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ce lede; add reviews; section on resistant maltodextrin to be added
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{{Short description|Polysaccharide of glucose}}
{{Short description|Polysaccharide of glucose}}
{{refimprove science|date=January 2019}}
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'''Maltodextrin''' is an [[oligosaccharide]] that is used as a [[food ingredient]].<ref name="hofman">{{cite journal|pmc=4940893|journal=Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr|year=2016|volume=56|issue=12|pages=2091–2100|doi=10.1080/10408398.2014.940415|pmid=25674937|title=Nutrition, Health, and Regulatory Aspects of Digestible Maltodextrins|author=Denise L. Hofman |author2=Vincent J. van Buul |author3=Fred J. P. H. Brouns }}</ref> It is produced from grain [[starch]] by partial [[hydrolysis]] and is usually found as a white [[hygroscopic]] [[spray drying|spray-dried]] powder.<ref name="pharmacopeia">{{cite web|url=http://www.pharmacopeia.cn/v29240/usp29nf24s0_alpha-2-22.html|title=Reference Tables: Description and Solubility - M|publisher=US Pharmacopeia|access-date=2011-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326215206/http://www.pharmacopeia.cn/v29240/usp29nf24s0_alpha-2-22.html|archive-date=2018-03-26}}</ref> Maltodextrin is easily digestible, being absorbed as rapidly as [[glucose]] and may be either moderately [[sweet]] or almost flavorless (depending on the degree of [[polymerization]]).<ref name=hofman/> It can be found as an ingredient in a variety of processed foods.<ref name=hofman/>
'''Maltodextrin''' is an [[oligosaccharide]] that is used as a [[food ingredient]].<ref name="hofman">{{cite journal|pmc=4940893|journal=Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr|year=2016|volume=56|issue=12|pages=2091–2100|doi=10.1080/10408398.2014.940415|pmid=25674937|title=Nutrition, Health, and Regulatory Aspects of Digestible Maltodextrins|author=Denise L. Hofman |author2=Vincent J. van Buul |author3=Fred J. P. H. Brouns }}</ref> It is produced from grain [[starch]] by partial [[hydrolysis]] and is usually found as a white [[hygroscopic]] [[spray drying|spray-dried]] powder.<ref name="pharmacopeia">{{cite web|url=http://www.pharmacopeia.cn/v29240/usp29nf24s0_alpha-2-22.html|title=Reference Tables: Description and Solubility - M|publisher=US Pharmacopeia|access-date=2011-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326215206/http://www.pharmacopeia.cn/v29240/usp29nf24s0_alpha-2-22.html|archive-date=2018-03-26}}</ref> Maltodextrin is easily digestible, being absorbed as rapidly as [[glucose]] and may be either moderately [[sweet]] or almost flavorless (depending on the degree of [[polymerization]]).<ref name=hofman/> It can be found as an ingredient in a variety of processed foods.<ref name=hofman/>


'''Digestion-resistant maltodextrin''' {{ndash}} a [[fermentation|fermentable]] soluble fiber {{ndash}} is a glucose polymer resistant to [[digestive enzyme]]s in humans, and is associated with potential improvement of [[biomarker]]s for [[metabolic syndrome]].<ref name="bowel">{{cite journal |vauthors=Watanabe N, Suzuki M, Yamaguchi Y, Egashira Y |title=Effects of resistant maltodextrin on bowel movements: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology |volume=11 |issue= |pages=85–96 |date=2018 |pmid=29535547 |pmc=5836649 |doi=10.2147/CEG.S153924|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Li">{{cite journal |display-authors=3| last=Li | first=Fei | last2=Muhmood | first2=Atif | last3=Akhter | first3=Muhammad | last4=Gao | first4=Xiang | last5=Sun | first5=Jie | last6=Du | first6=Zubo | last7=Wei | first7=Yuxi | last8=Zhang | first8=Ting | last9=Wei | first9=Yunlu | title=Characterization, health benefits, and food applications of enzymatic digestion-resistant dextrin: A review | journal=International Journal of Biological Macromolecules | volume=253 | date=2023 | doi=10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126970 | page=126970|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0141813023038679 }}</ref> Digestion-resistant maltodextrin is manufactured from [[starch]] and produced worldwide for use in [[food processing]].
"Maltodextrin" can also be an abbreviation of "digestion-resistant maltodextrin" (RMD) which is primarily an indigestible fiber.<ref>https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5122613/</ref> It is used as a filler in low-calorie sweeteners.


==Structure==
==Structure==

Revision as of 23:46, 28 January 2024

Maltodextrin
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • None
ECHA InfoCard 100.029.934 Edit this at Wikidata
UNII
Properties
C6nH(10n+2)O(5n+1)
Molar mass Variable
Appearance White powder
Free soluble or readily dispersible in water[1]
Solubility Slightly soluble to insoluble in anhydrous alcohol[1]
Hazards
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704 four-colored diamondHealth 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g. turpentineFlammability 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g. canola oilInstability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogenSpecial hazards (white): no code
1
1
0
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☒N verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

Maltodextrin is an oligosaccharide that is used as a food ingredient.[2] It is produced from grain starch by partial hydrolysis and is usually found as a white hygroscopic spray-dried powder.[1] Maltodextrin is easily digestible, being absorbed as rapidly as glucose and may be either moderately sweet or almost flavorless (depending on the degree of polymerization).[2] It can be found as an ingredient in a variety of processed foods.[2]

Digestion-resistant maltodextrin – a fermentable soluble fiber – is a glucose polymer resistant to digestive enzymes in humans, and is associated with potential improvement of biomarkers for metabolic syndrome.[3][4] Digestion-resistant maltodextrin is manufactured from starch and produced worldwide for use in food processing.

Structure

Maltodextrin consists of D-glucose units connected in chains of variable length. The glucose units are primarily linked with α(1→4) glycosidic bonds, like those seen in the linear derivative of glycogen (after the removal of α1,6- branching). Maltodextrin is typically composed of a mixture of chains that vary from three to 17 glucose units long.

Maltodextrins are classified by DE (dextrose equivalent) and have a DE between 3 and 20. The higher the DE value, the shorter the glucose chains, the higher the sweetness, the higher the solubility, and the lower the heat resistance. Above DE 20, the European Union's CN code calls it glucose syrup; at DE 10 or lower the customs CN code nomenclature classifies maltodextrins as dextrins.

Production

Maltodextrin can be enzymatically derived from any starch. In the US, this starch is usually corn (maize); in Europe, it is common to use wheat. In the European Union, wheat-derived maltodextrin is exempt from wheat allergen labeling, as set out in Annex II of EC Regulation No 1169/2011.[5] In the United States, however, it is not exempt from allergen declaration per the Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act, and its effect on a voluntary gluten-free claim must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis per the applicable Food and Drug Administration policy.

Food uses

Maltodextrin is used to improve the texture and mouthfeel of food and beverage products, such as potato chips and "light" peanut butter to reduce the fat content.[2] It is also used as a substitute for lactose.[2] It is also used as a filler in sugar substitutes and other products.[2]

Maltodextrin is easily digestible and can provide a quick source of energy for the body.[6] Due to its rapid absorption, maltodextrin is used by athletes as an ingredient in sports drinks or recovery supplements to replenish glycogen stores and enhance performance during prolonged exercise.[7] It can be taken as a dietary supplement in powder form, gel packets, energy drinks[2] or oral rinse.[8][9] Maltodextrin has a high glycemic index, ranging from 85 to 119,[10] higher than table sugar.[11] As such, maltodextrin can cause a rapid increase in blood sugar levels when consumed in large quantities, especially for individuals with diabetes or insulin resistance. As maltodextrin is quickly digested and absorbed, excessive consumption may contribute to weight gain if not balanced with an appropriate lifestyle or diet.[6]

Other uses

Maltodextrin is used as a horticultural insecticide both in the field and in greenhouses. It has no biochemical action. Its efficacy is based upon spraying a dilute solution upon the pest insects, whereupon the solution dries, blocks the insects' spiracles and causes death by asphyxiation.[12]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "Reference Tables: Description and Solubility - M". US Pharmacopeia. Archived from the original on 2018-03-26. Retrieved 2011-07-17.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Denise L. Hofman; Vincent J. van Buul; Fred J. P. H. Brouns (2016). "Nutrition, Health, and Regulatory Aspects of Digestible Maltodextrins". Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 56 (12): 2091–2100. doi:10.1080/10408398.2014.940415. PMC 4940893. PMID 25674937.
  3. ^ Watanabe N, Suzuki M, Yamaguchi Y, Egashira Y (2018). "Effects of resistant maltodextrin on bowel movements: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology. 11: 85–96. doi:10.2147/CEG.S153924. PMC 5836649. PMID 29535547.
  4. ^ Li, Fei; Muhmood, Atif; Akhter, Muhammad; et al. (2023). "Characterization, health benefits, and food applications of enzymatic digestion-resistant dextrin: A review". International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 253: 126970. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126970.
  5. ^ REGULATION (EU) No 1169/2011 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL (Directive 1169/2011, Annex II). 25 October 2011. Retrieved 4 Apr 2016.
  6. ^ a b Hofman DL, van Buul VJ, Brouns FJ (September 2016). "Nutrition, Health, and Regulatory Aspects of Digestible Maltodextrins". Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 56 (12): 2091–100. doi:10.1080/10408398.2014.940415. PMC 4940893. PMID 25674937.
  7. ^ Baker LB, Rollo I, Stein KW, Jeukendrup AE (July 2015). "Acute Effects of Carbohydrate Supplementation on Intermittent Sports Performance". Nutrients. 7 (7): 5733–63. doi:10.3390/nu7075249. PMC 4517026. PMID 26184303.
  8. ^ Hartley C, Carr A, Bowe SJ, Bredie WL, Keast RS (August 2022). "Maltodextrin-Based Carbohydrate Oral Rinsing and Exercise Performance: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Sports Med. 52 (8): 1833–1862. doi:10.1007/s40279-022-01658-3. PMC 9325805. PMID 35239154.
  9. ^ Rodrigues Oliveira-Silva IG, Dos Santos MP, Learsi da Silva Santos Alves SK, Lima-Silva AE, Araujo GG, Ataide-Silva T (2023). "Effect of carbohydrate mouth rinse on muscle strength and muscular endurance: A systematic review with meta-analysis". Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 63 (27): 8796–8807. doi:10.1080/10408398.2022.2057417. PMID 35373671. S2CID 247938929.
  10. ^ "Maltodextrin: The Time and Place for High Glycemic Carbohydrates". 8 March 2020.
  11. ^ "What is Maltodextrin?".
  12. ^ "Majestik Label" (PDF). Dejex: Supplying Horticulture. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
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