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{{short description|Pejorative term for Bengali Hindus}}
{{short description|Pejorative term for Bengali Hindus}}
{{italic title}}
{{italic title}}
'''''Malaun''''' ({{lang-bn|মালাউন}}) is a pejorative term for [[Bengali Hindus]], most commonly used in [[Bangladesh]] by [[Bengali Muslims]].<ref name="roy18">{{cite book |last=Roy |first=Tathagata |title=My People, Uprooted |year=2002 |publisher=Ratna Prakashan |location=Kolkata |isbn=81-85709-67-X |page=18}}</ref><ref name="uscirf12042008">{{cite web |url=http://www.uscirf.gov/component/content/article/290/2318.html |title=Bangladesh: The Upcoming National Elections, Pluralism, Tolerance and the Plight of Hindu and Non-Muslim Minority - Need a New Direction |last=Dastidar |first=Sachi |date=12 April 2008 |work=Bangladesh: Religious Freedom, Extremism, Security, and the Upcoming National Elections |publisher=United States Commission on International Religious Freedom |access-date=13 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828234152/http://uscirf.gov/component/content/article/290/2318.html |archive-date=28 August 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://hrcbm.org/news/HRCBM_UA_091202.pdf |title=Minorities Fear for Life and Security |date=12 September 2002 |publisher=HRCBM |access-date=16 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="dna04032015">{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-the-unholy-killings-of-avijit-roy-and-govind-pansare-2065974 |title=The unholy killings of Avijit Roy and Govind Pansare |last=Chatterjee |first=Garga |date=4 March 2015 |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=9 March 2015}}</ref> The word is derived from the Arabic "ملعون", meaning "accursed" or "deprived of God's Mercy", and in modern times, it is used as an [[ethnic slur]] by the [[Muslims]] in [[Bengal region]] for [[Hindus]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Torture of Tasneem Khalil: How the Bangladesh Military Abuses Its Power Under the State of Emergency |last1=Watch |first1=Human Rights |last2=Ganguly |first2=Meenakshi |last3=Alffram |first3=Henrik |year=2008 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=28 |access-date=30 May 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFS95bbQR7wC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |author=House of Commons: Foreign Affairs Committee |date=25 March 2005 |title=Human Rights Annual Report 2004: Fourth Report of Session 2004-05 |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmfaff/109/109.pdf |publisher=House of Commons, United Kingdom |page=88 |access-date=31 May 2012 }}</ref><ref name="tdj02012014">{{cite news |url=http://www.jugantor.com/window/2014/01/02/55251 |script-title=bn:সংখ্যালঘুরা কাকে ভোট দেবে? |last=Roy |first=Palash Kumar |date=2 January 2014 |work=The Daily Jugantor |language=bn |access-date=7 February 2015 |location=Dhaka}}</ref> According to the [[United States Commission on International Religious Freedom]] (USCIRF), Hindus are among those persecuted in Bangladesh, with hundreds of cases of "killings, attempted killings, death threats, assaults, rapes, kidnappings, and attacks on homes, businesses, and places of worship" on religious minorities in 2017.<ref>[https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/BANGLADESH-2018-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUS-FREEDOM-REPORT.pdf Bangladesh 2018 International Religious Freedom Report], US State Department (2019), pages 11–12</ref><ref>{{USCongRec|2004|H3057|date=17 May 2004}}</ref>
'''''Malaun''''' ({{lang-bn|মালাউন}}) is a pejorative term for [[Bengali Hindus]], most commonly used in [[Bangladesh]] by [[Bengali Muslims]].<ref name="roy18">{{cite book |last=Roy |first=Tathagata |title=My People, Uprooted |year=2002 |publisher=Ratna Prakashan |location=Kolkata |isbn=81-85709-67-X |page=18}}</ref><ref name="uscirf12042008">{{cite web |url=http://www.uscirf.gov/component/content/article/290/2318.html |title=Bangladesh: The Upcoming National Elections, Pluralism, Tolerance and the Plight of Hindu and Non-Muslim Minority - Need a New Direction |last=Dastidar |first=Sachi |date=12 April 2008 |work=Bangladesh: Religious Freedom, Extremism, Security, and the Upcoming National Elections |publisher=United States Commission on International Religious Freedom |access-date=13 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828234152/http://uscirf.gov/component/content/article/290/2318.html |archive-date=28 August 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://hrcbm.org/news/HRCBM_UA_091202.pdf |title=Minorities Fear for Life and Security |date=12 September 2002 |publisher=HRCBM |access-date=16 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="dna04032015">{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-the-unholy-killings-of-avijit-roy-and-govind-pansare-2065974 |title=The unholy killings of Avijit Roy and Govind Pansare |last=Chatterjee |first=Garga |date=4 March 2015 |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=9 March 2015}}</ref> The word is derived from the Arabic "ملعون", meaning "accursed" or "deprived of God's Mercy", and in modern times, it is used as an [[ethnic slur]] by the [[Muslims]] in [[Bengal region]] for [[Hindus]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Torture of Tasneem Khalil: How the Bangladesh Military Abuses Its Power Under the State of Emergency |last1=Watch |first1=Human Rights |last2=Ganguly |first2=Meenakshi |last3=Alffram |first3=Henrik |year=2008 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=28 |access-date=30 May 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFS95bbQR7wC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |author=House of Commons: Foreign Affairs Committee |date=25 March 2005 |title=Human Rights Annual Report 2004: Fourth Report of Session 2004-05 |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmfaff/109/109.pdf |publisher=House of Commons, United Kingdom |page=88 |access-date=31 May 2012 }}</ref><ref name="tdj02012014">{{cite news |url=http://www.jugantor.com/window/2014/01/02/55251 |script-title=bn:সংখ্যালঘুরা কাকে ভোট দেবে? |last=Roy |first=Palash Kumar |date=2 January 2014 |work=The Daily Jugantor |language=bn |access-date=7 February 2015 |location=Dhaka}}</ref>

Percentage of Muslims is continuously rising, while all [[Demographics of Bangladesh#Religion|non-muslim minorities have been continuously decreasing rapidly in Bangladesh]] due to various reasons including persecution, genocide, ethnic cleansing and rapes. Hindus and others have been regularly and systematically persecuted, such as during the [[Bangladesh genocide]], [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] and [[List of massacres in Bangladesh#List|numerous recurring massacres of civilians]]<ref name=genoc2>{{Cite news |date=14 June 2015 |title=Forkan Razakar's verdict any day |work=Dhaka Tribune |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2015/06/14/forkan-razakars-verdict-any-day}}</ref><ref name=genoc3>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2016 |title=Why is the mass sexualized violence of Bangladesh's Liberation War being ignored? |url=https://womenintheworld.com/2016/03/25/why-is-the-mass-sexualized-violence-of-bangladeshs-liberation-war-being-ignored/ |publisher=Women In The World}}</ref><ref name=genoc4>{{Cite web |title=Discovery of numerous Mass Graves, Various types of torture on Women" and "People's Attitude |url=https://www.kean.edu/~bgsg/Conference09/Papers_and_Presentations/MA_Hasan_Paper_Discovery%20of%20numerous%20Mass%20Graves,%20Various%20types.pdf |publisher=kean.edu}}</ref><ref name=genoc5>{{Cite web |title=Crimes Against Humanity in Bangladesh |url=https://scholar.smu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3945&context=til |publisher=scholar.smu.edu}}</ref><ref name=genoc1>{{cite news |date=25 March 2010 |title=Bangladesh war: The article that changed history |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16207201}}</ref><ref name=genoc6>White, Matthew, ''[http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat2.htm#Bangladesh Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century]''</ref><ref name=genoc7>{{Cite web |title=First Razakar camp in Khulna turns into ghost house after Liberation War
|url=https://www.observerbd.com/2015/12/30/128351.php |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=www.observerbd.com}}</ref> where [[Genocidal rape|rapes is also used as weapon]].<ref name=genoc8>{{cite journal |last=Sharlach |first=Lisa |year=2000 |title=Rape as Genocide: Bangladesh, the Former Yugoslavia, and Rwanda |journal=New Political Science |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=92–93 |doi=10.1080/713687893 |s2cid=144966485}}</ref><ref name=genoc9>{{cite book |last=Sajjad |first=Tazreena |title=Plight and Fate of Women During and Following Genocide |publisher=Transaction Publishers |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4128-4759-9 |editor-last=Totten |editor-first=Samuel |editor-link=Samuel Totten |pages=225 |chapter=The Post-Genocidal Period and its Impact on Women |orig-year=First published 2009}}</ref> Active perpetrators of genocide, ethnic cleansing and rapes of Hindus in Bangladesh include the [[Pakistani Military]],<ref name=genoc1/> [[Al-Badr (East Pakistan)|Al Badr]],<ref name=genoc10>{{cite web|last1=Mamoon|first1=Muntassir|title=Al-Badr|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Al-Badr|website=Banglapedia|publisher=Bangladesh Asiatic Society|access-date=4 September 2016}}</ref><ref name=genoc11>{{cite book |last1=Sisson |first1=Richard |last2=Rose |first2=Leo E. |date=1991 |title=War and Secession: Pakistan, India, and the Creation of Bangladesh |publisher=University of California Press |page=165 |isbn=978-0-520-07665-5}}</ref> [[Al-Shams (East Pakistan)|Al Sham]],<ref name=genoc12>{{cite web|url=https://lubpak.com/archives/42543|title=Pakistan's first two militant Islamist groups, Al-Badar and Al-Shams – by Nadeem F. Paracha|work=LUBP|access-date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227153530/https://lubpak.com/archives/42543|archive-date=27 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[East Pakistan Central Peace Committee]],<ref name=genoc13>{{cite book |last=Karlekar |first=Hiranmay |date=2005 |title=Bangladesh: The Next Afghanistan? |url=https://archive.org/details/bangladeshnextaf0000karl |url-access=registration |publisher=SAGE |page=149 |isbn=978-0-7619-3401-1}}</ref> [[Razakars (Pakistan)|Razakars]],<ref name=genoc14>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/the-list-of-10789-razakars-published-1840843 |title=Govt publishes list of Razakars |date=16 December 2019 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref> [[Bangladesh Muslim League|Muslim League]],<ref name=genoc15/> [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|Jamaat-e-Islami]],<ref name=genoc15/> and the [[Urdu]]-speaking [[Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh|Biharis]].<ref name=genoc15>{{cite news |first=Peter R. |last=Kann |date=27 July 1971 |title=East Pakistan Is Seen Gaining Independence, But It Will Take Years |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref>

{{Violence against Hindus in East Pakistan and Bangladesh}}


== Etymology ==
== Etymology ==
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In December 2013, Ganajagaran Mancha presented a deputation to the [[Home Ministry]] complaining about police torture. The deputation alleged that on 19 December 2013 the police abused a Hindu woman activist as malaun because she had put sindur.<ref name="kk22122013">{{cite news |url=http://www.kalerkantho.com/online/national/2013/12/22/33498 |script-title=bn:'মনে হয়েছিল এরা যেনো পাকিস্তান থেকে আমদানীকৃত পাকিস্তানী পুলিশ' |last=Farooq |first=Omar |date=22 December 2013 |work=Kaler Kantho |language=bn |access-date=8 February 2015 |location=Dhaka}}</ref> In December 2014, Nasiruddin Pintu, a convicted BNP politician, abused a Bengali Hindu police officer by calling him a malaun when he attempted to stop his lawyers and supporters from meeting Pintu illegally. Pintu threatened the officer with loss of job and called him son of a pig.<ref name="bdnews18122014">{{cite news |url=http://bdnews24.com/politics/2014/12/18/bnps-pintu-hurls-ethnic-slur-malaun-at-a-policeman |title=BNP's Pintu hurls ethnic slur 'Malaun' at a policeman |date=18 December 2014 |work=bdnews24.com |access-date=4 February 2015}}</ref> In January 2015, [[Awami League]] workers Shahnawaz abused fellow Awami League worker Sushanta Dasgupta at a party function in London.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sylhetview24.com/news/details/Abroad_Life/20862 |script-title=bn:‘মালাউন’ গালি আনোয়ারুজ্জামানের, বিজয় অনুষ্ঠানে হাতাহাতি |date=7 January 2015 |work=sylhetview24.com |language=bn |access-date=7 February 2015}}</ref>
In December 2013, Ganajagaran Mancha presented a deputation to the [[Home Ministry]] complaining about police torture. The deputation alleged that on 19 December 2013 the police abused a Hindu woman activist as malaun because she had put sindur.<ref name="kk22122013">{{cite news |url=http://www.kalerkantho.com/online/national/2013/12/22/33498 |script-title=bn:'মনে হয়েছিল এরা যেনো পাকিস্তান থেকে আমদানীকৃত পাকিস্তানী পুলিশ' |last=Farooq |first=Omar |date=22 December 2013 |work=Kaler Kantho |language=bn |access-date=8 February 2015 |location=Dhaka}}</ref> In December 2014, Nasiruddin Pintu, a convicted BNP politician, abused a Bengali Hindu police officer by calling him a malaun when he attempted to stop his lawyers and supporters from meeting Pintu illegally. Pintu threatened the officer with loss of job and called him son of a pig.<ref name="bdnews18122014">{{cite news |url=http://bdnews24.com/politics/2014/12/18/bnps-pintu-hurls-ethnic-slur-malaun-at-a-policeman |title=BNP's Pintu hurls ethnic slur 'Malaun' at a policeman |date=18 December 2014 |work=bdnews24.com |access-date=4 February 2015}}</ref> In January 2015, [[Awami League]] workers Shahnawaz abused fellow Awami League worker Sushanta Dasgupta at a party function in London.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sylhetview24.com/news/details/Abroad_Life/20862 |script-title=bn:‘মালাউন’ গালি আনোয়ারুজ্জামানের, বিজয় অনুষ্ঠানে হাতাহাতি |date=7 January 2015 |work=sylhetview24.com |language=bn |access-date=7 February 2015}}</ref>


In the Internet, a [[Jamaat-e-Islami]] run handle named Basher Kella has given the call for killing all the malauns and turning Bangladesh into a country where only the Muslims will live.<ref name="atimes28032013">{{cite news |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/SOU-01-280313.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328224416/http://atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/SOU-01-280313.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 March 2013 |title=Anti-Hindu attacks rock Bangladesh |last=Roy |first=Swadesh |date=28 March 2013 |work=Asia Times |access-date=7 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bangladeshlivenews.com/bnews/5/turningbangladeshbanglastan |title=Turning Bangladesh in to Banglastan |work=bangladeshlivenews.com |access-date=7 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="tds07032013">{{cite news |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/banglastan/ |title=Banglastan! |date=7 March 2013 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=7 February 2015 |location=Dhaka}}</ref>
In the Internet, a [[Jamaat-e-Islami]] run handle named Basher Kella has given the call for killing all the malauns and turning Bangladesh into a country where only the Muslims will live.<ref name="atimes28032013">{{cite news |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/SOU-01-280313.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328224416/http://atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/SOU-01-280313.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=28 March 2013 |title=Anti-Hindu attacks rock Bangladesh |last=Roy |first=Swadesh |date=28 March 2013 |work=Asia Times |access-date=7 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bangladeshlivenews.com/bnews/5/turningbangladeshbanglastan |title=Turning Bangladesh in to Banglastan |work=bangladeshlivenews.com |access-date=7 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="tds07032013">{{cite news |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/banglastan/ |title=Banglastan! |date=7 March 2013 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=7 February 2015 |location=Dhaka}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==

Revision as of 22:04, 8 January 2024

Malaun (Template:Lang-bn) is a pejorative term for Bengali Hindus, most commonly used in Bangladesh by Bengali Muslims.[1][2][3][4] The word is derived from the Arabic "ملعون", meaning "accursed" or "deprived of God's Mercy", and in modern times, it is used as an ethnic slur by the Muslims in Bengal region for Hindus.[5][6][7]

Etymology

Part of a series on
Persecution of Bengali Hindus
Part of Bengali Hindu history
Discrimination
Persecution
Opposition

The Arabic word "ملعون" (mal'un), literally meaning 'cursed' is derived from the root "لعنة" (la'nat) meaning "curse". In Islamic parlance, it means 'deprived of Allah's mercy'. The word has been loaned into languages of non-Arabic Islamic countries like Malay and Indonesian.[8][9] The dictionary published by the Bangla Academy gives the meaning of the Bengali word "মালাউন" as someone cursed or deprived of Allah's mercy or forcefully evicted or a Kafir.[10] It mentions that the word is used as a slur by the Muslims against the non-Muslims.[10] In Bangladesh, the word is more specifically used to refer to the Hindu religious minority. In colloquial usage, the word is sometimes shortened to Malu.

Usage

Nirmal Kumar Bose noted the usage of the term as early as 1946 in Noakhali.[11] During the 1971 Bangladesh Genocide, the Pakistani officers addressed Dr. Govinda Chandra Dev as malaun before executing him.[12] According to eyewitness, AKM Yusuf had addressed a gathering of Peace Committee at Rampal in Khulna district on 19 April. At the gathering he addressed the Hindus as malauns and the Hindu women as spoils of war and exhorted the audience to kill them and loot their women.[13] Hussain Muhammad Ershad, while serving as the President, had referred to the Hindus as malaun at a rally in Chhatak. He apologized for his remark after protests from the Hindus.[14]

In December 2013, Ganajagaran Mancha presented a deputation to the Home Ministry complaining about police torture. The deputation alleged that on 19 December 2013 the police abused a Hindu woman activist as malaun because she had put sindur.[15] In December 2014, Nasiruddin Pintu, a convicted BNP politician, abused a Bengali Hindu police officer by calling him a malaun when he attempted to stop his lawyers and supporters from meeting Pintu illegally. Pintu threatened the officer with loss of job and called him son of a pig.[16] In January 2015, Awami League workers Shahnawaz abused fellow Awami League worker Sushanta Dasgupta at a party function in London.[17]

In the Internet, a Jamaat-e-Islami run handle named Basher Kella has given the call for killing all the malauns and turning Bangladesh into a country where only the Muslims will live.[18][19][20]

See also

Other pejorative terms for Hindus
Persecution of Hindus and Buddhists in Bangladesh
Persecution of other non-Muslims in Bangladesh

References

  1. ^ Roy, Tathagata (2002). My People, Uprooted. Kolkata: Ratna Prakashan. p. 18. ISBN 81-85709-67-X.
  2. ^ Dastidar, Sachi (12 April 2008). "Bangladesh: The Upcoming National Elections, Pluralism, Tolerance and the Plight of Hindu and Non-Muslim Minority - Need a New Direction". Bangladesh: Religious Freedom, Extremism, Security, and the Upcoming National Elections. United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. Archived from the original on 28 August 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
  3. ^ "Minorities Fear for Life and Security" (PDF). HRCBM. 12 September 2002. Retrieved 16 October 2013.
  4. ^ Chatterjee, Garga (4 March 2015). "The unholy killings of Avijit Roy and Govind Pansare". Daily News and Analysis. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  5. ^ Watch, Human Rights; Ganguly, Meenakshi; Alffram, Henrik (2008). The Torture of Tasneem Khalil: How the Bangladesh Military Abuses Its Power Under the State of Emergency. Human Rights Watch. p. 28. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  6. ^ House of Commons: Foreign Affairs Committee (25 March 2005). Human Rights Annual Report 2004: Fourth Report of Session 2004-05 (PDF) (Report). House of Commons, United Kingdom. p. 88. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
  7. ^ Roy, Palash Kumar (2 January 2014). সংখ্যালঘুরা কাকে ভোট দেবে?. The Daily Jugantor (in Bengali). Dhaka. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
  8. ^ "Loanwords in Indonesian and Malay". SEAlang Library. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
  9. ^ Stevens, Alan M.; Tellings, A. Ed Schmidgall (2004). A Comprehensive Indonesian-English Dictionary. Ohio University Press. p. 610. ISBN 978-0-8214-1584-9. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
  10. ^ a b Barua, Anirban (6 November 2016). মন্ত্রীর মালাউন গালি ও বাংলা একডেমির অর্থ. Amader Orthoneeti (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 7 November 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2016.
  11. ^ Bose, Nirmal Kumar (1999). My Daya With Gandhi. Orient Blackswan. p. 259. ISBN 978-81-250-1726-4. Retrieved 14 September 2013.
  12. ^ Sajeeb, Mohammad Qutub Uddin. গোবিন্দচন্দ্র দেব [Gobinda Chandra Deb]. Gunijan Trust (in Bengali). Retrieved 31 May 2012.
  13. ^ "Yusuf ordered killing of Hindus: witness". bdnews24.com. 1 December 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
  14. ^ সিলেটে হিন্দু মহাজোটের মানববন্ধন. bdpress.net (in Bengali). 10 January 2015. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
  15. ^ Farooq, Omar (22 December 2013). 'মনে হয়েছিল এরা যেনো পাকিস্তান থেকে আমদানীকৃত পাকিস্তানী পুলিশ'. Kaler Kantho (in Bengali). Dhaka. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
  16. ^ "BNP's Pintu hurls ethnic slur 'Malaun' at a policeman". bdnews24.com. 18 December 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  17. ^ ‘মালাউন’ গালি আনোয়ারুজ্জামানের, বিজয় অনুষ্ঠানে হাতাহাতি. sylhetview24.com (in Bengali). 7 January 2015. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
  18. ^ Roy, Swadesh (28 March 2013). "Anti-Hindu attacks rock Bangladesh". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 28 March 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2015.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  19. ^ "Turning Bangladesh in to Banglastan". bangladeshlivenews.com. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
  20. ^ "Banglastan!". The Daily Star. Dhaka. 7 March 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
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