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Revision as of 01:27, 17 May 2019
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Mass stabbing is a single incident where multiple victims are harmed or killed in a knife-enabled crime. Sharp objects are used in such attacks where the weapon that is thrust at the victim would pierce through the skin and harm the victim.[1] Example of sharp instruments used in mass stabbing may include kitchen knives, utility knives, sheath knives, scissors, samurai swords, screwdrivers, bayonets and glass bottles.[1] Knife crime poses security threats to many countries around the world.[1]
There are many different factors causing mass stabbing. This may include social inequality, abuse of alcohol and drugs, easy access to weapons, social and cultural norms, religious and political reasons, among others.[2][3]
There are different responses from different parts of our global community towards mass stabbing. Government, law enforcement agencies, international organisations, schools and many other organisations around the world have taken different measures to address mass stabbing and knife crime. However, mass stabbing and similar terrorist attacks carried out by the extremist in Muslim communities have fueled an increase in Islamophobia in parts of our community.[4]
Examples of mass stabbing cases include the 2014 Kunming attack, 2016 Sagamihara stabbings, and 2017 London Bridge attack.[5][6][7]
Definition of Mass Stabbing
Mass stabbing can be defined from a number of different perspectives. The Oxford English Dictionary defines the verb ‘stab’ as an action that propels a pointed weapon with the intention of harm or murder.[8] A mass stabbing is an incident involving the use of pointed weapons to wound or kill multiple people.
Mass stabbing can be looked at from the scope of knife crime. Based on a publication by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, ‘knife-enabled crime’ is defined as an incident where harm is threatened or caused with the use of bladed weapons.[9] The phrase ‘knife crime’ is also used by the media to indicate a stabbing incident or the illegal possession of knives by a person in the public.[9]
From a legal perspective, the phrase ‘mass killing’ can be used to help define mass stabbing. Based on section 2 of the Investigative Assistance for Violent Crimes Act of 2012 of the United States of America, which is signed into law and published by the US Congress on 13 January 2013, the phrase ‘mass killing’ is defined as an individual occasion with 3 or more people murdered.[10]
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Mass stabbing can also be looked at from the perspective of mass murder. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) of the United States of America has defined mass murder as an incident where four or more people are killed in a single incident where the attacker murdered the victims on a continuing basis without any significant time period in between each of the murders.[11]
Causes of Mass Stabbing
An article on The Lancet, a peer-reviewed general medical journal, suggested that there are a few groups of people that are prone to being perpetrators or victims of violence in the future.[12] They include victims of abuse and violent acts, particularly children and young people who were abused when they were young, as well as people with other adverse experience.[12] This finding is also supported by a report of the World Health Organisation (WHO), which states that past victimization is one of the risk factors that cause young people to participate in violence acts.[2]
Abuse of alcohol is also among the risk factors that cause people, particularly young people to involve in violence such as knife crime.[2] A 2010 report by the WHO showed that the incidence of violence was higher in countries with greater ease of access to alcohol.[2]
Similarly, drug abuse is another possible cause of knife crime.[2] Illicit drug trade has been linked to the increasing incidence of knife crime.[2] Examples of drugs that are particularly linked to acts of violence include tobacco, cocaine and amphetamines.[2]
WHO has also stated that there is a strong correlation between violence and social inequality and deprivation.[2] A 2010 WHO report finds that the larger the differences in income between the high-income group and the low-income group, the higher the incidence of homicides.[2]
Another factor that may have led to knife crimes and violence among young people is the social and cultural norms in the environment they are exposed to.[2] This may be due to the exposure of young people to violent behavior of family members, friends or other members of society, which lead them to think that acts of violence are normal and acceptable.[2] This group of people may have been exposed to various contents containing different forms of violence in the mass media which may have affected the behavior of the young people.[2]
Spreading of religious extremism by terrorist groups, such as al-Queda and Islamic State (IS), may be another cause of mass stabbing.[13] Both terrorist groups used their respective publications, such as Dabiq of IS and Inspire of al-Queda to propagate the ideologies of the organisations and demonize their opponents, particularly the western democracy and their values.[13] Both terrorist organisations have encouraged their followers to launch attacks with knives for it is a cheap and easy method which is difficult to be detected by authorities but yet capable to cause great harm to the general public.[14][15]
Political reasons may be another cause of mass stabbing. Various studies have been conducted by scholars and researchers to examine the relationship between political repression and terrorism.[16] In general, there is a lack of consensus on the relationship between repression and violence.[16] Some studies argued that political repression may turn non-violent groups to acts of violence.[16][17] However, another study showed that there was a positive correlation between repression and violence in the short-run, but the correlation turns negative in the long-run based on the observation on the Iranian Revolution.[18]
Reactions to Mass Stabbing
Government and Law Enforcement
The Government of the United Kingdom has announced on 31 January 2019 that they will introduce the Knife Crime Prevention Orders through an amendment to the Offensive Weapons Bill in conjunction with the government’s effort in tackling knife crime.[19] The new preventative order can be placed on any person aged 12 or over, where curfews, geographical restrictions and social media restrictions may be imposed on the targets of the police.[19] Retailers are also forbidden from selling knives to any person aged 18 or below.[19] The law is aimed at reducing knife crimes especially among young people.[19] Criminal prosecution, fines or jail sentences may be applied on any person who breaches the law.[19]
Pressure from the public and changes in laws have also mandated tougher sentences from the judiciary on knife crime offences.[20] England and Wales saw 85% of their knife crime offenders jailed for at least three months, whereas the average jail sentence for these offenders was eight months in 2018, an increment of three months from the average a decade ago.[20] In Scotland, there was a threefold increase in average sentence for carrying a knife in 2015 when compared to the previous 10 years.[21]
There were also lobbying from members of the law enforcement community to the government for extra funding to tackle crimes.[22] The Government of the United Kingdom has also announced extra funding of £100m to security forces in England and Wales to tackle crimes, specifically knife crimes.[22]
Countries like Brazil and Australia have also introduced laws to restrict the sale of alcohol at specific times of a day.[2] Studies in Diadema, Brazil has shown that homicides were reduced by 44% in the course of three years with the introduction of a law that restricts trading hours for alcoholic products.[2]
Schools
Schools have also taken measure to tackle knife crime. A WHO report states that creating safe learning environment in schools is critical in preventing violence and knife crime among young people.[2]
A direct approach in preventing knife crime in school taken by some schools in the United States of America was installing weapon detection systems in schools.[2] This is to prevent weapons such as guns and knives from being brought into schools and threaten the safety of the community.[2]
Another initiative taken by some schools is the introduction of bully-prevention programs in schools.[2] An example of such programs is the Olweus Program, which is originated from Norway and is currently implemented in Australia, Lithuania, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States of America.[2] The KiVa program in Finland is another successful anti-bullying program in Europe.[2]
Education programs aimed at reducing knife crime has also been introduced. For example, the Be Safe Project in the United Kingdom educates students about the legal, social and health implications of knife crime.[2]
Others
In Scotland, knife crime is treated as a public health issue and a public funded initiative was launched to address the root cause of knife crimes.[21] The initiative is participated by law enforcement agencies like the police, social services and other organisations.[21] For example, an organisation which is known as No Knives, Better Lives, which was launched in 2009, work with the Scottish police, schools and volunteers to raise awareness among young people on knife crime prevention.[21] Gang members were also invited to a meeting with the police, health professionals, victims and social service workers where they discussed the implications of knife crime and violence.[2][21] Help in employment, housing and education were offered to gang members to help them move away from violence and knife crime.[2][21]
Parenting programs were launched in many countries around the world to improve parenting skills.[2] WHO has stated that interventions in parenting skills can be beneficial and prevent violence in young people.[2] Example of successful parenting program includes Nurse-Family Partnership, Triple P and The Incredible Years.[2]
Medical professionals also play a role in knife crime prevention. Medical professionals need to provide trauma care, victim support and counselling to the victims of knife crime.[12] Rehabilitation and community violence prevention programs should also be introduced and participated by medical professionals to reduce knife crime.[12] Government and researches should also work with health professionals to research and further develop more effective knife crime prevention strategies.[12]
Rise of Islamophobia
Some scholars and experts believe that knife crime, mass stabbing and terrorist attacks have caused a surge in Islamophobia in our society.[4]
Based on a report by Tell Mama, a monitoring group, there was a 26% increase in anti-Muslim attacks in the United Kingdom from 2017 to 2018.[23] Some experts have attributed the backlash against the Islamic religion and Muslims to the terrorist attacks in the United Kingdom which were carried out by Muslims.[23]
Another research from California State University, San Bernardino, has found that there was a 78% rise in hate crimes against Muslims in the United States of America in 2015.[4] Police reports in 2016 also stated that hate crimes and violence against Muslim communities in the United States of America were on the rise.[4]
Example of Mass Stabbing Cases
2014 Kunming Attack
A group of eight male and female attackers yielded with knives have attacked a railway station at Kunming, the provincial capital of Yunnan at the southwest of China.[5] 31 people were killed and a further 141 were wounded from the knife attack at the crowded railway station.[24]
The attackers were reported to be wearing similar black clothing during the attack.[5] Cleavers, daggers and other knives were among the weapons used by the perpetrators of the attack.[25] Four attackers were shot dead by security forces whereas the remaining four assailants, including a woman, were arrested.[24] All but the woman arrested were executed in 2015, whereas the woman was sentenced to life imprisonment.[24]
Authorities and the official news service of China, Xinhua, said that the knife attack was an act of terrorism carried out by Uighur separatists from Xinjiang, a province at the far west of China.[25] The attack follows an attack at Tiananmen Square in Beijing in October 2013 which was also blamed on the Uighur separatists by the central government.[5] Authorities increased security in the Xinjiang region following the attack.[5]
Muslim Uighurs are a minority ethnic group which is concentrated at Xinjiang, China. Many of them accuse the central government for the institutionalised repression against the minority ethnic group.[25] They also argued that the Han Chinese immigrants from other regions of China have deprived the Uighurs of jobs, resources and opportunities at their homeland.[5] There is a resistance movement of Uighurs against the central government at Xinjiang.[25]
The incidence is now known as the ‘3-01’ in China.[25] It was also called the ‘9-11 attacks’ of China by the Global Times, a state-run media in China.[25]
2016 Sagamihara Knife Attack
At 2.20 am on 26 July 2016, a man launched a knife attack at a center for the disabled people at Sagamihara, a town west of Tokyo, Japan.[7]
19 resident of the care center which consists of 9 men and 10 women were killed during the knife attack.[7] A further 26 people were wounded during the incident.[26]
The suspect, Satoshi Uematsu, was a formal employee of the care center.[27] He went to a police station near the site of the attack to surrender himself shortly after the attack.[7]
According to NHK, the suspect has delivered a handwritten letter to a Japanese politician where he threatened to kill 470 severely disabled people if authorized.[27] He also advocated for legislation that would allow the disabled people to be euthanized with consents from their family members.[7] He was hospitalized but the doctors have subsequently released him after two weeks as they believe that he does not pose security threats to the general public.[7]
Charged with murder, the trial for Satoshi Uematsu is expected to begin in 2019.[26]
The care center is set to be demolished by local authorities at Kanagawa Prefecture and new care homes will be constructed.[26]
The Sagamihara attack was the worst mass killing case in Japan in decades.[7] Officials have ruled out the involvement of terrorism in the incident.[28] The incident sent a shocking wave across all of Japan, a country with one of the lowest crime rates in the world.[7]
2017 London Bridge Attack
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On 3 June 2017, three men launched an attack in central London shortly before 10 pm.[29] A vehicle was driven into pedestrians on London Bridge before crashing near Barrowboy and Banker pub.[29] The attackers subsequently attacked people around the nearby Borough Market.[29]
The attack resulted in the death of 8 victims and a further 48 people were injured.[29] 5 members of the police force were also injured during the incidence.[29]
The attackers were Khuram Shazad Butt, 27, Rachid Redouane, 30, and Youssef Zaghba, 22.[29] They were all shot dead by armed police near Wheatsheaf pub.[29][30] A total of 46 gunshots was fired during the police operation.[29] The attack lasted for less than 10 minutes.[30]
The Islamic State terrorist group declared their responsibility for the attack on the next day.[6]
Investigations revealed that the attackers had bought their weapons, which were pink ceramic knives, at just £4 each.[31] A court hearing in London revealed that the attackers had taken a large quantities of steroids before launching the assault in London.[32] The steroid was named as dehydroepiandrosterone.[32]
The attack came three months after an attacker rammed a vehicle into pedestrians on the Westminster Bridge in March.[6] 4 people were killed and 50 others were injured in this incident.[6] A police officer who was on duty at the nearby Parliament of the United Kingdom was fatally stabbed by the knife-wielding attacker.[33] The perpetrator was shot dead near the Parliament by the police.[6]
Data from the Home Office of the United Kingdom has shown that the incidence of knife crime has been on the rise in England and Wales since 2014.[20] Knives are mostly used in assault and robbery in England and Wales in the year ending September 2018.[20] However, the incidence of homicides using knives in 2017-2018 was the highest since 1946 based on another set of data released by the Home Office.[20] While the British Prime Minister Theresa May has dismissed the correlation between the police numbers and rise of knife crimes, the Home Office Committee has said that the fall of staff numbers in security forces have pose difficulties to the police in coping with crimes and violence.[20]
References
- ^ a b c Nolan, Gary; Hainsworth, Sarah V.; Rutty, Guy N. (2018). "Forces generated in stabbing attacks: an evaluation of the utility of the mild, moderate and severe scale". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 132 (1): 229–236. doi:10.1007/s00414-017-1702-7. ISSN 0937-9827.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z "European report on preventing violence and knife crime among young people" (PDF). World Health Organisation. 2010. Retrieved 2019-04-28.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|dead-url=(help) - ^ Simons, Greg (2016-01-01). "Islamic extremism and the war for hearts and minds". Global Affairs. 2 (1): 91–99. doi:10.1080/23340460.2016.1152446. ISSN 2334-0460.
- ^ a b c d Lichtblau, Eric (2016-09-17). "Hate Crimes Against American Muslims Most Since Post-9/11 Era". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
- ^ a b c d e f Buckley, Chris (2014-03-01). "Attackers With Knives Kill 29 at Chinese Rail Station". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
- ^ a b c d e Harris, Rich; Lai, K. K. Rebecca; Specia, Megan; Peçanha, Sergio; Watkins, Derek; Benzaquen, Mercy; Almukhtar, Sarah (2017-06-03). "How the Attacks in London Unfolded". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Rich, Motoko (2016-07-25). "Japan Knife Attack Kills 19 at Center for Disabled". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
- ^ "Home : Oxford English Dictionary". www.oed.com. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|dead-url=(help) - ^ a b "House of Commons - Knife Crime - Home Affairs Committee". publications.parliament.uk. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
- ^ "Public Law 112-265 - Jan.14, 2013" (PDF). US Congress. Retrieved 2019-04-28.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|dead-url=(help) - ^ "Serial Murder". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
- ^ a b c d e The Lancet (2010). "Tackling knife crime". The Lancet. 376 (9747): 1118. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61520-6.
- ^ a b Simons, Greg (2016-01-01). "Islamic extremism and the war for hearts and minds". Global Affairs. 2 (1): 91–99. doi:10.1080/23340460.2016.1152446. ISSN 2334-0460.
- ^ Wright, Robin (2016-11-29). "The Hand of ISIS at Ohio State". ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
- ^ "Latest Issue of Inspire Magazine Encourages Small Scale Attacks". Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
- ^ a b c Tschantret, Joshua (2018-07-04). "Repression, opportunity, and innovation: The evolution of terrorism in Xinjiang, China". Terrorism and Political Violence. 30 (4): 569–588. doi:10.1080/09546553.2016.1182911. ISSN 0954-6553.
- ^ Lichbach, Mark Irving (1987). "Deterrence or Escalation? The Puzzle of Aggregate Studies of Repression and Dissent". The Journal of Conflict Resolution. 31 (2): 266–297. ISSN 0022-0027.
- ^ Rasler, Karen (1996). "Concessions, Repression, and Political Protest in the Iranian Revolution". American Sociological Review. 61 (1): 132. doi:10.2307/2096410.
- ^ a b c d e "Home Secretary announces new police powers to deal with knife crime". GOV.UK. 2019-01-31. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|dead-url=(help) - ^ a b c d e f Shaw, Danny (2019-03-14). "Ten charts on the rise of knife crime". BBC. Retrieved 2019-05-03.
- ^ a b c d e f Younge, Gary; Barr, Caelainn (2017-12-03). "How Scotland reduced knife deaths among young people". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
- ^ a b correspondent, Jamie Grierson Home affairs (2019-03-13). "Ministers set aside extra £100m for police to tackle knife crime". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
{{cite news}}:|last=has generic name (help) - ^ a b Marsh, Sarah (2018-07-20). "Record number of anti-Muslim attacks reported in UK last year". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
- ^ a b c Wong, Edward (2015-03-24). "China Executes 3 Over Deadly Knife Attack at Train Station in 2014". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
- ^ a b c d e f Beech, Hannah (2014-03-02). "Deadly Terrorist Attack in Southwestern China Blamed on Separatist Muslim Uighurs". Time. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|dead-url=(help) - ^ a b c "Survivors and bereaved mark second anniversary of Sagamihara massacre". The Japan Times Online. 2018-07-26. ISSN 0447-5763. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
- ^ a b "Who is Japanese knife attack suspect Satoshi Uematsu?". BBC. 2016-07-26. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
- ^ "Japan knife attack leaves 19 dead". BBC. 2016-07-26. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "London attack: What happened". BBC. 2018-05-30. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
- ^ a b Police, Vikram Dodd; correspondent, crime (2019-05-07). "London Bridge attack: inquest told of 'high and terrible drama'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-05-08.
{{cite news}}:|last2=has generic name (help) - ^ Police, Vikram Dodd; correspondent, crime (2017-06-11). "London Bridge attackers bought knives from Lidl for £4 each, say police". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
{{cite news}}:|last2=has generic name (help) - ^ a b Weaver, Matthew; agencies (2018-02-09). "London Bridge attack trio 'had taken large quantities of steroids'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
- ^ Bennhold, Katrin; Castle, Stephen (2017-03-22). "Deadly Attack Near U.K. Parliament; Car Plows Victims on Westminster Bridge". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-05-02.