57455-6|pages=437–438}}</ref>
* [[Hajduk]]s<ref>{{cite book|author=Suraiya Faroqhi|title=An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c00jmTrjzAoC&pg=PA438|date=28 April 1997|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-57455-6|pages=437–438}}</ref>
* [[Hashashin]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kumar|first1=Ram|title=Martyred but Not Tamed: The Politics of Resistance in the Middle East|date=2012|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=axdBDwAAQBAJ&dq=Hashshashin+warrior&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref>
* [[Hashashin]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kumar|first1=Ram|title=Martyred but Not Tamed: The Politics of Resistance in the Middle East|date=2012|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=axdBDwAAQBAJ&dq=Hashshashin+warrior&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref>
* [[Scottish Regiment|Highlander]]<ref>{{cite book|author=L. Alcock|title=Kings and Warriors, Craftsmen and Priests in Northern Britain AD 550–850|publisher=Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland|isbn=0-903903-24-5|pages=56}}</ref>
* [[Hersir]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chartrand|first1=Rene|last2=Durham|first2=Keith|last3=Harrison|first3=Mark|last4=Heath|first4=Ian|title=The Vikings|date=2016|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|page=43|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mxizDAAAQBAJ&dq=Hersir&source=gbs_navlinks_s|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref>
* [[Hersir]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chartrand|first1=Rene|last2=Durham|first2=Keith|last3=Harrison|first3=Mark|last4=Heath|first4=Ian|title=The Vikings|date=2016|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|page=43|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mxizDAAAQBAJ&dq=Hersir&source=gbs_navlinks_s|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref>
* [[Hippeis]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Marinatos|first1=Nanno|title=My library My History Books on Google Play Goddess and the Warrior: The Naked Goddess and Mistress of the Animals in Early Greek Religion|date=2002|publisher=Routledge|page=2-82|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mLmBAgAAQBAJ&dq=Hippeis+warrior+community&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref>
* [[Hippeis]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Marinatos|first1=Nanno|title=My library My History Books on Google Play Goddess and the Warrior: The Naked Goddess and Mistress of the Animals in Early Greek Religion|date=2002|publisher=Routledge|page=2-82|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mLmBAgAAQBAJ&dq=Hippeis+warrior+community&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref>
Line 93: Line 94:
* Shannon E. French, ''Code of the Warrior - Exploring Warrior Values Past and Present'' (2003).
* Shannon E. French, ''Code of the Warrior - Exploring Warrior Values Past and Present'' (2003).
* Marion F. Sturkey "Warrior Culture of the U.S. Marines" (2001)
* Marion F. Sturkey "Warrior Culture of the U.S. Marines" (2001)
* Daniel Modell (2018), ''The Warrior's Manifesto: Ideals for Those Who Protect and Defend''. Wolfboro, New Hampshire: YMAA Publication Center.
{{refend}}


==External links==
==External links==

Revision as of 05:06, 23 March 2018

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In the broadest sense, a warrior is one who defends an ideal, institution, person or group of people against assault (or threat thereof), usually under some form of oath that, once taken, grants express authority to employ violence in fealty to the oath.

In an extended sense, the term "warrior" is sometimes applied by analogy to anyone who acts with extraordinary bravery, at great peril, to protect the innocent. The analogical sense of the term is captured in the following passage:

"The spirit of the warrior touches many across time and place. It is not exclusive to those professionals who devote their lives to it. It touches the mother who, with blinding ferocity, protects a child against danger. It touches the young man who blazes like a flame and charges forward when an armed terrorist storms onto the train that carries him. It touches the principal who plants herself, unyielding as granite, between a machete-wielding madman and the kindergarteners that he means to attack. It touches the brave samaritan who along his way sees a thug robbing an old man and does not avert his eyes but chases the thug away. Circumstances call, and the moment finds a warrior. The spirit of the warrior touches many across time and place."[1]


History

Artifacts from early tribal and nomadic societies suggest that in some form warriors have existed from the dawn of history. Depictions in cave paintings and rock art of weaponry and tactical formations in pre-civilized hunts offer tantalizing clues about the beginnings of organized warfare and the coordinated, violent action wrought by a cadre of men bound to a common purpose so essential to it. Some of the earliest poetry, such as the Iliad, was rooted in the theme of war and warrior. In some societies, such as ancient Sparta, combat was an essential rite of passage from boyhood into manhood.

Apparel and weaponry in course of time carried symbolic as well as practical significance. Combat came often to be preceded by ritual or sacrifice. In some societies, men of fighting age were segregated to encourage bonding, and singular, ritualized contests served to display individual prowess. [2]

The advent of civilization saw also stratification. In practice, though not exclusively so, the uppermost stratum within societies of the ancient world was occupied by a tyrant (which did not necessarily carry negative connotations, as in, for example Greek city-states where the term fundamentally meant "ruler" and the ruler might be just or unjust, wise or thoughtless), an extension of the tribal chieftains of pre-civilized society. Historically, tyranny tended to seek an expanding imperium and for that, sizable and professional militaries were needed. Conscription was a common way of building such a military. The professional soldier was born of such conscription under tyrants seeking to expand their empires.[3]

Women as warriors

Although the ethos of war and warrior was largely the prerogative of and defined by men in the ancient world, there are notable exceptions captured in myth and fact.

Greek mythology speaks of the legendary Amazons, a race of fierce female warriors ruling Themyscira. Likewise, the Valkyries of Norse Mythology are warlike female spirits who usher fallen warriors, if deemed worthy, into Valhalla.

During the Viking Age the skjaldmær, or shieldmaiden, served as warriors. Remains excavated in Birka, Sweden, were, through DNA testing, confirmed to be a female warrior.[4] These women survive in a few historical testimonies like those of the Byzantine Empire.

Some women led hosts of men among the Picts, Britons, and Irish of the Pre-Christian era.[citation needed] Boudicca of the Iceni is a famous exemplar of this type who rebelled against Roman rule in Britain. Tomoe Gozen is celebrated in Japanese history as a samurai General in the 12th Century. Joan of Arc, nicknamed "The Maid of Orléans" is considered a heroine of France for her leadership and courage during the Lancastrian phase of the Hundred Years' War.

Warrior communities

See also

References

  1. ^ Daniel Modell, The Warrior's Manifesto, YMAA Publication Center, Inc., 2018, ISBN: 9781594395987
  2. ^ Grant, R.G (2007). Warrior: A Visual History of the Fighting Man. Penguin. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-7566-3203-8. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  3. ^ Daniel Modell, The Warrior's Manifesto, YMAA Publication Center, Inc., 2018, ISBN: 9781594395987
  4. ^ "Viking warrior from Birka grave confirmed as female". Archaeology News from Past Horizons. 8 September 2017. Archived from the original on 17 September 2017. Retrieved 16 September 2017. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 8 September 2017 suggested (help); Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ Bruno Mugnai; Christopher Flaherty (23 September 2014). Der Lange Türkenkrieg (1593-1606): The long Turkish War. Soldiershop. p. 47. ISBN 978-88-96519-91-2.
  6. ^ a b Nicholas Charles Pappas (1982). Greeks in Russian military service in the late eighteen and early nineteenth centuries. Stanford University. p. 99.
  7. ^ Craig, Matthew. Ashigaru - Samurai Combat in the Age of the Country at War. Junkhouse. p. 48. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  8. ^ Johnson, E. Patrick; Riviera, Ramon H. Blacktino Queer Performance. Duke University Press.
  9. ^ Emerson, Caryl (2008). The Cambridge Introduction to Russian Literature. Cambridge University Press. p. 71.
  10. ^ Crummy, Robert (2014). Aristocrats and Servitors: The Boyar Elite in Russia, 1613-1689. Princeton University Press. p. 12.
  11. ^ Head, Duncan "Armies of the Macedonian and Punic Wars 359 BC to 146 BC" (1982), p140.
  12. ^ Tucker, Phillip (2017). Death at the Little Bighorn: A New Look at Custer, His Tactics, and the Tragic Decisions Made at the Last Stand. Skyhorse Publishing. p. Chapter 2. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  13. ^ Lenman, B., Anderson, T. Chambers Dictionary of World History, p. 200
  14. ^ Coker, Christopher (2007). The Warrior Ethos: Military Culture and the War on Terror. Routledge.
  15. ^ Grant, R.G. Warrior: A Visual History of the Fighting Man. Penguin. p. 78.
  16. ^ Preston, Claire (2006). Bee. Reaktion Books. p. 118. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  17. ^ Hoig, Stan (Jul 31, 1990). The Peace Chiefs of the Cheyennes. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 85. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  18. ^ Sohail H. Hashmi (3 July 2012). Just Wars, Holy Wars, and Jihads: Christian, Jewish, and Muslim Encounters and Exchanges. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-19-975503-5.
  19. ^ Suraiya Faroqhi (28 April 1997). An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press. pp. 437–438. ISBN 978-0-521-57455-6.
  20. ^ Kumar, Ram (2012). Martyred but Not Tamed: The Politics of Resistance in the Middle East. SAGE Publishing India.
  21. ^ L. Alcock. Kings and Warriors, Craftsmen and Priests in Northern Britain AD 550–850. Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. p. 56. ISBN 0-903903-24-5.
  22. ^ Chartrand, Rene; Durham, Keith; Harrison, Mark; Heath, Ian (2016). The Vikings. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 43. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  23. ^ Marinatos, Nanno (2002). My library My History Books on Google Play Goddess and the Warrior: The Naked Goddess and Mistress of the Animals in Early Greek Religion. Routledge. p. 2-82.
  24. ^ Neer, Richard T. Greek art and archaeology : a new history, c. 2500-c. 150 BCE. New York. p. 95. ISBN 9780500288771. OCLC 745332893.
  25. ^ Grant, R.G. Warrior: A Visual History of the Fighting Man. Penguin. p. 78.
  26. ^ Hicks, Jim (1975). The Persians. Time-Life Books. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  27. ^ Sánchez-Murillo, R. (2012). La palabra universal. Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo. Retrieved September 5, 2012, from link Archived 2013-10-29 at the Wayback Machine.
  28. ^ Cleveland, Bunton, William, Martin (2013). A History of the Modern Middle East. Westview Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-8133-4833-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. ^ Das, Sonia N. (2016). Linguistic Rivalries: Tamil Migrants and Anglo-Franco Conflicts. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190461782.
  30. ^ Purnima Dhavan (3 November 2011). When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 3–. ISBN 978-0-19-975655-1.
  31. ^ Timothy May (7 November 2016). The Mongol Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 221. ISBN 978-1-61069-340-0.
  32. ^ D'A. J. D. Boulton, "Classic Knighthood as Nobiliary Dignity", in Stephen Church, Ruth Harvey (ed.), Medieval knighthood V: papers from the sixth Strawberry Hill Conference 1994, Boydell & Brewer, 1995, pp. 41–100.
  33. ^ Frank Anthony Carl Mantello, A. G. Rigg, Medieval Latin: an introduction and bibliographical guide, UA Press, 1996, p. 448.
  34. ^ Charlton Thomas Lewis, An elementary Latin dictionary, Harper & Brothers, 1899, p. 505.
  35. ^ Fowler, Hinduism (1997), pp. 19–20.
  36. ^ Adhikari, Indra. Military and Democracy in Nepal. Routledge. ISBN 9781317589068.
  37. ^ Cohn, Marc (2007). The Mathematics of the Calendar. p. 60. ISBN 978-1430324966.
  38. ^ Chambers, James (2003). The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe. Edison, New Jersey: Castle Books. ISBN 978-0-7858-1567-9.
  39. ^ Christopher Tyerman (2007). God's War: A New History of the Crusades. Penguin Books Limited. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-14-190431-3.
  40. ^ "Table 1. First, Second, and Total Responses to the Ancestry Question by Detailed Ancestry Code: 2000". census.gov. US Census Bureau. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  41. ^ Fisher, Michael (2007). Visions of Mughal India: An Anthology of European Travel Writing. I.B Taurus and Co. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-84511-354-4.
  42. ^ Ratti & Westbrook 1991, p. 325
  43. ^ Mazumder, Rajit K. The Indian Army and the Making of Punjab. pp. 99, 105.
  44. ^ "Samurai (Japanese warrior)". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  45. ^ Marjeta Šašel Kos (2005). Appian and Illyricum. Narodni Muzej Slovenije. p. 144. ISBN 978-961-6169-36-3.
  46. ^ Chlumsky, Nathan. Inside Kungfu: Chinese Martial Arts Encyclopedia. p. 19.
  47. ^ The article Sköldmö in Nordisk familjebok (1917).
  48. ^ Hans Delbrück (1990). Medieval Warfare: History of the Art of War. University of Nebraska Press. p. 474. ISBN 978-0-8032-6585-1.
  49. ^ Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary, ISBN 4-7674-2015-6
  50. ^ Harley, T. Rutherford. The Public School of Sparta, Greece & Rome, Vol. 3, No. 9 (May 1934) pp. 129-139.).
  51. ^ Grant, R.G. Warrior: A Visual History of the Fighting Man. Penguin. p. 78.
  52. ^ Grant, R.G. Warrior: A Visual History of the Fighting Man. Penguin. p. 78.
  53. ^ Edgar Sanderson; John Porter Lamberton; Charles Morris. Six Thousand Years of History: Famous warriors. T. Nolan. p. 6.
  54. ^ Suraiya Faroqhi (30 January 2014). Travel and Artisans in the Ottoman Empire: Employment and Mobility in the Early Modern Era. I.B.Tauris. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-78076-481-8.
  55. ^ Historical Abstracts: Modern history abstracts, 1450-1914. American Bibliographical Center, CLIO. 1985. p. 644.
  56. ^ Karl Bihlmeyer; Hermann Tüchle (1967). Church History: The Middle Ages. Newman Press. p. 26.

Bibliography

  • Ayvazyan A. "The Code of Honor of the Armenian Military (4-5th centuries)" (2000).
  • Shannon E. French, Code of the Warrior - Exploring Warrior Values Past and Present (2003).
  • Marion F. Sturkey "Warrior Culture of the U.S. Marines" (2001)
  • Daniel Modell (2018), The Warrior's Manifesto: Ideals for Those Who Protect and Defend. Wolfboro, New Hampshire: YMAA Publication Center.

External links

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